class Program
{
  static void Main(string[] args)
  {
      Book book = new Book();
      var codeprop = book.GetType().GetProperty("Code", BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance);
      codeprop.SetValue(book, 20, null);
      var value = codeprop.GetValue(book, null);
  }
}

public class Book
{
  public int code;
  public int Code
  {
      get { return code; }
  }
}

//It's only for code review purpose!  
using System.Data;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Web.Configuration;


public sealed class SqlHelper
{
    private SqlHelper() { }

    
    //  Send Connection String
    //---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    public static string GetCntString()
    {
        return WebConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["db_ConnectionString"].ConnectionString;
    }

   
    //  Connect to Data Base SqlServer
    //---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    public static SqlConnection Connect2Db(ref SqlConnection sqlCnt, string cntString)
    {
        try
        {
            if (sqlCnt == null) sqlCnt = new SqlConnection();
            sqlCnt.ConnectionString = cntString;
            if (sqlCnt.State != ConnectionState.Open) sqlCnt.Open();
            return sqlCnt;
        }
        catch (SqlException)
        {
            return null;
        }
    }

  
    //  Run ExecuteScalar Command
    //---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    public static string RunExecuteScalarCmd(ref SqlConnection sqlCnt, string strCmd, bool blnClose)
    {
        Connect2Db(ref sqlCnt, GetCntString());
        using (sqlCnt)
        {
            using(SqlCommand sqlCmd = sqlCnt.CreateCommand())
            {
                sqlCmd.CommandText = strCmd;
                object objResult = sqlCmd.ExecuteScalar();
                if (blnClose) CloseCnt(ref sqlCnt, true);
                return (objResult == null) ? string.Empty : objResult.ToString();
            }
        }
    }

    //   Close SqlServer Connection
    //---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    public static bool CloseCnt(ref SqlConnection sqlCnt, bool nullSqlCnt)
    {
        try
        {
            if (sqlCnt == null) return true;
            if (sqlCnt.State == ConnectionState.Open)
            {
                sqlCnt.Close();
                sqlCnt.Dispose();
            }
            if (nullSqlCnt) sqlCnt = null;
            return true;
        }
        catch (SqlException)
        {
            return false;
        }
    }   
}

protected void BtnTest_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            SqlConnection sqlCnt = new SqlConnection();
            string strQuery = "SELECT COUNT(UnitPrice) AS PriceCount FROM [Order Details]";


            // در این مرحله پارامتر سوم یعنی کانکشن باز نگه داشته شود
            string strResult = SqlHelper.RunExecuteScalarCmd(ref sqlCnt, strQuery, false);



            strQuery = "SELECT LastName + N'-' + FirstName AS FullName FROM Employees WHERE (EmployeeID = 9)";
            // در این مرحله پارامتر سوم یعنی کانکشن بسته شود
            strResult = SqlHelper.RunExecuteScalarCmd(ref sqlCnt, strQuery, true);
        }

/// <summary>
    /// 
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="sqlCnt"></param>
    /// <param name="cntString"></param>
    /// <returns></returns>
    public static SqlConnection Connect2Db(ref SqlConnection sqlCnt, string cntString)

public static class CommonExtensionMethods
{
    public static List<SelectListItem> CreateSelectListItem<T>(
        this List<T> items,
        object selectedItem = null,
        bool addChooseOneItem = true,
        string firstItemText = "انتخاب کنید",
        string firstItemValue = 0
    )
    {
        var modelType = items.First().GetType();

        var idProperty = modelType.GetProperty("Id");
        var titleProperty = modelType.GetProperty("Title");
        if (idProperty is null || titleProperty is null)
            throw new ArgumentNullException(
                $"{typeof(T).Name} must have ```Id``` and ```Title``` propeties");

        var result = new List<SelectListItem>();
        if (addChooseOneItem)
            result.Add(new SelectListItem(firstItemText, firstItemValue));
        foreach (var item in items)
        {
            var id = idProperty.GetValue(item)?.ToString();
            var text = titleProperty.GetValue(item)?.ToString();
            var selected = selectedItem?.ToString() == id;
            result.Add(new SelectListItem(text, id, selected));
        }

        return result;
    }
}  

public class ShowCategory
{
    public int Id { get; set; }

    public string Title { get; set; }
}
 

public async Task<IActionResult> Add()
{
    var categories = await _categoryService.AllMainCategories();
    ViewBag.MainCategories = categories.ToList().CreateSelectListItem(firstItemText: "خودش سر دسته باشد");
    return View();
}

[HttpPost, ValidateAntiForgeryToken]
public async Task<IActionResult> Add(AddCategoryViewModel model)
{
    if (!ModelState.IsValid)
    {
        var categories = await _categoryService.AllMainCategories();
        ViewBag.MainCategories = categories.ToList()
            .CreateSelectListItem(model.ParentId, firstItemText: "خودش سر دسته باشد");
        ModelState.AddModelError(string.Empty, PublicConstantStrings.ModelStateErrorMessage);
        return View(model);
    }
    await _categoryService.AddAsync(new Category()
    {
        Title = model.Title,
        ParentId = model.ParentId == 0 ? null : model.ParentId
    });
    await _uow.SaveChangesAsync();
    return RedirectToAction(nameof(Index));
}

برای پیاده سازی آن به دو کلاس نیاز داریم. کلاس ListNode برای نگهداری هر المان و اطلاعات المان بعدی به کار می‌رود که از این به بعد به آن Node یا گره می‌گوییم و دیگری کلاس <DynamicList<T برای نگهداری دنباله ای از گره‌ها و متدهای پردازشی آن.

public class DynamicList<T>
{
    private class ListNode
    {
        public T Element { get; set; }
        public ListNode NextNode { get; set; }
 
        public ListNode(T element)
        {
            this.Element = element;
            NextNode = null;
        }
 
        public ListNode(T element, ListNode prevNode)
        {
            this.Element = element;
            prevNode.NextNode = this;
        }
    }
 
    private ListNode head;
    private ListNode tail;
    private int count;
 
    // …
}

از آن جا که نیازی نیست کاربر با کلاس ListNode آشنایی داشته باشد و با آن سر و کله بزند، آن را داخل همان کلاس اصلی به صورت خصوصی استفاده می‌کنیم. این کلاس دو خاصیت دارد؛ یکی برای المان اصلی و دیگر گره بعدی. این کلاس دارای دو سازنده است که اولی تنها برای عنصر اول به کار می‌رود. چون اولین بار است که یک گره ایجاد می‌شود، پس باید خاصیت NextNode یعنی گره بعدی در آن Null باشد و سازنده‌ی دوم برای گره‌های شماره 2 به بعد به کار می‌رود که همراه المان داده شده، گره قبلی را هم ارسال می‌کنیم تا خاصیت NextNode آن را به گره جدیدی که می‌سازیم مرتبط سازد. سه خاصیت کلاس اصلی به نام‌های Count,Tail,Head به ترتیب برای اشاره به اولین گره، آخرین گره و تعداد گره‌ها، به کار می‌روند که در ادامه کد آن‌را در زیر می‌بینیم:

public DynamicList()
{
    this.head = null;
    this.tail = null;
    this.count = 0;
}

public void Add(T item)
{
    if (this.head == null)
    {
        this.head = new ListNode(item);
        this.tail = this.head;
    }
    else
    {
        ListNode newNode = new ListNode(item, this.tail);
        this.tail = newNode;
    }
    this.count++;
}

سازنده مقدار دهی پیش فرض را انجام می‌دهد. در متد Add المان جدیدی باید افزوده شود؛ پس چک می‌کند این المان ارسالی قرار است اولین گره باشد یا خیر؟ اگر head که به اولین گره اشاره دارد Null باشد، به این معنی است که این اولین گره است. پس اولین سازنده‌ی کلاس ListNode را صدا می‌زنیم و آن را در متغیر Head قرار می‌دهیم و چون فقط همین گره را داریم، پس آخرین گره هم شناخته می‌شود که در tail نیز قرار می‌گیرد. حال اگر فرض کنیم المان بعدی را به آن بدهیم، اینبار دیگر Head برابر Null نخواهد بود. پس دومین سازنده‌ی ListNode صدا زده می‌شود که به غیر از المان جدید، باید آخرین گره قبلی هم با آن ارسال شود و گره جدیدی که ایجاد می‌شود در خاصیت NextNode آن نیز قرار بگیرد و در نهایت گره ایجاد شده به عنوان آخرین گره لیست در متغیر Tail نیز قرار می‌گیرد. در خط پایانی هم به هر مدلی که المان جدید به لیست اضافه شده باشد متغیر Count به روز می‌شود.

public T RemoveAt(int index)
{
    if (index >= count || index < 0)
    {
        throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(
            "Invalid index: " + index);
    }
 
    int currentIndex = 0;
    ListNode currentNode = this.head;
    ListNode prevNode = null;
    while (currentIndex < index)
    {
        prevNode = currentNode;
        currentNode = currentNode.NextNode;
        currentIndex++;
    }
 

    RemoveListNode(currentNode, prevNode);
 
    return currentNode.Element;
}

private void RemoveListNode(ListNode node, ListNode prevNode)
{
    count--;
    if (count == 0)
    {
        this.head = null;
        this.tail = null;
    }
    else if (prevNode == null)
    {
        this.head = node.NextNode;
    }
    else
    {
        prevNode.NextNode = node.NextNode;
    }

    if (object.ReferenceEquals(this.tail, node))
    {
        this.tail = prevNode;
    }
}

برای حذف یک گره شماره اندیس آن گره را دریافت می‌کنیم و از Head، گره را بیرون کشیده و با خاصیت nextNode آنقدر به سمت جلو حرکت می‌کنیم تا متغیر currentIndex یا اندیس داده شده برابر شود و سپس گره دریافتی و گره قبلی آن را به سمت تابع RemoveListNode ارسال می‌کنیم. کاری که این تابع انجام می‌دهد این است که مقدار NextNode گره فعلی که قصد حذفش را داریم به خاصیت Next Node گره قبلی انتساب می‌دهد. پس به این ترتیب پیوند این گره از لیست از دست می‌رود و گره قبلی به جای اشاره به این گره، به گره بعد از آن اشاره می‌کند. مابقی کد از قبیل جست و برگردان اندیس یک عنصر و ... را به خودتان وگذار می‌کنم.

در روش‌های بالا ما خودمان 2 عدد ADT را پیاده سازی کردیم و متوجه شدیم برای دخیره داده‌ها در حافظه روش‌های متفاوتی وجود دارند که بیشتر تفاوت آن در مورد استفاده از حافظه و کارآیی این روش هاست.

لیست‌های پیوندی دو طرفه Doubly Linked_List

لیست‌های پیوندی بالا یک طرفه بودند و اگر ما یک گره را داشتیم و می‌خواستیم به گره قبلی آن رجوع کنیم، اینکار ممکن نبود و مجبور بودیم برای رسیدن به آن از ابتدای گره حرکت را آغاز کنیم تا به آن برسیم. به همین منظور مبحث لیست‌های پیوندی دو طرفه آغاز شد. به این ترتیب هر گره به جز حفظ ارتباط با گره بعدی از طریق خاصیت NextNode، ارتباطش را با گره قبلی از طریق خاصیت PrevNode نیز حفظ می‌کند.

namespace MvcFramework.Framework.Dependency
{
    public class LifeCyclePolicy : IInstancePolicy
    {
        public void Apply(Type pluginType, Instance instance)
        {
            if (typeof(ISingletonDependency).IsAssignableFrom(instance.ReturnedType))
                instance.SetLifecycleTo<SingletonLifecycle>();
            else if (typeof(ITransientDependency).IsAssignableFrom(instance.ReturnedType))
                instance.SetLifecycleTo<TransientLifecycle>();
        }
    }
}

namespace MvcFramework.Framework.Application.Services
{
    public abstract class ApplicationService : IApplicationService
    {
    }
}

namespace MvcFramework.Framework.Application.Services
{
    public interface ICrudApplicationService<TModel, TCreateModel, TEditModel, TDeleteModel> :
        ICrudApplicationService<TModel, TCreateModel, TEditModel, TDeleteModel, PagedListRequest,
            PagedListResponse<TModel, PagedListRequest>, DynamicListRequest>
        where TEditModel : class, IEditModel
        where TModel : class, IModel
        where TDeleteModel : class, IDeleteModel
    {
    }

    public interface ICrudApplicationService<TModel, TCreateModel, TEditModel, TDeleteModel, in TDynamicListRequest> :
        ICrudApplicationService<TModel, TCreateModel, TEditModel, TDeleteModel, PagedListRequest,
            PagedListResponse<TModel, PagedListRequest>, TDynamicListRequest>
        where TEditModel : class, IEditModel
        where TModel : class, IModel
        where TDeleteModel : class, IDeleteModel
        where TDynamicListRequest : DynamicListRequest
    {
    }

    public interface ICrudApplicationService<TModel, TCreateModel, TEditModel, TDeleteModel, in TPagedListRequest,
        TPagedListResponse> :
        ICrudApplicationService<TModel, TCreateModel, TEditModel, TDeleteModel, TPagedListRequest, TPagedListResponse,
            DynamicListRequest>
        where TEditModel : class, IEditModel
        where TModel : class, IModel
        where TDeleteModel : class, IDeleteModel
        where TPagedListRequest : PagedListRequest, new()
        where TPagedListResponse : PagedListResponse<TModel, TPagedListRequest>
    {
    }

    public interface ICrudApplicationService<TModel, TCreateModel, TEditModel, TDeleteModel, in TPagedListRequest,
        TPagedListResponse,
        in TDynamicListRequest> : IApplicationService
        where TEditModel : class, IEditModel
        where TModel : class, IModel
        where TDeleteModel : class, IDeleteModel
        where TPagedListRequest : PagedListRequest, new()
        where TPagedListResponse : PagedListResponse<TModel, TPagedListRequest>
        where TDynamicListRequest : DynamicListRequest
    {
        void Create(TCreateModel model);
        void Create(IList<TCreateModel> models);
        Task CreateAsync(TCreateModel model);
        Task CreateAsync(IList<TCreateModel> models);

        IList<TModel> GetList();
        DynamicListResponse GetDynamicList(TDynamicListRequest request);
        TPagedListResponse GetPagedList(TPagedListRequest request);
        IList<LookupItem> GetLookup();
        TModel GetById(long id);
        TEditModel GetForEdit(long id);
        bool Exists(long id);
        Task<IList<TModel>> GetListAsync();
        Task<DynamicListResponse> GetDynamicListAsync(TDynamicListRequest request);
        Task<TPagedListResponse> GetPagedListAsync(TPagedListRequest request);
        Task<IList<LookupItem>> GetLookupAsync();
        Task<TModel> GetByIdAsync(long id);
        Task<TEditModel> GetForEditAsync(long id);
        Task<bool> ExistsAsync(long id);

        void Edit(TEditModel model);
        void Edit(IList<TEditModel> models);
        Task EditAsync(TEditModel model);
        Task EditAsync(IList<TEditModel> models);
        
        void Delete(TDeleteModel model);
        void Delete(IList<TDeleteModel> models);
        Task DeleteAsync(TDeleteModel model);
        Task DeleteAsync(IList<TDeleteModel> models);
    }
}

namespace MvcFramework.Framework.Application.Models
{
    public interface IModel
    {
        long Id { get; set; }
    }
}

namespace MvcFramework.Framework.Application.Models
{
    public interface IEditModel : IModel
    {
        byte[] RowVersion { get; set; }
    }
}

namespace MvcFramework.Framework.Application.Models
{
    public interface IDeleteModel : IModel
    {
        byte[] RowVersion { get; set; }
    }
}

namespace MvcFramework.Framework.Application.Models
{
    public class LookupItem
    {
        public string Value { get; set; }
        public string Text { get; set; }
        public bool Selected { get; set; }
    }
}

namespace MvcFramework.Framework.Application.Models
{
    public class PagedListRequest : IShouldNormalize
    {
        public long TotalCount { get; set; }
        public int PageNumber { get; set; }
        public int PageSize { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        ///     Sorting information.
        ///     Should include sorting field and optionally a direction (ASC or DESC)
        ///     Can contain more than one field separated by comma (,).
        /// </summary>
        /// <example>
        ///     Examples:
        ///     "Name"
        ///     "Name DESC"
        ///     "Name ASC, Age DESC"
        /// </example>
        public string SortBy { get; set; }

        public void Normalize()
        {
            if (PageNumber < 1)
                PageNumber = 1;

            if (PageSize < 0)
                PageSize = 10;

            if (SortBy.IsEmpty())
                SortBy = "Id DESC";
        }
    }
}

namespace MvcFramework.Framework.Application.Models
{
    public class PagedListResponse<TModel, TPagedListRequest>
        where TPagedListRequest : PagedListRequest, new()
        where TModel : IModel
    {
        public PagedListResponse()
        {
            Result = new List<TModel>();
            Request = new TPagedListRequest();
        }
        public IList<TModel> Result { get; set; }
        public TPagedListRequest Request { get; set; }
    }
}

namespace MvcFramework.Framework.Domain.Entities
{
    public abstract class Entity
    {
        #region Properties

        public long Id { get; set; }
        public byte[] RowVersion { get; set; }
        public EntityChangeState State { get; set; }

        #endregion

        #region Public Methods

        [SuppressMessage("ReSharper", "BaseObjectGetHashCodeCallInGetHashCode")]
        [SuppressMessage("ReSharper", "NonReadonlyMemberInGetHashCode")]
        public override int GetHashCode()
        {
            if (IsTransient())
                return base.GetHashCode();

            unchecked
            {
                var hash = this.GetRealType().GetHashCode();
                return (hash * 31) ^ Id.GetHashCode();
            }
        }

        public virtual bool IsTransient()
        {
            return Id == 0;
        }

        public override bool Equals(object obj)
        {
            var other = obj as Entity;
            if (ReferenceEquals(other, null)) return false;

            if (ReferenceEquals(this, other)) return true;

            var typeOfThis = this.GetRealType();
            var typeOfOther = other.GetRealType();

            if (typeOfThis != typeOfOther) return false;

            if (IsTransient() || other.IsTransient()) return false;

            return Id.Equals(other.Id);
        }

        public override string ToString()
        {
            return $"[{this.GetRealType().Name} : {Id}]";
        }

        #endregion

        #region Operators

        public static bool operator ==(Entity left, Entity right)
        {
            return Equals(left, right);
        }

        public static bool operator !=(Entity left, Entity right)
        {
            return !(left == right);
        }

        #endregion
    }
}

namespace MvcFramework.Framework.Application.Services
{
    public abstract class CrudApplicationService<TEntity, TModel, TCreateModel, TEditModel, TDeleteModel> :
        CrudApplicationService<TEntity, TModel, TCreateModel, TEditModel, TDeleteModel, PagedListRequest,
            PagedListResponse<TModel, PagedListRequest>, DynamicListRequest>
        where TEntity : Entity
        where TCreateModel : class
        where TEditModel : class, IEditModel
        where TModel : class, IModel
        where TDeleteModel : class, IDeleteModel
    {
        protected CrudApplicationService(IUnitOfWork unitOfWork, IMapper mapper) : base(unitOfWork, mapper)
        {
        }
    }

    public abstract class CrudApplicationService<TEntity, TModel, TCreateModel, TEditModel, TDeleteModel,
        TDynamicListRequest> :
        CrudApplicationService<TEntity, TModel, TCreateModel, TEditModel, TDeleteModel, PagedListRequest,
            PagedListResponse<TModel, PagedListRequest>, TDynamicListRequest>
        where TEntity : Entity
        where TCreateModel : class
        where TEditModel : class, IEditModel
        where TModel : class, IModel
        where TDeleteModel : class, IDeleteModel
        where TDynamicListRequest : DynamicListRequest
    {
        protected CrudApplicationService(IUnitOfWork unitOfWork, IMapper mapper) : base(unitOfWork, mapper)
        {
        }
    }

    public abstract class CrudApplicationService<TEntity, TModel, TCreateModel, TEditModel, TDeleteModel,
        TPagedListRequest,
        TPagedListResponse> :
        CrudApplicationService<TEntity, TModel, TCreateModel, TEditModel, TDeleteModel, TPagedListRequest,
            TPagedListResponse,
            DynamicListRequest>
        where TEntity : Entity
        where TCreateModel : class
        where TEditModel : class, IEditModel
        where TModel : class, IModel
        where TDeleteModel : class, IDeleteModel
        where TPagedListRequest : PagedListRequest, new()
        where TPagedListResponse : PagedListResponse<TModel, TPagedListRequest>, new()
    {
        protected CrudApplicationService(IUnitOfWork unitOfWork, IMapper mapper) : base(unitOfWork, mapper)
        {
        }
    }

    public abstract class CrudApplicationService<TEntity, TModel, TCreateModel, TEditModel, TDeleteModel,
        TPagedListRequest,
        TPagedListResponse, TDynamicListRequest> : ApplicationService,
        ICrudApplicationService<TModel, TCreateModel, TEditModel, TDeleteModel, TPagedListRequest, TPagedListResponse,
            TDynamicListRequest>
        where TEntity : Entity
        where TCreateModel : class
        where TEditModel : class, IEditModel
        where TModel : class, IModel
        where TDeleteModel : class, IDeleteModel
        where TPagedListRequest : PagedListRequest, new()
        where TPagedListResponse : PagedListResponse<TModel, TPagedListRequest>, new()
        where TDynamicListRequest : DynamicListRequest

    {
        #region Constructor

        protected CrudApplicationService(IUnitOfWork unitOfWork, IMapper mapper)
        {
            Guard.ArgumentNotNull(unitOfWork, nameof(unitOfWork));
            Guard.ArgumentNotNull(mapper, nameof(mapper));

            UnitOfWork = unitOfWork;
            Mapper = mapper;
            EntitySet = UnitOfWork.Set<TEntity>();
        }

        #endregion

        #region Properties

        protected IQueryable<TEntity> UnTrackedEntitySet => EntitySet.AsNoTracking();
        protected IUnitOfWork UnitOfWork { get; }
        protected IMapper Mapper { get; }
        protected IDbSet<TEntity> EntitySet { get; }

        #endregion

        #region ICrudApplicationService Members

        #region Methods

        [Transactional]
        public virtual void Create(TCreateModel model)
        {
            Guard.ArgumentNotNull(model, nameof(model));

            var entity = Mapper.Map<TEntity>(model);

            EntitySet.Add(entity);
            UnitOfWork.SaveChanges();
        }

        [Transactional]
        public virtual void Create(IList<TCreateModel> models)
        {
            Guard.ArgumentNotEmpty(models, nameof(models));

            var entities = Mapper.Map<IList<TEntity>>(models);

            UnitOfWork.AddRange(entities);
            UnitOfWork.SaveChanges();
        }

        [Transactional]
        public virtual Task CreateAsync(TCreateModel model)
        {
            Guard.ArgumentNotNull(model, nameof(model));

            var entity = Mapper.Map<TEntity>(model);

            EntitySet.Add(entity);
            return UnitOfWork.SaveChangesAsync();
        }

        [Transactional]
        public virtual Task CreateAsync(IList<TCreateModel> models)
        {
            Guard.ArgumentNotEmpty(models, nameof(models));

            var entities = Mapper.Map<IList<TEntity>>(models);

            UnitOfWork.AddRange(entities);
            return UnitOfWork.SaveChangesAsync();
        }


        [Transactional]
        public virtual void Edit(TEditModel model)
        {
            Guard.ArgumentNotNull(model, nameof(model));

            var entity = Mapper.Map<TEntity>(model);

            UnitOfWork.MarkAsChanged(entity);
            UnitOfWork.SaveChanges();
        }

        [Transactional]
        public virtual void Edit(IList<TEditModel> models)
        {
            Guard.ArgumentNotNull(models, nameof(models));
            Guard.ArgumentNotEmpty(models, nameof(models));

            var entities = Mapper.Map<IList<TEntity>>(models);

            UnitOfWork.UpdateRange(entities);
            UnitOfWork.SaveChanges();
        }

        [Transactional]
        public virtual Task EditAsync(TEditModel model)
        {
            Guard.ArgumentNotNull(model, nameof(model));

            var entity = Mapper.Map<TEntity>(model);

            UnitOfWork.MarkAsChanged(entity);
            return UnitOfWork.SaveChangesAsync();
        }

        [Transactional]
        public virtual Task EditAsync(IList<TEditModel> models)
        {
            Guard.ArgumentNotNull(models, nameof(models));
            Guard.ArgumentNotEmpty(models, nameof(models));

            var entities = Mapper.Map<IList<TEntity>>(models);

            UnitOfWork.UpdateRange(entities);
            return UnitOfWork.SaveChangesAsync();
        }


        public virtual IList<TModel> GetList()
        {
            return EntitySet.ProjectToList<TModel>(Mapper.ConfigurationProvider);
        }

        public virtual DynamicListResponse GetDynamicList(TDynamicListRequest request)
        {
            Guard.ArgumentNotNull(request, nameof(request));

            var query = ApplyFiltering(request);

            return query.ProjectTo<TModel>().ToListResponse(request);
        }

        public virtual TPagedListResponse GetPagedList(TPagedListRequest request)
        {
            Guard.ArgumentNotNull(request, nameof(request));

            var query = ApplyFiltering(request);

            request.TotalCount = query.LongCount();

            query = ApplySorting(query, request);
            query = ApplyPaging(query, request);

            var result = query.ProjectToList<TModel>(Mapper.ConfigurationProvider);

            return new TPagedListResponse
            {
                Result = result,
                Request = request
            };
        }

        public virtual IList<LookupItem> GetLookup()
        {
            return EntitySet.ProjectToList<LookupItem>(Mapper.ConfigurationProvider);
        }

        public virtual TModel GetById(long id)
        {
            Guard.ArgumentInRange(id, 1, long.MaxValue, nameof(id));

            var entity =
                EntitySet.Where(a => a.Id == id).ProjectToFirstOrDefault<TModel>(Mapper.ConfigurationProvider);

            if (entity == null)
                throw new EntityNotFoundException($"Couldn't Find Entity {id} When GetById");

            return entity;
        }

        public virtual TEditModel GetForEdit(long id)
        {
            Guard.ArgumentInRange(id, 1, long.MaxValue, nameof(id));

            var entity =
                EntitySet.Where(a => a.Id == id).ProjectToFirstOrDefault<TEditModel>(Mapper.ConfigurationProvider);

            if (entity == null)
                throw new EntityNotFoundException($"Couldn't Find Entity {id} When GetForEdit");

            return entity;
        }

        public virtual bool Exists(long id)
        {
            Guard.ArgumentInRange(id, 1, long.MaxValue, nameof(id));

            return EntitySet.Any(a => a.Id == id);
        }

        public virtual async Task<IList<TModel>> GetListAsync()
        {
            return await EntitySet.ProjectToListAsync<TModel>(Mapper.ConfigurationProvider);
        }

        public virtual Task<DynamicListResponse> GetDynamicListAsync(TDynamicListRequest request)
        {
            Guard.ArgumentNotNull(request, nameof(request));

            var query = ApplyFiltering(request);

            return query.ProjectTo<TModel>().ToListResponseAsync(request);
        }

        public virtual async Task<TPagedListResponse> GetPagedListAsync(TPagedListRequest request)
        {
            Guard.ArgumentNotNull(request, nameof(request));

            var query = ApplyFiltering(request);

            request.TotalCount = await query.LongCountAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);

            query = ApplySorting(query, request);
            query = ApplyPaging(query, request);

            var result = await query.ProjectToListAsync<TModel>(Mapper.ConfigurationProvider).ConfigureAwait(false);

            return new TPagedListResponse
            {
                Result = result,
                Request = request
            };
        }

        public virtual async Task<IList<LookupItem>> GetLookupAsync()
        {
            return await EntitySet.ProjectToListAsync<LookupItem>(Mapper.ConfigurationProvider);
        }

        public virtual async Task<TModel> GetByIdAsync(long id)
        {
            Guard.ArgumentInRange(id, 1, long.MaxValue, nameof(id));

            var entity = await UnTrackedEntitySet.Where(a => a.Id == id)
                .ProjectToFirstOrDefaultAsync<TModel>(Mapper.ConfigurationProvider);

            if (entity == null)
                throw new EntityNotFoundException($"Couldn't Find Entity {id} When GetByIdAsync");

            return entity;
        }

        public virtual async Task<TEditModel> GetForEditAsync(long id)
        {
            Guard.ArgumentInRange(id, 1, long.MaxValue, nameof(id));

            var entity = await UnTrackedEntitySet.Where(a => a.Id == id)
                .ProjectToFirstOrDefaultAsync<TEditModel>(Mapper.ConfigurationProvider);

            if (entity == null)
                throw new EntityNotFoundException($"Couldn't Find Entity {id} When GetForEditAsync");

            return entity;
        }

        public virtual Task<bool> ExistsAsync(long id)
        {
            Guard.ArgumentInRange(id, 1, long.MaxValue, nameof(id));

            return EntitySet.AnyAsync(a => a.Id == id);
        }


        [Transactional]
        public virtual void Delete(TDeleteModel model)
        {
            Guard.ArgumentNotNull(model, nameof(model));

            var entity = Mapper.Map<TEntity>(model);

            UnitOfWork.MarkAsDeleted(entity);
            UnitOfWork.SaveChanges();
        }

        [Transactional]
        public virtual void Delete(IList<TDeleteModel> models)
        {
            Guard.ArgumentNotEmpty(models, nameof(models));
            Guard.ArgumentNotEmpty(models, nameof(models));

            var entities = Mapper.Map<IList<TEntity>>(models);

            UnitOfWork.RemoveRange(entities);
            UnitOfWork.SaveChanges();
        }

        [Transactional]
        public virtual Task DeleteAsync(TDeleteModel model)
        {
            Guard.ArgumentNotNull(model, nameof(model));

            var entity = Mapper.Map<TEntity>(model);

            UnitOfWork.MarkAsDeleted(entity);
            return UnitOfWork.SaveChangesAsync();
        }

        [Transactional]
        public virtual Task DeleteAsync(IList<TDeleteModel> models)
        {
            Guard.ArgumentNotEmpty(models, nameof(models));
            Guard.ArgumentNotEmpty(models, nameof(models));

            var entities = Mapper.Map<IList<TEntity>>(models);

            UnitOfWork.RemoveRange(entities);
            return UnitOfWork.SaveChangesAsync();
        }

        #endregion

        #endregion

        #region Protected Methods

        /// <summary>
        ///     Apply Filtering To GetDynamicList
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="request"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        protected virtual IQueryable<TEntity> ApplyFiltering(TDynamicListRequest request)
        {
            Guard.ArgumentNotNull(request, nameof(request));

            return UnTrackedEntitySet;
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///     Apply Filtering To GetPagedList and GetPagedListAsync
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="request"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        protected virtual IQueryable<TEntity> ApplyFiltering(TPagedListRequest request)
        {
            Guard.ArgumentNotNull(request, nameof(request));

            return UnTrackedEntitySet;
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///     Apply Sorting To GetPagedList and GetPagedListAsync
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="query">query</param>
        /// <param name="request">PagedListRequest</param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        protected virtual IQueryable<TEntity> ApplySorting(IQueryable<TEntity> query, TPagedListRequest request)
        {
            Guard.ArgumentNotNull(request, nameof(request));
            Guard.ArgumentNotNull(query, nameof(query));

            return !request.SortBy.IsEmpty() ? query.OrderBy(request.SortBy) : query.OrderByDescending(e => e.Id);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///     Apply Paging To GetPagedList and GetPagedListAsync
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="request">PagedListRequest</param>
        /// <param name="query">query</param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        protected virtual IQueryable<TEntity> ApplyPaging(IQueryable<TEntity> query, TPagedListRequest request)
        {
            Guard.ArgumentNotNull(request, nameof(request));
            Guard.ArgumentNotNull(query, nameof(query));

            return request != null
                ? query.Page((request.PageNumber - 1) * request.PageSize, request.PageSize)
                : query;
        }

        #endregion
    }
}

namespace MvcFramework.Framework.Aspects.Validation
{
    public class ValidatorInterceptor : ISyncInterceptionBehavior
    {
        private readonly IValidatorFactory _validatorFactory;

        public ValidatorInterceptor(IValidatorFactory validatorFactory)
        {
            _validatorFactory = validatorFactory;
        }

        public IMethodInvocationResult Intercept(ISyncMethodInvocation methodInvocation)
        {
            var argumentValues = methodInvocation.Arguments.Select(a => a.Value).ToArray();

            var validator = new MethodInvocationValidator(_validatorFactory, methodInvocation.MethodInfo,
                argumentValues);

            validator.Validate();

            return methodInvocation.InvokeNext();
        }
    }
}

namespace MvcFramework.Framework.Aspects.Validation
{
    internal class MethodInvocationValidator
    {
        #region Constructor

        public MethodInvocationValidator(IValidatorFactory validatorFactory, MethodInfo method,
            object[] parameterValues)
        {
            Guard.ArgumentNotNull(method, nameof(method));
            Guard.ArgumentNotNull(parameterValues, nameof(parameterValues));
            Guard.ArgumentNotNull(validatorFactory, nameof(validatorFactory));

            _method = method;
            _parameterValues = parameterValues;
            _validatorFactory = validatorFactory;
            _parameters = method.GetParameters();

            _parametersToBeNormalized = new List<IShouldNormalize>();
        }

        #endregion

        #region Public Methods

        public void Validate()
        {
            if (!CheckShouldBeValidate()) return;

            foreach (var parameterValue in _parameterValues)
                ValidateMethodParameter(parameterValue);

            foreach (var parameterToBeNormalized in _parametersToBeNormalized)
                parameterToBeNormalized.Normalize();
        }

        #endregion

        #region Fields

        private readonly MethodInfo _method;
        private readonly object[] _parameterValues;
        private readonly ParameterInfo[] _parameters;
        private readonly IValidatorFactory _validatorFactory;
        private readonly List<IShouldNormalize> _parametersToBeNormalized;

        #endregion

        #region Private Methods

        private bool CheckShouldBeValidate()
        {
            if (!_method.IsPublic)
                return false;

            if (IsValidationDisabled())
                return false;

            if (_parameters.IsNullOrEmpty())
                return false;

            if (_parameters.Length != _parameterValues.Length)
                throw new Exception("Method parameter count does not match with argument count!");

            return true;
        }

        private bool IsValidationDisabled()
        {
            if (_method.IsDefined(typeof(EnableValidationAttribute), true))
                return false;

            return ReflectionHelper
                       .GetSingleAttributeOfMemberOrDeclaringTypeOrDefault<DisableValidationAttribute>(_method) != null;
        }

        private void ValidateMethodParameter(object parameterValue)
        {
            if (parameterValue == null) return;

            var parameterValueList = parameterValue as IEnumerable<object>;
            if (parameterValueList != null)
            {
                var valueList = parameterValueList.ToList();

                ValidateMethodParameterValues(valueList);
            }
            else
            {
                ValidateMethodParameterValues(new List<object> { parameterValue });
            }

            if (parameterValue is IShouldNormalize)
                _parametersToBeNormalized.Add(parameterValue as IShouldNormalize);
        }

        private void ValidateMethodParameterValues(List<object> valueList)
        {
            var ruleSet = GetRuleSet(_method);

            var validator = _validatorFactory.GetValidator(valueList.First().GetType());
            if (validator == null) return;

            foreach (var item in valueList)
                ValidateWithReflection(validator, item, ruleSet);
        }

        private static string GetRuleSet(MemberInfo method)
        {
            const string @default = "default";

            var attribute = method.GetCustomAttribute<ValidateWithRuleAttribute>();

            if (attribute == null)
                return @default;

            var rules = new List<string> { @default };

            rules.AddRange(attribute.RuleSetNames);

            return string.Join(",", rules).TrimEnd(',');
        }

        private static void ValidateAndThrow<T>(IValidator<T> validator, T argument, string ruleSet)
        {
            validator.ValidateAndThrow(argument, ruleSet);
        }

        private void ValidateWithReflection(IValidator validator, object argument, string ruleSet)
        {
            GetType().GetMethod(nameof(ValidateAndThrow), BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.NonPublic)
                .MakeGenericMethod(argument.GetType())
                .Invoke(null, new[] { validator, argument, ruleSet });
        }

        #endregion
    }
}

namespace MvcFramework.Framework
{
    public class FrameworkRegistry : Registry
    {
        public FrameworkRegistry()
        {
            For<IValidatorFactory>().Singleton().Use<StructureMapValidatorFactory>();

            Scan(scan =>
            {
                scan.TheCallingAssembly();
                scan.WithDefaultConventions();
                scan.LookForRegistries();
            });

            Policies.Interceptors(new DynamicProxyInterceptorPolicy(f => typeof(IApplicationService).IsAssignableFrom(f), typeof(ValidatorInterceptor),typeof(TransactionInterceptor)));
        }
    }
}

namespace MyApp.ServiceLayer.Roles
{
    public interface IRoleApplicationService :
        ICrudApplicationService<RoleViewModel, RoleCreateViewModel, RoleEditViewModel, RoleDeleteViewModel, RolePagedListRequest, RoleListViewModel>
    {
    }
}

namespace MyApp.ServiceLayer.Roles
{
    public class RoleApplicationService :
        CrudApplicationService<Role, RoleViewModel, RoleCreateViewModel, RoleEditViewModel, RoleDeleteViewModel, RolePagedListRequest, RoleListViewModel>,
        IRoleApplicationService
    {
        #region Constructor

        public RoleApplicationService(IUnitOfWork unitOfWork, IMapper mapper) : base(unitOfWork, mapper)
        {
        }

        #endregion
    }
}

namespace MyApp.Framework
{
    public class FrameworkRegistry : Registry
    {
        public FrameworkRegistry()
        {
            For<IValidatorFactory>().Singleton().Use<StructureMapValidatorFactory>();

            Scan(scan =>
            {
                scan.TheCallingAssembly();
                scan.WithDefaultConventions();
                scan.AssembliesFromApplicationBaseDirectory();
                scan.AddAllTypesOf<IRunOnEndTask>();
                scan.AddAllTypesOf<IRunOnOwinStartupTask>();
                scan.AddAllTypesOf<IRunOnStartTask>();
                scan.AddAllTypesOf<IRunOnBeginRequestTask>();
                scan.AddAllTypesOf<IRunOnErrorTask>();
                scan.AddAllTypesOf<IRunOnEndRequestTask>();

                scan.LookForRegistries();
            });

            Policies.Interceptors(new DynamicProxyInterceptorPolicy(f => typeof(IApplicationService).IsAssignableFrom(f), typeof(ValidatorInterceptor)/*, typeof(TransactionInterceptor)*/));
        }
    }
}

namespace MyApp.DataLayer
{
    public class DataLayerRegistry : Registry
    {
        public DataLayerRegistry()
        {
            Scan(scan =>
            {
                scan.TheCallingAssembly();
                scan.WithDefaultConventions();
                scan.AssembliesFromApplicationBaseDirectory();
                scan.AddAllTypesOf<IRunOnStartTask>();
            });

            //todo:use container per request (Nested Containers) instead of HttpContextLifeCycle
            For<IUnitOfWork>().Use<ApplicationDbContext>();
        }
    }
}

namespace MyApp.ServiceLayer
{
    public class ServiceLayerRegistry : Registry
    {
        #region Constructor

        public ServiceLayerRegistry()
        {
            Scan(scan =>
            {
                scan.TheCallingAssembly();
                scan.WithDefaultConventions();
                scan.AssembliesFromApplicationBaseDirectory();
                scan.AddAllTypesOf<IRunOnEndTask>();
                scan.AddAllTypesOf<IRunOnOwinStartupTask>();
                scan.AddAllTypesOf<IRunOnStartTask>();
                scan.AddAllTypesOf<IRunOnBeginRequestTask>();
                scan.AddAllTypesOf<IRunOnErrorTask>();
                scan.AddAllTypesOf<IRunOnEndRequestTask>();

                scan.Assembly(typeof(DataLayerRegistry).Assembly);
                scan.LookForRegistries();

                scan.AddAllTypesOf<Profile>().NameBy(item => item.FullName);
                scan.AddAllTypesOf<IHaveCustomMappings>().NameBy(item => item.FullName);
            });

            FluentValidationConfig();
            AutoMapperConfig();
        }

        #endregion

        #region Private Methods

        private void AutoMapperConfig()
        {
            For<MapperConfiguration>().Singleton().Use("MapperConfig", ctx =>
            {
                var config = new MapperConfiguration(cfg =>
                {
                    cfg.CreateMissingTypeMaps = true;
                    AddProfiles(ctx, cfg);
                    AddIHaveCustomMappings(ctx, cfg);
                    AddMapFrom(cfg);
                });

                config.AssertConfigurationIsValid();

                return config;
            });

            For<IMapper>().Singleton().Use(ctx => ctx.GetInstance<MapperConfiguration>().CreateMapper(ctx.GetInstance));
        }

        private void FluentValidationConfig()
        {
            AssemblyScanner.FindValidatorsInAssembly(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly())
                .ForEach(result =>
                {
                    For(result.InterfaceType)
                        .Singleton()
                        .Use(result.ValidatorType);
                });
        }

        private static void AddMapFrom(IProfileExpression cfg)
        {
            var types = typeof(RoleViewModel).Assembly.GetExportedTypes();
            var maps = (from t in types
                        from i in t.GetInterfaces()
                        where i.IsGenericType && i.GetGenericTypeDefinition() == typeof(IMapFrom<>) && !t.IsAbstract &&
                              !t.IsInterface
                        select new
                        {
                            Source = i.GetGenericArguments()[0],
                            Destination = t
                        }).ToArray();

            foreach (var map in maps)
                cfg.CreateMap(map.Source, map.Destination);
        }

        private static void AddProfiles(IContext ctx, IMapperConfigurationExpression cfg)
        {
            var profiles = ctx.GetAllInstances<Profile>().ToList();
            foreach (var profile in profiles)
                cfg.AddProfile(profile);
        }

        private static void AddIHaveCustomMappings(IContext ctx, IMapperConfigurationExpression cfg)
        {
            var mappings = ctx.GetAllInstances<IHaveCustomMappings>().ToList();
            foreach (var mapping in mappings)
                mapping.CreateMappings(cfg);
        }

        #endregion
    }
}

namespace MyApp.Web
{
    public class WebRegistry : Registry
    {
        public WebRegistry()
        {
            Scan(scan =>
            {
                scan.TheCallingAssembly();
                scan.WithDefaultConventions();
                scan.AssembliesFromApplicationBaseDirectory();
                
                scan.AddAllTypesOf<IRunOnEndTask>();
                scan.AddAllTypesOf<IRunOnOwinStartupTask>();
                scan.AddAllTypesOf<IRunOnStartTask>();
                scan.AddAllTypesOf<IRunOnBeginRequestTask>();
                scan.AddAllTypesOf<IRunOnErrorTask>();
                scan.AddAllTypesOf<IRunOnEndRequestTask>();

                scan.Assembly(typeof(ServiceLayerRegistry).Assembly);
                scan.LookForRegistries();
            });
        }
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace EF_Sample08.DomainClasses
{
    public class Doctor
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public string Name { set; get; }

        public virtual ICollection<Patient> Patients { set; get; }
    }
}

namespace EF_Sample08.DomainClasses
{
    public class Patient
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public string Name { set; get; }

        public virtual Doctor Doctor { set; get; }
    }
}

using System.Data.Entity;
using EF_Sample08.DomainClasses;

namespace EF_Sample08.DataLayer.Context
{
    public class Sample08Context : DbContext
    {
        public DbSet<Doctor> Doctors { set; get; }
        public DbSet<Patient> Patients { set; get; }
    }
}

using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;
using EF_Sample08.DomainClasses;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace EF_Sample08.DataLayer.Context
{
    public class Configuration : DbMigrationsConfiguration<Sample08Context>
    {
        public Configuration()
        {
            AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;
            AutomaticMigrationDataLossAllowed = true;
        }

        protected override void Seed(Sample08Context context)
        {
            addData(context);
            addSP(context);
            addFn(context);
            base.Seed(context);
        }

        private static void addData(Sample08Context context)
        {
            var patient1 = new Patient { Name = "p1" };
            var patient2 = new Patient { Name = "p2" };
            var doctor1 = new Doctor { Name = "doc1", Patients = new List<Patient> { patient1, patient2 } };
            context.Doctors.Add(doctor1);
        }

        private static void addFn(Sample08Context context)
        {
            context.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand(
                @"IF  EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.objects WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID(N'[dbo].[FindDoctorPatientsCount]') 
                   AND type in (N'FN', N'IF', N'TF', N'FS', N'FT'))
                      DROP FUNCTION [dbo].[FindDoctorPatientsCount]");
            context.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand(
                @"CREATE FUNCTION FindDoctorPatientsCount(@Doctor_Id INT)
                    RETURNS INT
                    BEGIN
                     RETURN 
                     (
                         SELECT COUNT(*)
                         FROM   Patients
                         WHERE  Doctor_Id = @Doctor_Id
                     );
                    END");
        }

        private static void addSP(Sample08Context context)
        {
            context.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand(
                @"IF  EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.objects WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID(N'[dbo].[FindDoctorsStartWith]')
                  AND type in (N'P', N'PC'))
                       DROP PROCEDURE [dbo].[FindDoctorsStartWith]
                 ");
            context.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand(
                @"CREATE PROCEDURE FindDoctorsStartWith(@name NVARCHAR(400))
                  AS
                 SELECT *
                 FROM   Doctors
                 WHERE  [Name] LIKE @name + '%'");
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Data;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Data.Objects.SqlClient;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Linq;
using EF_Sample08.DataLayer.Context;
using EF_Sample08.DomainClasses;

namespace EF_Sample08
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Database.SetInitializer(new MigrateDatabaseToLatestVersion<Sample08Context, Configuration>());

            using (var db = new Sample08Context())
            {
                runSp(db);
                runFn(db);
                usingSqlFunctions(db);
            }
        }

        private static void usingSqlFunctions(Sample08Context db)
        {
            var doctorsWithNumericNameList = db.Doctors.Where(x => SqlFunctions.IsNumeric(x.Name) == 1).ToList();
            if (doctorsWithNumericNameList.Any())
            {
                //do something
            }
        }

        private static void runFn(Sample08Context db)
        {
            var doctorIdParameter = new SqlParameter
            {
                ParameterName = "@doctor_id",
                Value = 1,
                SqlDbType = SqlDbType.Int
            };
            var patientsCount = db.Database.SqlQuery<int>("select dbo.FindDoctorPatientsCount(@doctor_id)", doctorIdParameter).FirstOrDefault();
            Console.WriteLine(patientsCount);
        }

        private static void runSp(Sample08Context db)
        {
            var nameParameter = new SqlParameter
            {
                ParameterName = "@name",
                Value = "doc",
                Direction = ParameterDirection.Input,
                SqlDbType = SqlDbType.NVarChar
            };
            var doctors = db.Database.SqlQuery<Doctor>("exec FindDoctorsStartWith @name", nameParameter).ToList();
            if (doctors.Any())
            {
                foreach (var item in doctors)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine(item.Name);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

db.Database.SqlQuery<Doctor>("exec FindDoctorsStartWith "+ txtName.Text, nameParameter).ToList()

public class Product
{
    //...
    public string  Title { get; set; }     
    public string  TitleSlug { get; set; } // productAddModel.TitleSlug = SlugMethod(productAddModel.Title);
}