namespace Loans.Models
{
    public class Product
    {
        public Product()
        {
            Rating = new Rating();
        }

        public Rating Rating { get; set; }

        public int Id { get; set; }

        public string Name { get; set; }

        public double Price { get; set; }

        public double OfferPrice { get; set; }

        public Group Group { get; set; }

        public int GroupId { get; set; }

        public List<Image> Images { get; set; }
    }

    public class Rating
    {
        public Rating()
        {
        }

        public Rating(double totalRating, int totalRaters, double averageRating)
        {
            TotalRating = totalRating;
            TotalRaters = totalRaters;
            AverageRating = averageRating;
        }


        public double TotalRating { get; set; } = 0.0;

        public int TotalRaters { get; set; } = 0;

        public double AverageRating { get; set; } = 0.0;
    }

    public class Group
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }

        public string Name { get; set; }

        public Group ParentGroup { get; set; }

        public int? ParentGroupId { get; set; }

        public List<Group> ChildrenGroups { get; set; }

        public List<Product> Products { get; set; }

        public Image Image { get; set; }
    }

    public class Image
    {
        public Guid Id { get; set; }

        public string Name { get; set; }

        public Group Group { get; set; }

        public int? GroupId { get; set; }

        public Product Product { get; set; }

        public int? ProductId { get; set; }
    }
}

modelBuilder.Entity<Product>().OwnsOne(p => p.Rating)

 "The entity of type 'Product' is sharing the table 'Products' with entities of type 'Rating ',
 but there is no entity of this type with the same key value ."

using System;

namespace IndexedProperties
{
    public class Data
    {
        private int[] _localArray;
        private ArrayIndexer _arrayIndexer;

        public Data()
        {
            _localArray = new int[10];
            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
                _localArray[i] = i + 1;
            _arrayIndexer = new ArrayIndexer(this);
        }
        
        public ArrayIndexer Number
        {
            get { return _arrayIndexer; }
        }       

        public class ArrayIndexer
        {
            private Data _arrayOwner;

            public ArrayIndexer(Data arrayOwner)
            {
                _arrayOwner = arrayOwner;
            }

            public int this[int index]
            {
                get { return _arrayOwner._localArray[index]; }
            }

            public int Length
            {
                get { return _arrayOwner._localArray.Length; }
            }
        }
    }


    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            var data = new Data();
            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
                Console.WriteLine(data.Number[i]);
        }
    }
}

        <div>
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.Name, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-2" })
            <div>
                @Html.EditorFor(model => model.Name, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Name, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
            </div>
        </div>
        
        <div>
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.Genre, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-2" })
            <div>
                @Html.EditorFor(model => model.Genre, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Genre, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
            </div>
        </div>

    public class Books
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        [Required]
        [StringLength(255)]
        public string Name { get; set; }
        public Genre Genre { get; set; }
    }

    public enum Genre
    {
        [Display(Name = "Non Fiction")]
        NonFiction,
        Romance,
        Action,
        [Display(Name = "Science Fiction")]
        ScienceFiction
    }

    public class BookController : Controller
    {
        // GET: Book
        public ActionResult Index()
        {
            return View(DataAccess.DataContext.Book.ToList());
        }

        public ActionResult Create()
        {
            return View();
        }

        [HttpPost]
        [ValidateAntiForgeryToken]
        public ActionResult Create(Books model)
        {
            if (!ModelState.IsValid)
                return View(model);

            try
            {
                DataAccess.DataContext.Book.Add(model);
                DataAccess.DataContext.SaveChanges();
                return RedirectToAction("Index");
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                ModelState.AddModelError("", ex.Message);
                return View(model);
            }
        }

        public ActionResult Edit(int id)
        {
            try
            {
                var book = DataAccess.DataContext.Book.Find(id);
                return View(book);
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                return View("Error");
            }
        }

        [HttpPost]
        [ValidateAntiForgeryToken]
        public ActionResult Edit(Books model)
        {
            if (!ModelState.IsValid)
                return View(model);

            try
            {
                DataAccess.DataContext.Book.AddOrUpdate(model);
                DataAccess.DataContext.SaveChanges();
                return RedirectToAction("Index");
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                ModelState.AddModelError("", ex.Message);
                return View(model);
            }
        }

        public ActionResult Details(int id)
        {
            try
            {
                var book = DataAccess.DataContext.Book.Find(id);
                return View(book);
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                return View("Error");
            }
        }
    }

@using Book.Entities
@model Book.Entities.Books

@{
    ViewBag.Title = "Create";
}
<h2>New Book</h2>
@using (Html.BeginForm()) 
{
    @Html.AntiForgeryToken()
    
    <div>
        <h4>Books</h4>
        <hr />
        @Html.ValidationSummary(true, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
        <div>
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.Name, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-2" })
            <div>
                @Html.EditorFor(model => model.Name, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Name, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
            </div>
        </div>
        
        <div>
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.Genre, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-2" })
            <div>
                @Html.EditorFor(model => model.Genre, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Genre, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
            </div>
        </div>

        <div>
            <div>
                <input type="submit" value="Create" />
                <input type="reset" value="Reset" />
                @Html.ActionLink("Back to List", "Index", null, new {@class="btn btn-default"})
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
}

@section Scripts {
    @Scripts.Render("~/bundles/jqueryval")
}

Views/Shared/DisplayTemplates/<type>.cshtml

@using Book.Entities
@using Book.Web.Helpers
@{
    var items = typeof(Genre).GetItems((int?)Model);
}

@Html.DropDownList("", items, new {@class="form-control"})

• We improved solution load performance by optimizing design time build.
• We've added installation progress details on Visual Studio Installer.
• You can pause your installation and resume at a later time.
• We streamlined the update process so the notification takes you directly to the Installer.
• Non-administrators can create a VS layout.
• We added a new shortcut for Edit.Duplicate in the keyboard mapping.
• We made significant improvements to the F# language and tools, particularly for .NET Core SDK projects.
• The C++ compiler optimizes your code to run faster through improved optimizations.
• C++ Mapfile generation overhead is reduced in full linking scenarios.
• Debug options are available for Embedded ARM GCC support.
• We added strong name signing on CoreCLR for the C# compiler.
• Visual Studio Tools for Xamarin has lots of new productivity updates for iOS and Android developers.
• Python no longer requires a completion DB, and Anaconda users have support for conda.
• The Performance Profiler's CPU Usage Tool can display logical call stacks for asynchronous code.
• The CPU Usage tool displays source line highlighting and async/await code with logical 'Call Stack Stitching'.
• The debugger supports thread names set via SetThreadDescription APIs in dump debugging.
• Snapshot Debugging can be started from the Debug Target dropdown for ASP.NET applications.
• We've launched the initial implementation of Navigate to decompiled sources for .NET code navigation.
• New enhancements for Configure Continuous Delivery include support for TFVC, Git authentication over SSH, and containerized projects.
• You can now click on the Continuous Delivery tile in Team Explorer to configure automated build and deployments for your application.
• Team Explorer supports Git tags and checking out pull request branches.
• Service Fabric Tooling for the 6.1 Service Fabric release is now available.
• The Windows 10 Insider Preview SDK can be installed as an optional component.
• File versions for a number of Visual Studio executables now reflect the minor release.
• Test Explorer has a hierarchy view and real time test discovery is now on by default.
• We have added support for testing Win10 IoT Core applications.
• Visual Studio Build Tools supports TypeScript and Node.js.
• ClickOnce Tools support signing application and deployment manifests with CNG certificate.
• You can access Azure resources such as Key Vault using your Visual Studio accounts. 

using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace jQueryMvcSample05.Models
{
    public class Survey
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public string Title { set; get; }

        public virtual ICollection<SurveyItem> SurveyItems { set; get; }
    }
}

namespace jQueryMvcSample05.Models
{
    public class SurveyItem
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public string Title { set; get; }
        public int Order { set; get; }

        //[ForeignKey("SurveyId")]
        public virtual Survey Survey { set; get; }
        public int SurveyId { set; get; }
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;
using jQueryMvcSample05.Models;

namespace jQueryMvcSample05.DataSource
{
    /// <summary>
    /// یک منبع داده فرضی جهت دموی ساده‌تر برنامه
    /// </summary>
    public static class SurveysDataSource
    {
        private static IList<Survey> _surveysCache;
        static SurveysDataSource()
        {
            _surveysCache = createSurveys();
        }

        public static IList<Survey> SystemSurveys
        {
            get { return _surveysCache; }
        }

        private static IList<Survey> createSurveys()
        {
            var results = new List<Survey>();
            for (int i = 1; i < 6; i++)
            {
                results.Add(new Survey
                {
                    Id = i,
                    Title = "نظر سنجی " + i,
                    SurveyItems = new List<SurveyItem>
                    {
                       new SurveyItem{ Id = 1, SurveyId = i, Title = "گزینه 1", Order = 1 },
                       new SurveyItem{ Id = 2, SurveyId = i, Title = "گزینه 2", Order = 2 },
                       new SurveyItem{ Id = 3, SurveyId = i, Title = "گزینه 3", Order = 3 },
                       new SurveyItem{ Id = 4, SurveyId = i, Title = "گزینه 4", Order = 4 }
                    }
                });
            }
            return results;
        }
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Web.UI;
using jQueryMvcSample05.DataSource;
using jQueryMvcSample05.Security;

namespace jQueryMvcSample05.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        [HttpGet]
        public ActionResult Index()
        {
            var surveysList = SurveysDataSource.SystemSurveys;
            return View(surveysList);
        }

        [HttpPost]
        [AjaxOnly]
        [OutputCache(Location = OutputCacheLocation.None, NoStore = true)]
        public ActionResult SortItems(int? surveyId, string[] items)
        {
            if (items == null || items.Length == 0 || surveyId == null)
                return Content("nok");

            updateSurvey(surveyId, items);

            return Content("ok");
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// این متد جهت آشنایی با پروسه به روز رسانی ترتیب گزینه‌ها در اینجا قرار گرفته است
        /// بدیهی است محل قرارگیری آن باید در لایه سرویس برنامه اصلی باشد
        /// </summary>
        private static void updateSurvey(int? surveyId, string[] items)
        {
            var itemIds = new List<int>();
            foreach (var item in items)
            {
                itemIds.Add(int.Parse(item.Replace("item-row-", string.Empty)));
            }

            var survey = SurveysDataSource.SystemSurveys.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Id == surveyId.Value);
            if (survey == null)
                return;

            int order = 0;
            foreach (var itemId in itemIds)
            {
                order++;
                var surveyItem = survey.SurveyItems.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Id == itemId);
                if (surveyItem == null) continue;
                surveyItem.Order = order;
            }

            //todo: call save changes ....
        }
    }
}

@model IList<jQueryMvcSample05.Models.Survey>
@{
    ViewBag.Title = "Index";
    var sortUrl = Url.Action(actionName: "SortItems", controllerName: "Home");
}
<h2>
    نظر سنجی‌ها</h2>
@foreach (var survey in Model)
{
    <fieldset>
        <legend>@survey.Title</legend>
        <div id="sortable-@survey.Id">
            @foreach (var surveyItem in survey.SurveyItems.OrderBy(x => x.Order))
            {            
                <div id="item-row-@surveyItem.Id">
                    <span class="handles">::</span>
                    @surveyItem.Title
                </div>
            }
        </div>
    </fieldset>
}
<div>
    لطفا برای تغییر ترتیب آیتم‌های تعریف شده، از امکان کشیدن و رها کردن تعریف شده بر
    روی آیکون‌های :: در کنار هر آیتم استفاده نمائید.
</div>
@section JavaScript
{
    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(document).ready(function () {
            $('div[id^="sortable"]').sortable({ handle: 'span' }).bind('sortupdate', function (e, ui) {
                var sortableItemId = $(ui.item).parent().attr('id');
                var surveyId = sortableItemId.replace('sortable-', '');
                var items = [];
                $('#' + sortableItemId + ' div').each(function () {
                    items.push($(this).attr('id'));
                });
                //alert(items.join('&'));                
                $.ajax({
                    type: "POST",
                    url: "@sortUrl",
                    data: JSON.stringify({ items: items, surveyId: surveyId }),
                    contentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8",
                    dataType: "json",
                    complete: function (xhr, status) {
                        var data = xhr.responseText;
                        if (xhr.status == 403) {
                            window.location = "/login";
                        } else if (status === 'error' || !data || data == "nok") {
                            alert('خطایی رخ داده است');
                        }
                        else {
                            alert('انجام شد');
                        }
                    }
                });
            });
        });
    </script>
}

 $('div[id^="sortable"]').sortable

 var sortableItemId = $(ui.item).parent().attr('id');
var surveyId = sortableItemId.replace('sortable-', '');
var items = [];
$('#' + sortableItemId + ' div').each(function () {
  items.push($(this).attr('id'));
});

 data: JSON.stringify({ items: items, surveyId: surveyId })

 public ActionResult SortItems(int? surveyId, string[] items)

• سازنده (constructor)
  
• پراپرتی، متد
• Access Modifiers
  
• ارث‌بری
  
• کلاس‌های Abstract
  

class ReferenceItem {
    constructor(title: string, publisher?: string) {
        // perform initialization here
    }
}

let encyclopedia = new ReferenceItem('WorldPedia', 'WorldPub');

class ReferenceItem {
    numberOfPages: number;
}

class ReferenceItem {
    numberOfPages: number;
    
    get editor(): string {
        // custom getter logic goes here, should return a value
    }
    
    set editor(newEditor: string) {
        // custom setter logic goes here
    }
}

class ReferenceItem {
    numberOfPages: number;
    
    get editor(): string {
        // custom getter logic goes here, should return a value
    }
    
    set editor(newEditor: string) {
        // custom setter logic goes here
    }
    
    printChapterTitle(chapterNum: number): void {
        // print title here
    }
}

class Author {
    name: string;
    
    constructor(authorName: string) {
        name = authorName;
    }
}

class Author {
    constructor(public name: string){}
}

class Library {
    constructor(public name: string) {}
    
    static description: string = 'A source of knowledge';
}

let lib = new Library('New York Public Library');
console.log(lib.name); // available on instances of the class

console.log(Library.description);

class ReferenceItem {
    title: string;
    printItem(): void { 
        // print something here 
    }
}

class Journal extends ReferenceItem {
    constructor() {
        super();
    }
    
    contributors: string[];
}

class Journal extends ReferenceItem {
    constructor() {
        super();
    }
    
    printItem(): void { 
        super.printItem();
        console.log('message from Journal');
    }
    
    contributors: string[];
}

abstract class ReferenceItem {
    private _publisher: string;
    static departement: string = 'Research';
    
    constructor(public title: string, protected year: number) {
        
    }
    
    printItem(): void {
        console.log('message from abstract class');
    } 
    
    get publisher(): string {
        return this._publisher.toUpperCase();
    }
    
    set publisher(newPublisher: string) {
        this._publisher = newPublisher;
    }
    
    abstract printCitation(): void;
}

class Encyclopedia extends ReferenceItem {
    
    constructor(newTitle: string, newYear, public edition: number) {
        super(newTitle, newYear);
    }
    
    printCitation(): void {
        console.log('message');
    }
}

let test = new Encyclopedia('WorldPerdia', 1900, 10);
test.printItem();

public class User
{
     public int Id { set; get; }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Reflection.Emit;

namespace FastReflectionTests
{
    /// <summary>
    /// کلاسی برای اندازه گیری زمان اجرای عملیات
    /// </summary>
    public class Benchmark : IDisposable
    {
        Stopwatch _watch;
        string _name;

        public static Benchmark Start(string name)
        {
            return new Benchmark(name);
        }

        private Benchmark(string name)
        {
            _name = name;
            _watch = new Stopwatch();
            _watch.Start();
        }

        public void Dispose()
        {
            _watch.Stop();
            Console.WriteLine("{0} Total seconds: {1}"
                               , _name, _watch.Elapsed.TotalSeconds);
        }
    }

    public class User
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
    }

    class Program
    {
        public static Func<object, object> GetFastGetterFunc(string propertyName, Type ownerType)
        {
            var propertyInfo = ownerType.GetProperty(propertyName, BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public);

            if (propertyInfo == null)
                return null;
            
            var getter = ownerType.GetMethod("get_" + propertyInfo.Name,
                                             BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.FlattenHierarchy);
            if (getter == null)
                return null;

            var dynamicGetterMethod = new DynamicMethod(
                                                name: "_",
                                                returnType: typeof(object),
                                                parameterTypes: new[] { typeof(object) },
                                                owner: propertyInfo.DeclaringType,
                                                skipVisibility: true);
            var il = dynamicGetterMethod.GetILGenerator();

            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0); // Load input to stack
            il.Emit(OpCodes.Castclass, propertyInfo.DeclaringType); // Cast to source type
            // نکته مهم در اینجا فراخوانی نهایی متد گت بدون استفاده از ریفلکشن است
            il.Emit(OpCodes.Callvirt, getter); //calls its get method

            if (propertyInfo.PropertyType.IsValueType)
                il.Emit(OpCodes.Box, propertyInfo.PropertyType);//box

            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);

            return (Func<object, object>)dynamicGetterMethod.CreateDelegate(typeof(Func<object, object>));
        }


        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            //تهیه لیستی از داده‌ها جهت آزمایش
            var list = new List<User>();
            for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++)
            {
                list.Add(new User { Id = i });
            }

            // دسترسی به اطلاعات لیست به صورت متداول از طریق ریفلکشن معمولی
            var idProperty = typeof(User).GetProperty("Id");
            using (Benchmark.Start("Normal reflection"))
            {
                foreach (var item in list)
                {
                    var id = idProperty.GetValue(item, null);
                }
            }

            // دسترسی از طریق روش سریع دستیابی به اطلاعات خواص
            var fastIdProperty = GetFastGetterFunc("Id", typeof(User));
            using (Benchmark.Start("Fast Property"))
            {
                foreach (var item in list)
                {
                    var id = fastIdProperty(item);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

 Normal reflection Total seconds: 2.0054177
Fast Property Total seconds: 0.0552056