public struct Maybe<T> : IEquatable<Maybe<T>>
        where T : class
    {
        private readonly T _value;

        private Maybe(T value)
        {
            _value = value;
        }

        public bool HasValue => _value != null;
        public T Value => _value ?? throw new InvalidOperationException();
        public static Maybe<T> None => new Maybe<T>();


        public static implicit operator Maybe<T>(T value)
        {
            return new Maybe<T>(value);
        }

        public static bool operator ==(Maybe<T> maybe, T value)
        {
            return maybe.HasValue && maybe.Value.Equals(value);
        }

        public static bool operator !=(Maybe<T> maybe, T value)
        {
            return !(maybe == value);
        }

        public static bool operator ==(Maybe<T> left, Maybe<T> right)
        {
            return left.Equals(right);
        }

        public static bool operator !=(Maybe<T> left, Maybe<T> right)
        {
            return !(left == right);
        }

        /// <inheritdoc />
        /// <summary>
        ///     Avoid boxing and Give type safety
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="other"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public bool Equals(Maybe<T> other)
        {
            if (!HasValue && !other.HasValue)
                return true;

            if (!HasValue || !other.HasValue)
                return false;

            return _value.Equals(other.Value);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///     Avoid reflection
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="obj"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public override bool Equals(object obj)
        {
            if (obj is T typed)
            {
                obj = new Maybe<T>(typed);
            }

            if (!(obj is Maybe<T> other)) return false;

            return Equals(other);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///     Good practice when overriding Equals method.
        ///     If x.Equals(y) then we must have x.GetHashCode()==y.GetHashCode()
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public override int GetHashCode()
        {
            return HasValue ? _value.GetHashCode() : 0;
        }

        public override string ToString()
        {
            return HasValue ? _value.ToString() : "NO VALUE";
        }
    }

PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Samples -Pre

public class EmailService : IIdentityMessageService
{
    public Task SendAsync(IdentityMessage message)
    {
        // Plug in your email service here to send an email.
        return Task.FromResult(0);
    }
}

public class SmsService : IIdentityMessageService
{
    public Task SendAsync(IdentityMessage message)
    {
        // Plug in your sms service here to send a text message.
        return Task.FromResult(0);
    }
}

public class ApplicationDbInitializer 
    : DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<ApplicationDbContext> 
{
    protected override void Seed(ApplicationDbContext context) {
        InitializeIdentityForEF(context);
        base.Seed(context);
    }

    //Create User=Admin@Admin.com with password=Admin@123456 in the Admin role        
    public static void InitializeIdentityForEF(ApplicationDbContext db) 
    {
        var userManager = 
           HttpContext.Current.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<ApplicationUserManager>();
        
        var roleManager = 
            HttpContext.Current.GetOwinContext().Get<ApplicationRoleManager>();

        const string name = "admin@admin.com";
        const string password = "Admin@123456";
        const string roleName = "Admin";

        //Create Role Admin if it does not exist
        var role = roleManager.FindByName(roleName);

        if (role == null) {
            role = new IdentityRole(roleName);
            var roleresult = roleManager.Create(role);
        }

        var user = userManager.FindByName(name);

        if (user == null) {
            user = new ApplicationUser { UserName = name, Email = name };
            var result = userManager.Create(user, password);
            result = userManager.SetLockoutEnabled(user.Id, false);
        }

        // Add user admin to Role Admin if not already added
        var rolesForUser = userManager.GetRoles(user.Id);

        if (!rolesForUser.Contains(role.Name)) {
            var result = userManager.AddToRole(user.Id, role.Name);
        }
    }
}

[HttpPost]
[AllowAnonymous]
[ValidateAntiForgeryToken]
public async Task<ActionResult> Register(RegisterViewModel model)
{
    if (ModelState.IsValid)
    {
        var user = new ApplicationUser { UserName = model.Email, Email = model.Email };
        var result = await UserManager.CreateAsync(user, model.Password);

        if (result.Succeeded)
        {
            var code = await UserManager.GenerateEmailConfirmationTokenAsync(user.Id);

            var callbackUrl = Url.Action(
                "ConfirmEmail", 
                "Account", 
                new { userId = user.Id, code = code }, 
                protocol: Request.Url.Scheme);

            await UserManager.SendEmailAsync(
                user.Id, 
                "Confirm your account", 
                "Please confirm your account by clicking this link: <a href=\"" 
                + callbackUrl + "\">link</a>");

            ViewBag.Link = callbackUrl;

            return View("DisplayEmail");
        }
        AddErrors(result);
    }

    // If we got this far, something failed, redisplay form
    return View(model);
}

public static ApplicationUserManager Create(
    IdentityFactoryOptions<ApplicationUserManager> options, 
    IOwinContext context)
{
    var manager = new ApplicationUserManager(
        new UserStore<ApplicationUser>(
            context.Get<ApplicationDbContext>()));

    // Configure validation logic for usernames
    manager.UserValidator = new UserValidator<ApplicationUser>(manager)
    {
        AllowOnlyAlphanumericUserNames = false,
        RequireUniqueEmail = true
    };

    // Configure validation logic for passwords
    manager.PasswordValidator = new PasswordValidator
    {
        RequiredLength = 6, 
        RequireNonLetterOrDigit = true,
        RequireDigit = true,
        RequireLowercase = true,
        RequireUppercase = true,
    };

    // Configure user lockout defaults
    manager.UserLockoutEnabledByDefault = true;
    manager.DefaultAccountLockoutTimeSpan = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5);
    manager.MaxFailedAccessAttemptsBeforeLockout = 5;

    // Register two factor authentication providers. This application 
    // uses Phone and Emails as a step of receiving a code for verifying the user
    // You can write your own provider and plug in here.
    manager.RegisterTwoFactorProvider(
        "PhoneCode", 
        new PhoneNumberTokenProvider<ApplicationUser>
    {
        MessageFormat = "Your security code is: {0}"
    });

    manager.RegisterTwoFactorProvider(
        "EmailCode", 
        new EmailTokenProvider<ApplicationUser>
    {
        Subject = "SecurityCode",
        BodyFormat = "Your security code is {0}"
    });

    manager.EmailService = new EmailService();
    manager.SmsService = new SmsService();

    var dataProtectionProvider = options.DataProtectionProvider;

    if (dataProtectionProvider != null)
    {
        manager.UserTokenProvider = 
            new DataProtectorTokenProvider<ApplicationUser>(
                dataProtectionProvider.Create("ASP.NET Identity"));
    }

    return manager;
}

manager.EmailService = new EmailService();
manager.SmsService = new SmsService();

// Register two factor authentication providers. This application 
// uses Phone and Emails as a step of receiving a code for verifying the user
// You can write your own provider and plug in here.
manager.RegisterTwoFactorProvider(
    "PhoneCode", 
    new PhoneNumberTokenProvider<ApplicationUser>
{
    MessageFormat = "Your security code is: {0}"
});

manager.RegisterTwoFactorProvider(
    "EmailCode", 
    new EmailTokenProvider<ApplicationUser>
    {
        Subject = "SecurityCode",
        BodyFormat = "Your security code is {0}"
    });

public class EmailService : IIdentityMessageService
{
    public Task SendAsync(IdentityMessage message)
    {
        // Credentials:
        var credentialUserName = "yourAccount@outlook.com";
        var sentFrom = "yourAccount@outlook.com";
        var pwd = "yourApssword";

        // Configure the client:
        System.Net.Mail.SmtpClient client = 
            new System.Net.Mail.SmtpClient("smtp-mail.outlook.com");

        client.Port = 587;
        client.DeliveryMethod = System.Net.Mail.SmtpDeliveryMethod.Network;
        client.UseDefaultCredentials = false;

        // Creatte the credentials:
        System.Net.NetworkCredential credentials = 
            new System.Net.NetworkCredential(credentialUserName, pwd);

        client.EnableSsl = true;
        client.Credentials = credentials;

        // Create the message:
        var mail = 
            new System.Net.Mail.MailMessage(sentFrom, message.Destination);

        mail.Subject = message.Subject;
        mail.Body = message.Body;

        // Send:
        return client.SendMailAsync(mail);
    }
}

public class EmailService : IIdentityMessageService
{
    public Task SendAsync(IdentityMessage message)
    {
        // Credentials:
        var sendGridUserName = "yourSendGridUserName";
        var sentFrom = "whateverEmailAdressYouWant";
        var sendGridPassword = "YourSendGridPassword";

        // Configure the client:
        var client = 
            new System.Net.Mail.SmtpClient("smtp.sendgrid.net", Convert.ToInt32(587));

        client.Port = 587;
        client.DeliveryMethod = System.Net.Mail.SmtpDeliveryMethod.Network;
        client.UseDefaultCredentials = false;

        // Creatte the credentials:
        System.Net.NetworkCredential credentials = 
            new System.Net.NetworkCredential(credentialUserName, pwd);

        client.EnableSsl = true;
        client.Credentials = credentials;

        // Create the message:
        var mail = 
            new System.Net.Mail.MailMessage(sentFrom, message.Destination);

        mail.Subject = message.Subject;
        mail.Body = message.Body;

        // Send:
        return client.SendMailAsync(mail);
    }
}

PM> Install-Package Twilio

public class SmsService : IIdentityMessageService
{
    public Task SendAsync(IdentityMessage message)
    {
        string AccountSid = "YourTwilioAccountSID";
        string AuthToken = "YourTwilioAuthToken";
        string twilioPhoneNumber = "YourTwilioPhoneNumber";

        var twilio = new TwilioRestClient(AccountSid, AuthToken);

        twilio.SendSmsMessage(twilioPhoneNumber, message.Destination, message.Body); 

        // Twilio does not return an async Task, so we need this:
        return Task.FromResult(0);
    }
}

if (result.Succeeded)
{
    var code = await UserManager.GenerateEmailConfirmationTokenAsync(user.Id);
    var callbackUrl = 
        Url.Action("ConfirmEmail", "Account", 
            new { userId = user.Id, code = code }, protocol: Request.Url.Scheme);

    await UserManager.SendEmailAsync(user.Id, "Confirm your account", 
        "Please confirm your account by clicking this link: <a href=\"" + callbackUrl + "\">link</a>");

    // This should not be deployed in production:
    ViewBag.Link = callbackUrl;

    return View("DisplayEmail");
}

AddErrors(result);

@{
    ViewBag.Title = "DEMO purpose Email Link";
}

<h2>@ViewBag.Title.</h2>

<p class="text-info">
    Please check your email and confirm your email address.
</p>

<p class="text-danger">
    For DEMO only: You can click this link to confirm the email: <a href="@ViewBag.Link">link</a>
    Please change this code to register an email service in IdentityConfig to send an email.
</p>

[AllowAnonymous]
public async Task<ActionResult> VerifyCode(string provider, string returnUrl)
{
    // Require that the user has already logged in via username/password or external login
    if (!await SignInHelper.HasBeenVerified())
    {
        return View("Error");
    }

    var user = 
        await UserManager.FindByIdAsync(await SignInHelper.GetVerifiedUserIdAsync());

    if (user != null)
    {
        ViewBag.Status = 
            "For DEMO purposes the current " 
            + provider 
            + " code is: " 
            + await UserManager.GenerateTwoFactorTokenAsync(user.Id, provider);
    }

    return View(new VerifyCodeViewModel { Provider = provider, ReturnUrl = returnUrl });
}

@model IdentitySample.Models.VerifyCodeViewModel

@{
    ViewBag.Title = "Enter Verification Code";
}

<h2>@ViewBag.Title.</h2>

@using (Html.BeginForm("VerifyCode", "Account", new { ReturnUrl = Model.ReturnUrl }, FormMethod.Post, new { @class = "form-horizontal", role = "form" })) {
    @Html.AntiForgeryToken()
    @Html.ValidationSummary("", new { @class = "text-danger" })
    @Html.Hidden("provider", @Model.Provider)
    <h4>@ViewBag.Status</h4>
    <hr />

    <div class="form-group">
        @Html.LabelFor(m => m.Code, new { @class = "col-md-2 control-label" })
        <div class="col-md-10">
            @Html.TextBoxFor(m => m.Code, new { @class = "form-control" })
        </div>
    </div>

    <div class="form-group">
        <div class="col-md-offset-2 col-md-10">
            <div class="checkbox">
                @Html.CheckBoxFor(m => m.RememberBrowser)
                @Html.LabelFor(m => m.RememberBrowser)
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>

    <div class="form-group">
        <div class="col-md-offset-2 col-md-10">
            <input type="submit" class="btn btn-default" value="Submit" />
        </div>
    </div>
}

using System.Web.Mvc;
 
namespace WebToolkit
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Ensure all of the asp.net mvc urls have www.
    /// </summary>
    public class MandatoryWww : ActionFilterAttribute
    {
        public override void OnActionExecuting(ActionExecutingContext filterContext)
        {
            if (!filterContext.RequestContext.HttpContext.Request.IsLocal)
            {
                string url = filterContext.RequestContext.HttpContext.Request.Url.AbsoluteUri.ToLowerInvariant();
                if (!url.Contains("www"))
                {
                    url = url.Replace("http://", "http://www.");
                    url = url.Replace("https://", "https://www.");
                    filterContext.Result = new RedirectResult(url, true);
                }
            }
            base.OnActionExecuting(filterContext);
        }
    }
}

public static void RegisterGlobalFilters(GlobalFilterCollection filters)
{            
    filters.Add(new MandatoryWww());
}

    private const string SeparatorTitle = " - ";
    private const int MaxLenghtTitle = 60;
    public static string GeneratePageTitle(params string[] crumbs)
    {
        var title = "";

        for (int i = 0; i < crumbs.Length; i++)
        {
            title += string.Format
                        (
                            "{0}{1}",
                            crumbs[i],
                            (i < crumbs.Length - 1) ? SeparatorTitle : string.Empty
                        );
        }

        title = title.Substring(0, title.Length <= MaxLenghtTitle ? title.Length : MaxLenghtTitle).Trim();

        return title;
    }

public enum CacheControlType
{
    [Description("public")]
    _public,
    [Description("private")]
    _private,
    [Description("no-cache")]
    _nocache,
    [Description("no-store")]
    _nostore
}  



private const int MaxLenghtTitle = 60;
private const int MaxLenghtDescription = 170;
private const string FaviconPath = "~/cdn/ui/favicon.ico";
public static string GenerateMetaTag(string title, string description, bool allowIndexPage, bool allowFollowLinks, string author = "", string lastmodified = "", string expires = "never", string language = "fa", CacheControlType cacheControlType = CacheControlType._private)
{
        title = title.Substring(0, title.Length <= MaxLenghtTitle ? title.Length : MaxLenghtTitle).Trim();
        description = description.Substring(0, description.Length <= MaxLenghtDescription ? description.Length : MaxLenghtDescription).Trim();

        var meta = "";
        meta += string.Format("<title>{0}</title>\n", title);
        meta += string.Format("<link rel=\"shortcut icon\" href=\"{0}\"/>\n", FaviconPath);
        meta += string.Format("<meta http-equiv=\"content-language\" content=\"{0}\"/>\n", language);
        meta += string.Format("<meta http-equiv=\"content-type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\"/>\n");
        meta += string.Format("<meta charset=\"utf-8\"/>\n");
        meta += string.Format("<meta name=\"description\" content=\"{0}\"/>\n", description);
        meta += string.Format("<meta http-equiv=\"Cache-control\" content=\"{0}\"/>\n", EnumExtensions.EnumHelper<CacheControlType>.GetEnumDescription(cacheControlType.ToString()));
        meta += string.Format("<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"{0}, {1}\" />\n", allowIndexPage ? "index" : "noindex", allowFollowLinks ? "follow" : "nofollow");
        meta += string.Format("<meta name=\"expires\" content=\"{0}\"/>\n", expires);

        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(lastmodified))
            meta += string.Format("<meta name=\"last-modified\" content=\"{0}\"/>\n", lastmodified);

        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(author))
            meta += string.Format("<meta name=\"author\" content=\"{0}\"/>\n", author);

        //------------------------------------Google & Bing Doesn't Use Meta Keywords ...
        //meta += string.Format("<meta name=\"keywords\" content=\"{0}\"/>\n", keywords);

        return meta;
}

private const int MaxLenghtSlug = 45;
public static string GenerateSlug(string title)
{
        var slug = RemoveAccent(title).ToLower();
        slug = Regex.Replace(slug, @"[^a-z0-9-\u0600-\u06FF]", "-");
        slug = Regex.Replace(slug, @"\s+", "-").Trim();
        slug = Regex.Replace(slug, @"-+", "-");
        slug = slug.Substring(0, slug.Length <= MaxLenghtSlug ? slug.Length : MaxLenghtSlug).Trim();

        return slug;
}
    
private static string RemoveAccent(string text)
{
        var bytes = Encoding.GetEncoding("UTF-8").GetBytes(text);
        return Encoding.UTF8.GetString(bytes);
}

   Head.InnerHtml = SEO.GenerateMetaTag
                            (
                                title: SEO.GeneratePageTitle(".NET Tips", "آرشیو مطالب", "ASP.NET MVC #1"),
                                description: "چرا ASP.NET MVC با وجود فریم ورک پخته‌ای به نام ASP.NET web forms، اولین سؤالی که حین سوئیچ به ASP.NET MVC مطرح می‌شود این است: «برای چی؟». بنابراین تا به این سؤال پاسخ داده نشود، هر نوع بحث فنی در این مورد بی فایده است.",
                                allowIndexPage: true,
                                allowFollowLinks: true,
                                author: "وحید نصیری",
                                cacheControlType: SEO.CacheControlType._private
                            );
 

<title>.NET Tips - آرشیو مطالب - ASP.NET MVC #1</title>
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../../cdn/images/ui/favicon.ico"/>
<meta http-equiv="content-language" content="fa"/>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>
<meta charset="utf-8"/>
<meta name="description" content="چرا ASP.NET MVC ؟با وجود فریم ورک پخته‌ای به نام ASP.NET web forms، اولین سؤالی که حین سوئیچ به ASP.NET MVC مطرح می‌شود این است: &#171;برای چی؟&#187;. بن ..."/>
<meta http-equiv="Cache-control" content="private"/>
<meta name="robots" content="index, follow" />
<meta name="expires" content="never"/>
<meta name="author" content="وحید نصیری"/>
 

 var reflectTypeDescriptionProvider = typeof(PropertyDescriptor).Module.GetType("System.ComponentModel.ReflectTypeDescriptionProvider");
var propertyCacheField = reflectTypeDescriptionProvider.GetField("_propertyCache",
BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.NonPublic);

namespace WpfOneTime.Models
{
    public class User
    {
        public string Name { set; get; }
    }
}

using WpfOneTime.Models;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace WpfOneTime.ViewModels
{
    public class MainWindowViewModel
    {
        public IList<User> Users { set; get; }

        public MainWindowViewModel()
        {
            Users = new List<User>();
            for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++)
            {
                Users.Add(new User { Name = "name " + i });
            }
        }
    }
}

<Window x:Class="WpfOneTime.MainWindow"
        xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
        xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
        xmlns:ViewModels="clr-namespace:WpfOneTime.ViewModels"        
        Title="MainWindow" Height="350" Width="525">
    <Window.Resources>
        <ViewModels:MainWindowViewModel x:Key="vmMainWindowViewModel" />
    </Window.Resources>
    <Grid DataContext="{Binding Source={StaticResource vmMainWindowViewModel}}">        
        <ListBox ItemsSource="{Binding Users}">
            <ListBox.ItemTemplate>
                <DataTemplate>
                    <TextBlock Text="{Binding Name}" />
                </DataTemplate>
            </ListBox.ItemTemplate>
        </ListBox>
    </Grid>
</Window>

 <TextBlock Text="{Binding Name, Mode=OneTime}" />

 new ReflectPropertyDescriptorWindow().Show();