/// <summary>
    /// 
    /// </summary>
    public static class FullTextPrefixes
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// 
        /// </summary>
        public const string ContainsPrefix = "-CONTAINS-";

        /// <summary>
        /// 
        /// </summary>
        public const string FreetextPrefix = "-FREETEXT-";

        /// <summary>
        /// 
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="searchTerm"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public static string Contains(string searchTerm)
        {
            return string.Format("({0}{1})", ContainsPrefix, searchTerm);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="searchTerm"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public static string Freetext(string searchTerm)
        {
            return string.Format("({0}{1})", FreetextPrefix, searchTerm);
        }

    }

public static class FullTextSearchExtensions
    {

        /// <summary>
        /// 
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="TEntity"></typeparam>
        /// <param name="source"></param>
        /// <param name="expression"></param>
        /// <param name="searchTerm"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public static IQueryable<TEntity> FreeTextSearch<TEntity>(this IQueryable<TEntity> source, Expression<Func<TEntity, object>> expression, string searchTerm) where TEntity : class
        {
            return FreeTextSearchImp(source, expression, FullTextPrefixes.Freetext(searchTerm));
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="TEntity"></typeparam>
        /// <param name="source"></param>
        /// <param name="expression"></param>
        /// <param name="searchTerm"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public static IQueryable<TEntity> ContainsSearch<TEntity>(this IQueryable<TEntity> source, Expression<Func<TEntity, object>> expression, string searchTerm) where TEntity : class
        {
            return FreeTextSearchImp(source, expression, FullTextPrefixes.Contains(searchTerm));
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="TEntity"></typeparam>
        /// <param name="source"></param>
        /// <param name="expression"></param>
        /// <param name="searchTerm"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        private static IQueryable<TEntity> FreeTextSearchImp<TEntity>(this IQueryable<TEntity> source, Expression<Func<TEntity, object>> expression, string searchTerm)
        {
            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(searchTerm))
            {
                return source;
            }

            // The below represents the following lamda:
            // source.Where(x => x.[property].Contains(searchTerm))

            //Create expression to represent x.[property].Contains(searchTerm)
            //var searchTermExpression = Expression.Constant(searchTerm);
            var searchTermExpression = Expression.Property(Expression.Constant(new { Value = searchTerm }), "Value");
            var checkContainsExpression = Expression.Call(expression.Body, typeof(string).GetMethod("Contains"), searchTermExpression);

            //Join not null and contains expressions

            var methodCallExpression = Expression.Call(typeof(Queryable),
                                                       "Where",
                                                       new[] { source.ElementType },
                                                       source.Expression,
                                                       Expression.Lambda<Func<TEntity, bool>>(checkContainsExpression, expression.Parameters));

            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TEntity>(methodCallExpression);
        }

 public class FtsInterceptor : IDbCommandInterceptor
    {

        /// <summary>
        /// 
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="command"></param>
        /// <param name="interceptionContext"></param>
        public void NonQueryExecuting(DbCommand command, DbCommandInterceptionContext<int> interceptionContext)
        {
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="command"></param>
        /// <param name="interceptionContext"></param>
        public void NonQueryExecuted(DbCommand command, DbCommandInterceptionContext<int> interceptionContext)
        {
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="command"></param>
        /// <param name="interceptionContext"></param>
        public void ReaderExecuting(DbCommand command, DbCommandInterceptionContext<DbDataReader> interceptionContext)
        {
            RewriteFullTextQuery(command);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="command"></param>
        /// <param name="interceptionContext"></param>
        public void ReaderExecuted(DbCommand command, DbCommandInterceptionContext<DbDataReader> interceptionContext)
        {
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="command"></param>
        /// <param name="interceptionContext"></param>
        public void ScalarExecuting(DbCommand command, DbCommandInterceptionContext<object> interceptionContext)
        {
            RewriteFullTextQuery(command);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="command"></param>
        /// <param name="interceptionContext"></param>
        public void ScalarExecuted(DbCommand command, DbCommandInterceptionContext<object> interceptionContext)
        {
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="cmd"></param>
        public static void RewriteFullTextQuery(DbCommand cmd)
        {
            var text = cmd.CommandText;
            for (var i = 0; i < cmd.Parameters.Count; i++)
            {
                var parameter = cmd.Parameters[i];
                if (
                    !parameter.DbType.In(DbType.String, DbType.AnsiString, DbType.StringFixedLength,
                        DbType.AnsiStringFixedLength)) continue;
                if (parameter.Value == DBNull.Value)
                    continue;
                var value = (string)parameter.Value;
                if (value.IndexOf(FullTextPrefixes.ContainsPrefix, StringComparison.Ordinal) >= 0)
                {
                    parameter.Size = 4096;
                    parameter.DbType = DbType.AnsiStringFixedLength;
                    value = value.Replace(FullTextPrefixes.ContainsPrefix, ""); // remove prefix we added n linq query
                    value = value.Substring(1, value.Length - 2); // remove %% escaping by linq translator from string.Contains to sql LIKE
                    parameter.Value = value;
                    cmd.CommandText = Regex.Replace(text,
                        string.Format(
                            @"\[(\w*)\].\[(\w*)\]\s*LIKE\s*@{0}\s?(?:ESCAPE N?'~')", parameter.ParameterName),
                        string.Format(@"CONTAINS([$1].[$2], @{0})", parameter.ParameterName));
                    if (text == cmd.CommandText)
                        throw new Exception("FTS was not replaced on: " + text);
                    text = cmd.CommandText;
                }
                else if (value.IndexOf(FullTextPrefixes.FreetextPrefix, StringComparison.Ordinal) >= 0)
                {
                    parameter.Size = 4096;
                    parameter.DbType = DbType.AnsiStringFixedLength;
                    value = value.Replace(FullTextPrefixes.FreetextPrefix, ""); // remove prefix we added n linq query
                    value = value.Substring(1, value.Length - 2); // remove %% escaping by linq translator from string.Contains to sql LIKE
                    parameter.Value = value;
                    cmd.CommandText = Regex.Replace(text,
                        string.Format(
                            @"\[(\w*)\].\[(\w*)\]\s*LIKE\s*@{0}\s?(?:ESCAPE N?'~')", parameter.ParameterName),
                        string.Format(@"FREETEXT([$1].[$2], @{0})", parameter.ParameterName));
                    if (text == cmd.CommandText)
                        throw new Exception("FTS was not replaced on: " + text);
                    text = cmd.CommandText;
                }
            }
        }

    }

public class Note
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// 
        /// </summary>
        public int Id { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// 
        /// </summary>
        public string NoteText { get; set; }
    }

  public class FtsSampleContext : DbContext
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// 
        /// </summary>
        public DbSet<Note> Notes { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// 
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="modelBuilder"></param>
        protected override void OnModelCreating(DbModelBuilder modelBuilder)
        {
            modelBuilder.Configurations.Add(new NoteMap());
        }
    }

/// <summary>
    /// 
    /// </summary>
    class Program
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// 
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="args"></param>
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            DbInterception.Add(new FtsInterceptor());
            const string searchTerm = "john";
            using (var db = new FtsSampleContext())
            {
                var result1 = db.Notes.FreeTextSearch(a => a.NoteText, searchTerm).ToList();
                //SQL Server Profiler result ===>>>
                //exec sp_executesql N'SELECT 
                //    [Extent1].[Id] AS [Id], 
                //    [Extent1].[NoteText] AS [NoteText]
                //    FROM [dbo].[Notes] AS [Extent1]
                //    WHERE FREETEXT([Extent1].[NoteText], @p__linq__0)',N'@p__linq__0 
                //char(4096)',@p__linq__0='(john)'
                var result2 = db.Notes.ContainsSearch(a => a.NoteText, searchTerm).ToList();
                //SQL Server Profiler result ===>>>
                //exec sp_executesql N'SELECT 
                //    [Extent1].[Id] AS [Id], 
                //    [Extent1].[NoteText] AS [NoteText]
                //    FROM [dbo].[Notes] AS [Extent1]
                //    WHERE CONTAINS([Extent1].[NoteText], @p__linq__0)',N'@p__linq__0 
                //char(4096)',@p__linq__0='(john)'
            }
            Console.ReadKey();
        }
    }

        /// <summary>
        /// 
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
        /// <param name="expression"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public static string PropertyName<T>(this Expression<Func<T, object>> expression)
        {
            return new PropertyHelper().GetNestedPropertyName(expression);
        }

Advanced C# Programming Course

⭐️ Contents ⭐️
⌨️ (0:00:00) Part 1 - Introduction
⌨️ (0:01:08) Part 2 - Overview of the Advanced C# Course
⌨️ (0:20:46) Part 3 - The Significants of the Release of .NET 5
⌨️ (0:33:17) Part 4 - Delegates - Introduction
⌨️ (0:47:47) Part 5 - Delegates - Create a Code Example
⌨️ (1:51:45) Part 6 - Delegates - Understanding Covariance and Contravariance
⌨️ (2:04:19) Part 7 - Delegates - Fund, Action and Predicate
⌨️ (2:24:26) Part 8 - Delegates - Asynchronous Method Calls
⌨️ (2:39:24) Part 9 - Events - Introduction
⌨️ (2:55:50) Part 10 - Events - Add/Remove Accessors
⌨️ (2:22:44) Part 11 - Events - User Actions & UWP
⌨️ (3:52:23) Part 12 - Events - The Observer Design Pattern
⌨️ (5:12:33) Part 13 - Generics - Introduction
⌨️ (5:27:30) Part 14 - Generics - Understanding Constraints
⌨️ (5:53:42) Part 15 - Generics - Generic Delegates and Events
⌨️ (6:34:56) Part 16 - Generics - The Factory Design Pattern
⌨️ (6:56:23) Part 17 - Async / Await Task - Introduction
⌨️ (7:35:36) Part 18 - Async / Await Task - Task.Run()
⌨️ (8:04:34) Part 19 - Async / Await Task - Best Practices
⌨️ (8:45:23) Part 20 - Async / Await Task - Cancelling Asynchronous Operations
⌨️ (9:13:47) Part 21 - LINQ - Introduction
⌨️ (9:50:14) Part 22 - LINQ - Queries
⌨️ (10:29:57) Part 23 - LINQ - Operators
⌨️ (11:16:51) Part 24 - LINQ - More Operators and Summary
⌨️ (12:18:46) Part 25 - C# Attributes
⌨️ (13:33:13) Part 26 - C# Reflection
⌨️ (14:34:53) Part 27 - .NET Framework and .NET Core
⌨️ (14:39:06) Part 28 - .NET 6
⌨️ (14:50:52) Part 29 - .NET 7 

 SELECT * INTO #temptable FROM [Northwind].[dbo].[Products]
UPDATE #temptable SET [UnitPrice] = [UnitPrice] + 10

DECLARE @tempTable TABLE
(
   [ProductID] [int] NOT NULL,
   [ProductName] [nvarchar](40) NOT NULL,
   [UnitPrice] [money] NULL
)
 
INSERT INTO @tempTable
SELECT
   [ProductID],
   [ProductName],
   [UnitPrice]
FROM [Northwind].[dbo].[Products]
 
UPDATE @temptable SET [UnitPrice] = [UnitPrice] + 10

WITH yourName [(Column1, Column2, ...)]
AS
(
   your query
)

WITH temp
AS
(
    SELECT
         [ProductName],
         [UnitPrice]
    FROM [Northwind].[dbo].[Products]
)
SELECT * FROM temp
ORDER BY [UnitPrice] DESC

WITH orderSales (OrderID, Total)
AS
(
   SELECT
      [OrderID],
     SUM([UnitPrice]*[Quantity]) AS Total
   FROM [Northwind].[dbo].[Order Details]
   GROUP BY [OrderID]
)
SELECT
   O.[ShipCountry],
   SUM(OS.[Total]) AS TotalSales
FROM [Northwind].[dbo].[Orders] AS O INNER JOIN [orderSales] AS OS
ON O.[OrderID] = OS.[OrderID]
GROUP BY O.[ShipCountry]
ORDER BY TotalSales DESC

WITH customerList
AS
(
   SELECT
      [CustomerID],
      [ContactName]
   FROM [Northwind].[dbo].[Customers]
   WHERE [Country] ='UK'
)
,orderList
AS
(
   SELECT
      [CustomerID],
      [OrderDate]
   FROM [Northwind].[dbo].[Orders]
   WHERE YEAR([OrderDate])< 2000
)
SELECT
   cl.[ContactName],
   YEAR(ol.[OrderDate]) AS SalesYear
FROM customerList AS cl JOIN orderList AS ol
ON cl.[CustomerID] = ol.[CustomerID]

WITH digitList
AS
(
   SELECT [digit] from [digits]
)
SELECT
   a.[digit] * 10 + b.[digit] + 1 AS [Digit]
FROM [digitList] AS a CROSSJOIN [digitList] AS b

WITH CTE_1 AS
(
   ....
),
CTE_2 AS
(
   SELECT  ... FROM CTE_1 JOIN ...
)
SELECT   *
FROM FOO
LEFTJOIN  CTE_1
LEFTJOIN  CTE_2

WITH cteName AS
(
   query1
   UNION ALL
   query2
)

IFOBJECT_ID('Employees','U')ISNOTNULL
DROPTABLE dbo.Employees
GO 

CREATETABLE dbo.Employees
(
  EmployeeID intNOTNULLPRIMARYKEY,
  FirstName varchar(50)NOTNULL,
  LastName varchar(50)NOTNULL,
  ManagerID intNULL
)

GO


INSERTINTO Employees VALUES (101,'Alireza','Nematollahi',NULL)
INSERTINTO Employees VALUES (102,'Ahmad','Mofarrahzadeh', 101)
INSERTINTO Employees VALUES (103,'Mohammad','BozorgGhommi', 102)
INSERTINTO Employees VALUES (104,'Masoud','Narimani', 103)
INSERTINTO Employees VALUES (105,'Mohsen','Hashemi', 103)
INSERTINTO Employees VALUES (106,'Aref','Partovi', 102)
INSERTINTO Employees VALUES (107,'Hosain','Mahmoudi', 106)
INSERTINTO Employees VALUES (108,'Naser','Pourali', 106)
INSERTINTO Employees VALUES (109,'Reza','Bagheri', 102)
INSERTINTO Employees VALUES (110,'Abbas','Najafian', 102)

WITHcteReports(EmpID, FirstName, LastName, MgrID, EmpLevel)
AS
(
SELECT EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, ManagerID, 1
FROM Employees
WHERE ManagerID ISNULL
UNIONALL
SELECT e.EmployeeID, e.FirstName, e.LastName, e.ManagerID,r.EmpLevel + 1
FROM Employees e INNERJOINcteReports r
ON e.ManagerID = r.EmpID
)
SELECT
FirstName +' '+ LastName AS FullName,
EmpLevel,
(SELECT FirstName +' '+ LastName FROM Employees
WHERE EmployeeID = cteReports.MgrID)AS Manager
FROMcteReports
ORDERBY EmpLevel, MgrID

WITHcteReports(EmpID, FirstName, LastName, MgrID, EmpLevel)
AS
(
SELECT EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, ManagerID, 1
FROM Employees
WHERE EmployeeID = 110
UNIONALL
SELECTe.EmployeeID, e.FirstName, e.LastName, e.ManagerID,r.EmpLevel + 1
FROM Employees e INNERJOINcteReports r
ON e.EmployeeID = r.MgrID
)
SELECT
FirstName +' '+ LastName AS FullName,
EmpLevel
FROMcteReports
ORDERBY EmpLevel

اگر مطالب پیش نیاز را مطالعه کنید، قطعا روش مطرح شده را انتخاب نخواهید کرد؛ به همین دلیل به دنبال راه حل صحیح برخورد با این سناریوها بودم که نتیجه آن را در ادامه خواهیم دید.

راه حل صحیح برای برخورد با این سناریوها بازگشت یک Result می‌باشد که در مطلب قبلی هم تحت عنوان OperationResult مطرح شد. 

    public class Result
    {
        private static readonly Result SuccessResult = new Result(true, null);

        protected Result(bool succeeded, string message)
        {
            if (succeeded)
            {
                if (message != null)
                    throw new ArgumentException("There should be no error message for success.", nameof(message));
            }
            else
            {
                if (message == null)
                    throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(message), "There must be error message for failure.");
            }

            Succeeded = succeeded;
            Error = message;
        }

        public bool Succeeded { get; }
        public string Error { get; }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Success()
        {
            return SuccessResult;
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Failed(string message)
        {
            return new Result(false, message);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result<T> Failed<T>(string message)
        {
            return new Result<T>(default, false, message);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result<T> Success<T>(T value)
        {
            return new Result<T>(value, true, string.Empty);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Combine(string seperator, params Result[] results)
        {
            var failedResults = results.Where(x => !x.Succeeded).ToList();

            if (!failedResults.Any())
                return Success();

            var error = string.Join(seperator, failedResults.Select(x => x.Error).ToArray());
            return Failed(error);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Combine(params Result[] results)
        {
            return Combine(", ", results);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Combine<T>(params Result<T>[] results)
        {
            return Combine(", ", results);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Combine<T>(string seperator, params Result<T>[] results)
        {
            var untyped = results.Select(result => (Result) result).ToArray();
            return Combine(seperator, untyped);
        }

        public override string ToString()
        {
            return Succeeded
                ? "Succeeded"
                : $"Failed : {Error}";
        }
    }

مشابه کلاس بالا، در فریمورک ASP.NET Identity کلاسی تحت عنوان IdentityResult برای همین منظور در نظر گرفته شده‌است.

پراپرتی Succeeded نشان دهنده موفقت آمیز بودن یا عدم موفقیت عملیات (به عنوان مثال یک متد ApplicationService) می‌باشد. پراپرتی Error دربرگیرنده پیغام خطایی می‌باشد که قبلا از طریق Message مربوط به یک استثناء صادر شده، در اختیار بالاترین لایه قرار می‌گرفت. با استفاده از متد Combine، امکان ترکیب چندین Result حاصل از عملیات مختلف را خواهید داشت. متدهای استاتیک Failed و Success هم برای درگیر نشدن برای وهله سازی از کلاس Result در نظر گرفته شده‌اند.

متد GetForEdit مربوط به MeetingService را در نظر بگیرید. به عنوان مثال وظیفه این متد بازگشت یک MeetingEditModel می‌باشد؛ اما با توجه به یکسری قواعد تجاری، به‌عنوان مثال «امکان ویرایش جلسه‌ای که پابلیش نهایی شده‌است، وجود ندارد و ...» لازم است خروجی این متد نیز در صورت Fail شدن، دلیل آن را به مصرف کننده ارائه دهد. از این رو کلاس جنریک Result را به شکل زیر خواهیم داشت:

    public class Result<T> : Result
    {
        private readonly T _value;

        protected internal Result(T value, bool succeeded, string error)
            : base(succeeded, error)
        {
            _value = value;
        }

        public T Value
        {
            get
            {
                if (!Succeeded)
                    throw new InvalidOperationException("There is no value for failure.");

                return _value;
            }
        }
    }

    public static class ResultExtensions
    {
        public static Result<TK> OnSuccess<T, TK>(this Result<T> result, Func<T, TK> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed<TK>(result.Error) : Result.Success(func(result.Value));
        }

        public static Result<T> Ensure<T>(this Result<T> result, Func<T, bool> predicate, string message)
        {
            if (!result.Succeeded)
                return Result.Failed<T>(result.Error);

            return !predicate(result.Value) ? Result.Failed<T>(message) : Result.Success(result.Value);
        }

        public static Result<TK> Map<T, TK>(this Result<T> result, Func<T, TK> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed<TK>(result.Error) : Result.Success(func(result.Value));
        }

        public static Result<T> OnSuccess<T>(this Result<T> result, Action<T> action)
        {
            if (result.Succeeded) action(result.Value);

            return result;
        }

        public static T OnBoth<T>(this Result result, Func<Result, T> func)
        {
            return func(result);
        }

        public static Result OnSuccess(this Result result, Action action)
        {
            if (result.Succeeded) action();

            return result;
        }

        public static Result<T> OnSuccess<T>(this Result result, Func<T> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed<T>(result.Error) : Result.Success(func());
        }

        public static Result<TK> OnSuccess<T, TK>(this Result<T> result, Func<T, Result<TK>> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed<TK>(result.Error) : func(result.Value);
        }

        public static Result<T> OnSuccess<T>(this Result result, Func<Result<T>> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed<T>(result.Error) : func();
        }

        public static Result<TK> OnSuccess<T, TK>(this Result<T> result, Func<Result<TK>> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed<TK>(result.Error) : func();
        }

        public static Result OnSuccess<T>(this Result<T> result, Func<T, Result> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed(result.Error) : func(result.Value);
        }

        public static Result OnSuccess(this Result result, Func<Result> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? result : func();
        }

        public static Result Ensure(this Result result, Func<bool> predicate, string message)
        {
            if (!result.Succeeded)
                return Result.Failed(result.Error);

            return !predicate() ? Result.Failed(message) : Result.Success();
        }

        public static Result<T> Map<T>(this Result result, Func<T> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed<T>(result.Error) : Result.Success(func());
        }


        public static TK OnBoth<T, TK>(this Result<T> result, Func<Result<T>, TK> func)
        {
            return func(result);
        }

        public static Result<T> OnFailure<T>(this Result<T> result, Action action)
        {
            if (!result.Succeeded) action();

            return result;
        }

        public static Result OnFailure(this Result result, Action action)
        {
            if (!result.Succeeded) action();

            return result;
        }

        public static Result<T> OnFailure<T>(this Result<T> result, Action<string> action)
        {
            if (!result.Succeeded) action(result.Error);

            return result;
        }

        public static Result OnFailure(this Result result, Action<string> action)
        {
            if (!result.Succeeded) action(result.Error);

            return result;
        }
    }

[HttpPost, AjaxOnly, ValidateAntiForgeryToken, ValidateModelState]
public virtual async Task<ActionResult> Create([Bind(Prefix = "Model")]MeetingCreateModel model)
{
    var result = await _service.CreateAsync(model);

    return result.OnSuccess(() => { })
                 .OnFailure(() => { })
                 .OnBoth(r => r.Succeeded ? InformationNotification("Messages.Save.Success") : ErrorMessage(r.Error));

}

var result = await _service.CreateAsync(new TenantAwareEntityCreateModel());

return Result.Combine(result, Result.Success(), Result.Failed("نتیجه یک متد دیگر به عنوان مثال"))
    .OnSuccess(() => { })
    .OnFailure(() => { })
    .OnBoth(r => r.Succeeded ? Json("OK") : Json(r.Error));

ترکیب با الگوی Maybe یا Option

    public struct Maybe<T> : IEquatable<Maybe<T>>
        where T : class
    {
        private readonly T _value;

        private Maybe(T value)
        {
            _value = value;
        }

        public bool HasValue => _value != null;
        public T Value => _value ?? throw new InvalidOperationException();
        public static Maybe<T> None => new Maybe<T>();


        public static implicit operator Maybe<T>(T value)
        {
            return new Maybe<T>(value);
        }

        public static bool operator ==(Maybe<T> maybe, T value)
        {
            return maybe.HasValue && maybe.Value.Equals(value);
        }

        public static bool operator !=(Maybe<T> maybe, T value)
        {
            return !(maybe == value);
        }

        public static bool operator ==(Maybe<T> left, Maybe<T> right)
        {
            return left.Equals(right);
        }

        public static bool operator !=(Maybe<T> left, Maybe<T> right)
        {
            return !(left == right);
        }

        /// <inheritdoc />
        /// <summary>
        ///     Avoid boxing and Give type safety
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="other"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public bool Equals(Maybe<T> other)
        {
            if (!HasValue && !other.HasValue)
                return true;

            if (!HasValue || !other.HasValue)
                return false;

            return _value.Equals(other.Value);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///     Avoid reflection
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="obj"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public override bool Equals(object obj)
        {
            if (obj is T typed)
            {
                obj = new Maybe<T>(typed);
            }

            if (!(obj is Maybe<T> other)) return false;

            return Equals(other);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///     Good practice when overriding Equals method.
        ///     If x.Equals(y) then we must have x.GetHashCode()==y.GetHashCode()
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public override int GetHashCode()
        {
            return HasValue ? _value.GetHashCode() : 0;
        }

        public override string ToString()
        {
            return HasValue ? _value.ToString() : "NO VALUE";
        }
    }

public static Result<T> ToResult<T>(this Maybe<T> maybe, string message)
    where T : class
{
    return !maybe.HasValue ? Result.Failed<T>(message) : Result.Success(maybe.Value);
}

Result<Customer> customerResult = _customerRepository.GetById(model.Id)
    .ToResult("Customer with such Id is not found: " + model.Id);

همچنین متدهای الحاقی زیر را نیز برای ساختار داده Maybe می‌توان در نظر گرفت:

        public static T GetValueOrDefault<T>(this Maybe<T> maybe, T defaultValue = default)
            where T : class
        {
            return maybe.GetValueOrDefault(x => x, defaultValue);
        }

        public static TK GetValueOrDefault<T, TK>(this Maybe<T> maybe, Func<T, TK> selector, TK defaultValue = default)
            where T : class
        {
            return maybe.HasValue ? selector(maybe.Value) : defaultValue;
        }

        public static Maybe<T> Where<T>(this Maybe<T> maybe, Func<T, bool> predicate)
            where T : class
        {
            if (!maybe.HasValue)
                return default(T);

            return predicate(maybe.Value) ? maybe : default(T);
        }

        public static Maybe<TK> Select<T, TK>(this Maybe<T> maybe, Func<T, TK> selector)
            where T : class
            where TK : class
        {
            return !maybe.HasValue ? default : selector(maybe.Value);
        }

        public static Maybe<TK> Select<T, TK>(this Maybe<T> maybe, Func<T, Maybe<TK>> selector)
            where T : class
            where TK : class
        {
            return !maybe.HasValue ? default(TK) : selector(maybe.Value);
        }

        public static void Execute<T>(this Maybe<T> maybe, Action<T> action)
            where T : class
        {
            if (!maybe.HasValue)
                return;

            action(maybe.Value);
        }
    }

  <body>
    <h2>Flavors</h2>
    <ul class="flavors">
      <li>chocolate</li>
      <li>strawberry</li>
      <li>vanilla</li>
    </ul>

    <h2>Types</h2>
    <ul class="types">
      <li>frozen yogurt</li>
      <li>custard</li>
      <li>Italian ice</li>
    </ul>

    <ul class="unassigned">
      <li>rocky road</li>
      <li>gelato</li>
    </ul>
  </body>

  <body>
    <h2>Types</h2>
    <ul class="types">
      <li>frozen yogurt</li>
      <li>Italian ice</li>
      <li>custard</li>
      <li>gelato</li>
    </ul>

    <h2>Flavors</h2>
    <ul class="flavors">
      <li>chocolate</li>
      <li>vanilla</li>
      <li>rocky road</li>
      <li>strawberry</li>
    </ul>

    <ul class="unassigned">
    </ul>
  </body>

var $flavors = $('.flavors');
var $chocolate = $flavors.find('li').eq(0);
var $vanilla = $flavors.find('li').eq(2);
$chocolate.after($vanilla);

var $typesHeading = $('h2').eq(1);
$typesHeading.prependTo('body');
$typesHeading.after($('.types'));

var $unassigned = $('.unassigned');
var $rockyRoad = $unassigned.find('li').eq(0);
var $gelato = $unassigned.find('li').eq(1);

$vanilla.after($rockyRoad);
$gelato.appendTo($('.types'));

var flavors = document.querySelector('.flavors');
var strawberry = flavors.children[1];
var vanilla = flavors.children[2];

flavors.insertBefore(vanilla, strawberry);

var headings = document.querySelectorAll('h2');
var flavorsHeading = headings[0];
var typesHeading = headings[1];
var typesList = document.querySelector('.types');

document.body.insertBefore(typesHeading, flavorsHeading);
document.body.insertBefore(typesList, flavorsHeading);

  <ol class="numbers">
    <li>one</li>
    <li>two</li>
  </ol>

 // deep clone: return value is an exact copy
$('.numbers').clone();

// shallow clone: return value is an empty <ol>
document.querySelector('.numbers').cloneNode();

// deep clone: return value is an exact copy of the tree
document.querySelector('.numbers').cloneNode(true);

var $flavors = $('.flavors');

// add two new flavors
$('<li>pistachio</li>').appendTo($flavors);
$('<li>neapolitan</li>').appendTo($flavors);

// remove the "gelato" type
$('.types li:last').remove();

var flavors = document.querySelector('.flavors');

// add two new flavors
flavors.insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend', '<li>pistachio</li>')
flavors.insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend', '<li>neapolitan</li>')

// remove the "gelato" type
document.querySelector('.types li:last-child').remove();

var gelato = document.querySelector('.types li:last-child');

// remove the "gelato" type
gelato.parentNode.removeChild(gelato);

 $('.types li').eq(1).text('italian ice');

 document.querySelectorAll('.types li')[1].textContent = 'italian ice';

   Flavors

      chocolate
      vanilla
      rocky road
      strawberry

Flavors

chocolate
vanilla
rocky road
strawberry

var container = '<h2>Containers</h2><ul><li>cone</li><li>cup</li></ul>';
$('<div>').html(container).appendTo('body');

  var contents = $('body').html();

var div = document.createElement('div');
div.innerHTML = container;
document.body.appendChild(div);

var contents = document.body.innerHTML;