PostgreSQL Tutorial Full Course 2022

I provide here in this PostgreSQL tutorial a full course you can use to master PostgreSQL. Postgres is an object relational database that is just as fast as MySQL that adheres more closely to SQL standards and excels at concurrency. Postgres is also superior at avoiding data corruption.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
00:00 Intro
00:30 Why Use Postgres?
01:13 What is a Database
03:12 Change Database Theme
03:53 Create a Database
04:46 Design a Database
05:50 Turn Invoice into a Database
07:04 Make a Table
12:13 Data Types
16:36 Adding Data to Table
18:15 To See Data
18:25 SELECT
19:19 Create Custom Type
20:48 Change Column Data Type
22:58 Thinking About Tables
25:37 Breaking Up Tables
27:03  Primary & Foreign Keys
32:40 Foreign & Primary Keys
33:28 Altering Tables Many Examples
53:00 Getting Data from One Table
53:40 Where
54:30 Conditional Operators
55:48 Logical Operators
58:12 Order By
59:32 Limit
1:01:45 GROUP BY
1:03:11 Distinct
1:05:00 Getting Data from Multiple Tables
1:05:21 Inner Join
1:08:50 Join 3 Tables
1:13:15  Arithmetic Operators
1:13:45 Join with Where
1:14:55 Outer Joins
1:17:03 Cross Joins
1:18:16 Unions
1:19:27 Extract
1:21:05 IS NULL
1:22:03 SIMILAR LIKE & ~
1:29:25 GROUP BY
1:31:14  HAVING
1:32:18  AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS
1:34:22 WORKING WITH VIEWS
1:45:01 SQL Functions
1:49:00 Dollar Quotes
1:50:06 Functions that Return Void
1:52:38 Get Maximum Product Price
1:53:39 Get Total Value of Inventory
1:54:26 Get Number of Customers
1:56:15 Named Parameters
2:01:30 Return a Row / Composite
2:03:38 Get Multiple Rows
2:07:08 PL/pgSQL
2:11:35 Variables in Functions
2:15:55 Store Rows in Variables
2:19:17 IN INOUT and OUT
2:21:01 Using Multiple Outs
2:25:56 Return Query Results
2:33:42 IF ELSEIF and ELSE
2:38:48  CASE Statement
2:42:01 Loop Statement
2:45:20 FOR LOOP
2:48:34 Result Sets, Blocks & Raise Notice
2:51:11 For Each and Arrays
2:53:20 While Loop
2:54:54 Continue
3:01:34 Stored Procedures
3:09:35 Triggers
3:29:25 Cursors
3:39:45 Installation 

System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlInputFile' does not contain a definition for 'PostedFiles' and no extension method 'PostedFiles' accepting a first argument of type 'System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlInputFile' could be found (are you missing a using directive or an assembly reference?)

using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace jQueryMvcSample05.Models
{
    public class Survey
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public string Title { set; get; }

        public virtual ICollection<SurveyItem> SurveyItems { set; get; }
    }
}

namespace jQueryMvcSample05.Models
{
    public class SurveyItem
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public string Title { set; get; }
        public int Order { set; get; }

        //[ForeignKey("SurveyId")]
        public virtual Survey Survey { set; get; }
        public int SurveyId { set; get; }
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;
using jQueryMvcSample05.Models;

namespace jQueryMvcSample05.DataSource
{
    /// <summary>
    /// یک منبع داده فرضی جهت دموی ساده‌تر برنامه
    /// </summary>
    public static class SurveysDataSource
    {
        private static IList<Survey> _surveysCache;
        static SurveysDataSource()
        {
            _surveysCache = createSurveys();
        }

        public static IList<Survey> SystemSurveys
        {
            get { return _surveysCache; }
        }

        private static IList<Survey> createSurveys()
        {
            var results = new List<Survey>();
            for (int i = 1; i < 6; i++)
            {
                results.Add(new Survey
                {
                    Id = i,
                    Title = "نظر سنجی " + i,
                    SurveyItems = new List<SurveyItem>
                    {
                       new SurveyItem{ Id = 1, SurveyId = i, Title = "گزینه 1", Order = 1 },
                       new SurveyItem{ Id = 2, SurveyId = i, Title = "گزینه 2", Order = 2 },
                       new SurveyItem{ Id = 3, SurveyId = i, Title = "گزینه 3", Order = 3 },
                       new SurveyItem{ Id = 4, SurveyId = i, Title = "گزینه 4", Order = 4 }
                    }
                });
            }
            return results;
        }
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Web.UI;
using jQueryMvcSample05.DataSource;
using jQueryMvcSample05.Security;

namespace jQueryMvcSample05.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        [HttpGet]
        public ActionResult Index()
        {
            var surveysList = SurveysDataSource.SystemSurveys;
            return View(surveysList);
        }

        [HttpPost]
        [AjaxOnly]
        [OutputCache(Location = OutputCacheLocation.None, NoStore = true)]
        public ActionResult SortItems(int? surveyId, string[] items)
        {
            if (items == null || items.Length == 0 || surveyId == null)
                return Content("nok");

            updateSurvey(surveyId, items);

            return Content("ok");
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// این متد جهت آشنایی با پروسه به روز رسانی ترتیب گزینه‌ها در اینجا قرار گرفته است
        /// بدیهی است محل قرارگیری آن باید در لایه سرویس برنامه اصلی باشد
        /// </summary>
        private static void updateSurvey(int? surveyId, string[] items)
        {
            var itemIds = new List<int>();
            foreach (var item in items)
            {
                itemIds.Add(int.Parse(item.Replace("item-row-", string.Empty)));
            }

            var survey = SurveysDataSource.SystemSurveys.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Id == surveyId.Value);
            if (survey == null)
                return;

            int order = 0;
            foreach (var itemId in itemIds)
            {
                order++;
                var surveyItem = survey.SurveyItems.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Id == itemId);
                if (surveyItem == null) continue;
                surveyItem.Order = order;
            }

            //todo: call save changes ....
        }
    }
}

@model IList<jQueryMvcSample05.Models.Survey>
@{
    ViewBag.Title = "Index";
    var sortUrl = Url.Action(actionName: "SortItems", controllerName: "Home");
}
<h2>
    نظر سنجی‌ها</h2>
@foreach (var survey in Model)
{
    <fieldset>
        <legend>@survey.Title</legend>
        <div id="sortable-@survey.Id">
            @foreach (var surveyItem in survey.SurveyItems.OrderBy(x => x.Order))
            {            
                <div id="item-row-@surveyItem.Id">
                    <span class="handles">::</span>
                    @surveyItem.Title
                </div>
            }
        </div>
    </fieldset>
}
<div>
    لطفا برای تغییر ترتیب آیتم‌های تعریف شده، از امکان کشیدن و رها کردن تعریف شده بر
    روی آیکون‌های :: در کنار هر آیتم استفاده نمائید.
</div>
@section JavaScript
{
    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(document).ready(function () {
            $('div[id^="sortable"]').sortable({ handle: 'span' }).bind('sortupdate', function (e, ui) {
                var sortableItemId = $(ui.item).parent().attr('id');
                var surveyId = sortableItemId.replace('sortable-', '');
                var items = [];
                $('#' + sortableItemId + ' div').each(function () {
                    items.push($(this).attr('id'));
                });
                //alert(items.join('&'));                
                $.ajax({
                    type: "POST",
                    url: "@sortUrl",
                    data: JSON.stringify({ items: items, surveyId: surveyId }),
                    contentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8",
                    dataType: "json",
                    complete: function (xhr, status) {
                        var data = xhr.responseText;
                        if (xhr.status == 403) {
                            window.location = "/login";
                        } else if (status === 'error' || !data || data == "nok") {
                            alert('خطایی رخ داده است');
                        }
                        else {
                            alert('انجام شد');
                        }
                    }
                });
            });
        });
    </script>
}

 $('div[id^="sortable"]').sortable

 var sortableItemId = $(ui.item).parent().attr('id');
var surveyId = sortableItemId.replace('sortable-', '');
var items = [];
$('#' + sortableItemId + ' div').each(function () {
  items.push($(this).attr('id'));
});

 data: JSON.stringify({ items: items, surveyId: surveyId })

 public ActionResult SortItems(int? surveyId, string[] items)

<form method="post" action="submit" enctype="multipart/form-data">
  <div>
    <input name="files" id="files" type="file" />    
    <input type="submit" value="Submit" class="k-button" />
  </div>
</form>
<script>
  $(document).ready(function() {
     $("#files").kendoUpload();
  });
</script>

    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(function () {
            $("#files").kendoUpload({
                name: "files",
                async: { // async configuration
                    saveUrl: "@Url.Action("Save", "Home")", // the url to save a file is '/save'
                    removeUrl: "@Url.Action("Remove", "Home")", // the url to remove a file is '/remove'
                    autoUpload: false, // automatically upload files once selected
                    removeVerb: 'POST'
                },
                multiple: true,
                showFileList: true
            }); 
        });
    </script>

        [HttpPost]
        public ActionResult Save(IEnumerable<HttpPostedFileBase> files)
        {
            if (files != null)
            {
                // ...
                // Process the files and save them
                // ...
            }

            // Return an empty string to signify success
            return Content("");
        }

        [HttpPost]
        public ContentResult Remove(string[] fileNames)
        {
            if (fileNames != null)
            {
                foreach (var fullName in fileNames)
                {
                    // ...
                    // delete the files
                    // ...
                }
            }

            // Return an empty string to signify success
            return Content("");
        }

<!-- Content Type with wildcard.  All Images -->
<input type="file" id="demoFile" title="Select file" accept="image/*" />
 
<!-- List of file extensions -->
<input type="file" id="demoFile" title="Select file" accept=".jpg,.png,.gif" />
 
<!-- Any combination of the above -->
<input type="file" id="demoFile" title="Select file" accept="audio/*,application/pdf,.png" />

    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(function () {
            $("#files").kendoUpload({
                name: "files",
                async: {
                 //...
                },
                //...
                localization: {
                    select: 'انتخاب فایل‌ها برای ارسال',
                    remove: 'حذف فایل',
                    retry: 'سعی مجدد',
                    headerStatusUploading: 'در حال ارسال فایل‌ها',
                    headerStatusUploaded: 'پایان ارسال',
                    cancel: "لغو",
                    uploadSelectedFiles: "ارسال فایل‌ها",
                    dropFilesHere: "فایل‌ها را برای ارسال، کشیده و در اینجا رها کنید",
                    statusUploading: "در حال ارسال",
                    statusUploaded: "ارسال شد",
                    statusWarning: "اخطار",
                    statusFailed: "خطا در ارسال"
                }
            });
        });
    </script>

    <script id="fileListTemplate" type="text/x-kendo-template">
        <li class='k-file'>
            <span class='k-progress'></span>
            <span class='k-icon'></span>
            <span class='k-filename' title='#=name#'>#=name# (#=size# bytes)</span>
            <strong class='k-upload-status'></strong>
        </li>
    </script>

    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(function () {
            $("#files").kendoUpload({
                name: "files",
                async: {
                // ...
                },
                // ...
                template: kendo.template($('#fileListTemplate').html()),
                // ...
            });
        });
    </script>

    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(function () {
            $("#files").kendoUpload({
                name: "files",
                async: { // async configuration
                //...
                },
                //...
                localization: {
                },
                cancel: function () {
                    console.log('Cancel Event.');
                },
                complete: function () {
                    console.log('Complete Event.');
                },
                error: function () {
                    console.log('Error uploading file.');
                },
                progress: function (e) {
                    console.log('Uploading file ' + e.percentComplete);
                },
                remove: function () {
                    console.log('File removed.');
                },
                select: function () {
                    console.log('File selected.');
                },
                success: function () {
                    console.log('Upload successful.');
                },
                upload: function (e) {
                    console.log('Upload started.');
                }
            }); 
        });
    </script>

    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(function () {
            $("#files").kendoUpload({
                name: "files",
                async: {
                //...
                },
                //...
                localization: {
                },
                upload: function (e) {
                    console.log('Upload started.');
                    // Sending metadata to the save action
                    e.data = {
                        codeId: "1234567",
                        param2: 12
                        //, ...
                    };
                }
            });
        });
    </script>

   [HttpPost]
  public ActionResult Save(IEnumerable<HttpPostedFileBase> files, string codeId)

    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(function () {
            $("#files").kendoUpload({
                name: "files",
                async: {
                    // ....
                    batch: true
                },
            });
        });
    </script>

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<configuration>
  <system.web>
    <!-- The request length is in kilobytes, execution timeout is in seconds  -->
    <httpRuntime maxRequestLength="10240" executionTimeout="120" />
  </system.web>

  <system.webServer>
    <security>
      <requestFiltering>
        <!-- The content length is in bytes  -->
        <requestLimits maxAllowedContentLength="10485760"/>
      </requestFiltering>
    </security>
  </system.webServer>
</configuration>

public async Task<List<FeedItem>> GetFeedItems(DateTime date) {
  var feed = "http://planet.xamarin.com/feed/";
  var response = await httpClient.GetStringAsync(feed);
  var items = await ParseFeedAsync(response);
  return items.Where(item => item.Published.Date == date).ToList();
}

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<TabbedPage xmlns="http://xamarin.com/schemas/2014/forms"
            xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2009/xaml"
            x:Class="MyApp.MainPage">
    <TabbedPage.Children>
        <ContentPage Title="Profile" Icon="Profile.png">
            <StackLayout Spacing="20" Padding="20"
                         VerticalOptions="Center">
                <Entry Placeholder="Username"
                       Text="{Binding Username}"/>
                <Entry Placeholder="Password"
                       Text="{Binding Password}"
                       IsPassword="true"/>
                <Button Text="Login" TextColor="White"
                        BackgroundColor="#77D065"
                        Command="{Binding LoginCommand}"/>
            </StackLayout>
        </ContentPage>
        <ContentPage Title="Settings" Icon="Settings.png">
            <!-- Settings -->
        </ContentPage>
    </TabbedPage.Children>
</TabbedPage>

// <![CDATA[
(function ($) {
    $.bootstrapModalAjaxForm = function (options) {
        var defaults = {
            renderModalPartialViewUrl: null,
            renderModalPartialViewData: null,
            postUrl: '/',
            loginUrl: '/login',
            beforePostHandler: null,
            completeHandler: null,
            errorHandler: null
        };
        var options = $.extend(defaults, options);

        var validateForm = function (form) {
            //فعال سازی دستی اعتبار سنجی جی‌کوئری
            var val = form.validate();
            val.form();
            return val.valid();
        };

        var enableBootstrapStyleValidation = function () {
            $.validator.setDefaults({
                highlight: function (element, errorClass, validClass) {
                    if (element.type === 'radio') {
                        this.findByName(element.name).addClass(errorClass).removeClass(validClass);
                    } else {
                        $(element).addClass(errorClass).removeClass(validClass);
                        $(element).closest('.control-group').removeClass('success').addClass('error');
                    }
                    $(element).trigger('highlited');
                },
                unhighlight: function (element, errorClass, validClass) {
                    if (element.type === 'radio') {
                        this.findByName(element.name).removeClass(errorClass).addClass(validClass);
                    } else {
                        $(element).removeClass(errorClass).addClass(validClass);
                        $(element).closest('.control-group').removeClass('error').addClass('success');
                    }
                    $(element).trigger('unhighlited');
                }
            });
        }

        var enablePostbackValidation = function () {
            $('form').each(function () {
                $(this).find('div.control-group').each(function () {
                    if ($(this).find('span.field-validation-error').length > 0) {
                        $(this).addClass('error');
                    }
                });
            });
        }

        var processAjaxForm = function (dialog) {
            $('form', dialog).submit(function (e) {
                e.preventDefault();

                if (!validateForm($(this))) {
                    //اگر فرم اعتبار سنجی نشده، اطلاعات آن ارسال نشود
                    return false;
                }

                //در اینجا می‌توان مثلا دکمه‌ای را غیرفعال کرد
                if (options.beforePostHandler)
                    options.beforePostHandler();

                //اطلاعات نباید کش شوند
                $.ajaxSetup({ cache: false });
                $.ajax({
                    url: options.postUrl,
                    type: "POST",
                    data: $(this).serialize(),
                    success: function (result) {
                        if (result.success) {
                            $('#dialogDiv').modal('hide');
                            if (options.completeHandler)
                                options.completeHandler();
                        } else {
                            $('#dialogContent').html(result);
                            if (options.errorHandler)
                                options.errorHandler();
                        }
                    }
                });
                return false;
            });
        };

        var mainContainer = "<div id='dialogDiv' class='modal hide fade in'><div id='dialogContent'></div></div>";
        enableBootstrapStyleValidation(); //اعمال نکات خاص بوت استرپ جهت اعتبارسنجی یکپارچه با آن
        $.ajaxSetup({ cache: false });
        $.ajax({
            type: "POST",
            url: options.renderModalPartialViewUrl,
            data: options.renderModalPartialViewData,
            contentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8",
            dataType: "json",
            complete: function (xhr, status) {
                var data = xhr.responseText;
                var data = xhr.responseText;
                if (xhr.status == 403) {
                    window.location = options.loginUrl; //در حالت لاگین نبودن شخص اجرا می‌شود
                }
                else if (status === 'error' || !data) {
                    if (options.errorHandler)
                        options.errorHandler();
                }
                else {
                    var dialogContainer = "#dialogDiv";
                    $(dialogContainer).remove();
                    $(mainContainer).appendTo('body');

                    $('#dialogContent').html(data); // دریافت پویای اطلاعات مودال دیالوگ
                    $.validator.unobtrusive.parse("#dialogContent"); // فعال سازی اعتبارسنجی فرمی که با ایجکس بارگذاری شده                            
                    enablePostbackValidation();
                    // و سپس نمایش آن به صورت مودال
                    $('#dialogDiv').modal({
                        backdrop: 'static', //با کلیک کاربر روی صفحه، صفحه مودال بسته نمی‌شود
                        keyboard: true
                    }, 'show');
                    // تحت نظر قرار دادن این فرم اضافه شده
                    processAjaxForm('#dialogContent');
                }
            }
        });
    };
})(jQuery);
// ]]>

using System.ComponentModel;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;

namespace Mvc4TwitterBootStrapTest.Models
{
    public class User
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }

        [DisplayName("نام")]
        [Required(ErrorMessage="لطفا نام را تکمیل کنید")]
        public string Name { set; get; }

        [DisplayName("نام خانوادگی")]
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "لطفا نام خانوادگی را تکمیل کنید")]
        public string LastName { set; get; }
    }
}

using System.Web.Mvc;
using Mvc4TwitterBootStrapTest.Models;

namespace Mvc4TwitterBootStrapTest.Controllers
{
    public class ModalFormAjaxController : Controller
    {
        [HttpGet]
        public ActionResult Index()
        {
            return View(); //نمایش صفحه اولیه
        }

        [HttpPost] //برای این حالت امن‌تر است
        //[AjaxOnly]
        public ActionResult RenderModalPartialView()
        {
            //رندر پارشال ویوو صفحه مودال به همراه اطلاعات مورد نیاز آن
            return PartialView(viewName: "_ModalPartialView", model: new User { Name = "", LastName = "" });
        }

        [HttpPost]
        //[AjaxOnly]
        public ActionResult Index(User user) //ذخیره سازی اطلاعات
        {
            if (this.ModelState.IsValid)
            {
                //todo: SaveChanges;
                return Json(new { success = true });
            }

            this.ModelState.AddModelError("", "خطایی رخ داده است");
            return PartialView("_ModalPartialView", user);
        }
    }
}

@{
    ViewBag.Title = "Index";
    var renderModalPartialViewUrl = Url.Action("RenderModalPartialView", "ModalFormAjax");
    var postDataUrl = Url.Action("Index", "ModalFormAjax");
}
<h2>
    Index</h2>
<a href="#" class="btn btn-primary" id="btnCreate">ثبت اطلاعات</a>

@section JavaScript
{
    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(function () {           
            $('#btnCreate').click(function (e) {
                e.preventDefault(); //می‌خواهیم لینک به صورت معمول عمل نکند

                $.bootstrapModalAjaxForm({
                    postUrl: '@postDataUrl',
                    renderModalPartialViewUrl: '@renderModalPartialViewUrl',
                    renderModalPartialViewData: {},
                    loginUrl: '/login',
                    beforePostHandler: function () {                       
                    },
                    completeHandler: function () {
                        // Refresh: برای حالتیکه نیاز به به روز رسانی کامل صفحه زیرین باشد
                        // location.reload();
                    },
                    errorHandler: function () {
                    }
                });
            });
        });             
    </script>
}

@model Mvc4TwitterBootStrapTest.Models.User
<div class="modal-header">
    <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">
        &times;</button>
    <h5>
        افزودن کاربر جدید</h5>
</div>
@using (Html.BeginForm("Index", " ModalFormAjax", FormMethod.Post, new { @class = "modal-form" }))
{
    <div class="modal-body">
        @Html.ValidationSummary(true, null, new { @class = "alert alert-error alert-block" })
        <fieldset class="form-horizontal">
            <legend>مشخصات کاربر</legend>
            <div class="control-group">
                @Html.LabelFor(model => model.Name, new { @class = "control-label" })
                <div class="controls">
                    @Html.EditorFor(model => model.Name)
                    @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Name, null, new { @class = "help-inline" })
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="control-group">
                @Html.LabelFor(model => model.LastName, new { @class = "control-label" })
                <div class="controls">
                    @Html.EditorFor(model => model.LastName)
                    @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.LastName, null, new { @class = "help-inline" })
                </div>
            </div>
        </fieldset>
    </div>
        
    <div class="modal-footer">
        <button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">
            ارسال</button>
        <button class="btn" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">
            انصراف</button>
    </div>
}