Objectها باید مانند ماشین‌هایی تلقی شوند که عملیات موجود در واسط عمومی خود را برای افرادی که درخواست مناسبی ارسال کنند، اجرا خواهند کرد. با توجه به اینکه یک object از استفاده کننده خود مستقل است و وابستگی به او ندارد و همچنین توجه به ساختار نحوی (syntax) برخی از زبان‌های شیء گرای جدید، عبارت «sending a message» برای توصیف اجرای رفتاری از مجموعه رفتارهای object، استفاده میشود.
به محض اینکه پیغامی (Message) به سمت object ارسال شود، ابتدا باید تصمیم بگیرد که این پیغام ارسالی را درک می‌کند. فرض کنیم این پیغام قابل درک است. در این صورت object مورد نظر، همزمان با نگاشت پیغام به یک فراخوانی تابع (function call)، خود را به صورت ضمنی به عنوان اولین آرگومان ارسال می‌کند. تصمیم گرفتن در رابطه با قابل درک بودن یک پیغام، در زبان‌های مفسری در زمان اجرا و در زبان‌های کامپایلری در زمان کامپایل، انجام میگرد. 
نام (یا prototype) رفتار یک وهله، Message (پیغام) نامیده می‌شود. بسیاری از زبان‌های شیء گرا مفهموم Overloaded Functions Or Operators را پشتیبانی می‌کنند. در این صورت می‌توان در سیستم دو تابعی داشت که با نام یکسان، یا انواع مختلف آرگومان (intraclass overloading) داشته باشند یا در کلاس‌های مختلفی (interclass overloading) قرار گیرند. 
ممکن است کلاس ساعت زنگدار، دو پیغام set_time که یکی از آنها با دو آرگومان از نوع عدد صحیح و دیگری یک آرگومان رشته‌ای است داشته باشد.

void AlarmClock::set_time(int hours, int minutes); 

void AlarmClock::set_time(String time);

void AlarmClock::set_time(int hours, int minutes); 

void Watch::set_time(int hours, int minutes);

public class Object
    {
        public Object();
        public static bool Equals(Object objA, Object objB){...}
        public static bool ReferenceEquals(Object objA, Object objB){...}
        public virtual bool Equals(Object obj){...}
        public virtual int GetHashCode(){...}
        public Type GetType(){...}
        public virtual string ToString(){...}
        protected Object MemberwiseClone(){...}
    }

 var container = BootstrapContainer();

var finder = container.Resolve<IDuplicateFinder>();
var processor = container.Resolve<IArgumentsParser>();

Execute( args, processor, finder );
 
container.Dispose();

public class ExampleClass
{
    private readonly IService _service;

    public ExampleClass()
    {
        _service = Container.Resolve<IService>();
    }

    public void DoSomething(int id)
    {
        _service.DoSomething(id);
    }
}

public class ExampleClass
{
    private IService _service;

    public ExampleClass(IService service)
    {
        _service = service;
    }

    public void DoSomething(int id)
    {
        _service.DoSomething(id);
    }
}

public class Search
{
   IDinner _dinner;
   public Search(): this(new Dinner()) 
   { }

   public Search(IDinner dinner) 
   {
      _dinner = dinner;
   }
}

namespace CoreIocServices
{
    public interface IMyDisposableService
    {
        void Run();
    }

    public class MyDisposableService : IMyDisposableService, IDisposable
    {
        private readonly ILogger<MyDisposableService> _logger;

        public MyDisposableService(ILogger<MyDisposableService> logger)
        {
            _logger = logger ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(logger));
            _logger.LogInformation("+ {0} was created", this.GetType().Name);
        }

        public void Run()
        {
            _logger.LogInformation("Running MyDisposableService!");
        }

        public void Dispose()
        {
            _logger.LogInformation("- {0} was disposed!", this.GetType().Name);
        }
    }
}

namespace CoreIocSample02
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.AddTransient<IMyDisposableService, MyDisposableService>();

namespace CoreIocSample02.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        private readonly IMyDisposableService _myDisposableService;

        public HomeController(IMyDisposableService myDisposableService)
        {
            _myDisposableService = myDisposableService;
        }

        public IActionResult Index()
        {
            _myDisposableService.Run();
            return View();
        }

info: Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Internal.ControllerActionInvoker[1]
      Route matched with {action = "Index", controller = "Home"}. Executing action CoreIocSample02.Controllers.HomeController.Index (CoreIocSample02)
info: CoreIocServices.MyDisposableService[0]
      + MyDisposableService was created
.
.
.  
info: Microsoft.AspNetCore.Routing.EndpointMiddleware[1]
      Executed endpoint 'CoreIocSample02.Controllers.HomeController.Index (CoreIocSample02)'
info: CoreIocServices.MyDisposableService[0]
      - MyDisposableService was disposed!
info: Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting.Internal.WebHost[2]
      Request finished in 1316.4719ms 200 text/html; charset=utf-8

namespace CoreIocSample02
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env)
        {
            app.Use(async (context, next) =>
            {
                var writer = File.CreateText(Path.GetTempFileName());
                context.Response.RegisterForDispose(writer);
                context.Items["filewriter"] = writer;
                await writer.WriteLineAsync("some important information");
                await writer.FlushAsync();
                await next();
            });

namespace CoreIocSample02.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        public async Task<IActionResult> WriteLog()
        {
            var writer = HttpContext.Items["filewriter"] as StreamWriter;
            if (writer != null)
            {
                await writer.WriteLineAsync("more important information");
                await writer.FlushAsync();
            }
            return View();
        }

using(var scope = serviceProvider.CreateScope())
{
   var provider = scope.ServiceProvider;
   var resolvedService = provider.GetRequiredService(someType);
   // Use resolvedService...
}

public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, 
                      ILoggerFactory loggerFactory, 
                      IServiceScopeFactory scopeFactory) 
{
   using (var scope = scopeFactory.CreateScope()) 
   { 
     var initializer = scope.ServiceProvider.GetService<IOperationScoped>(); 
     initializer.SeedAsync().Wait(); 
   } 
}

var myDisposableService = serviceProvider.GetService<IMyDisposableService>();
myDisposableService.Run();

var serviceCollection = new ServiceCollection();
ConfigureServices(serviceCollection);
var serviceProvider = serviceCollection.BuildServiceProvider();

namespace Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection
{
    public sealed class ServiceProvider : IServiceProvider, IDisposable, IServiceProviderEngineCallback
    {
        public void Dispose();
        public object GetService(Type serviceType);
    }
}

namespace CoreIocSample01
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            var serviceCollection = new ServiceCollection();
            ConfigureServices(serviceCollection);
            using (var serviceProvider = serviceCollection.BuildServiceProvider())
            {
                var myDisposableService = serviceProvider.GetService<IMyDisposableService>();
                myDisposableService.Run();

                var testService = serviceProvider.GetService<ITestService>();
                testService.Run();
            }
        }

   <!DOCTYPE html> 
   <html>
   <head>
     <title>event propagation demo</title>
   </head>
   <body>
     <section>
       <h1>nested divs</h1>
       <div>one
        <div>child of one
          <div>child of child of one</div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </section>
  </body>
  </html>

1.window
2.document
3.<html>
4.<body>
5.<section>
6.<div>one
7.<div>child of one
8.<div>child of child of one

9.<div>child of child of one
10.<div>child of one
11.<div>one
12.<section>
13.<body>
14.<html>
15.document
16.window

   <div>
     <button type="button">do something</button>
   </div>
 
  <form method="POST" action="/user">
     <label>Enter user name:
       <input name="user">
     </label>
     <button type="submit">submit</button>
  </form>

   // submits the form 
   $('FORM').trigger('submit');
 
   // submits the form by clicking the button 
   $('BUTTON[type="submit"]').trigger('click');
 
   // focuses the text input 
   $('INPUT').trigger('focus');
 
  // removes focus from the text input 
  $('INPUT').trigger('blur');

   // submits the form 
   $('FORM').submit();
 
   // submits the form by clicking the button 
   $('BUTTON[type="submit"]').click();
 
   // focuses the text input 
   $('INPUT').focus();
 
  // removes focus from the text input 
  $('INPUT').blur();

  // clicks the first button - the click event does not bubble 
  $('BUTTON[type="button"]').triggerHandler('click');

   // submits the form 
   document.querySelector('FORM').submit();
 
   // submits the form by clicking the button 
   document.querySelector('BUTTON[type="submit"]').click();
 
   // focuses the text input 
   document.querySelector('INPUT').focus();
 
  // removes focus from the text input 
  document.querySelector('INPUT').blur();

   var clickEvent;

   if (typeof Event === 'function') {
     clickEvent = new Event('click', {bubbles: false});
   }
   else {
       clickEvent = document.createEvent('Event');
      clickEvent.initEvent('click', false, true);
  }

  document.querySelector('BUTTON[type="button"]').dispatchEvent(clickEvent);

  // Triggers a custom "image-removed" element, 
  // which bubbles up to ancestor elements.
$libraryElement.trigger('image-removed', {id: 1});

  var event = new CustomEvent('image-removed', {
    bubbles: true,
    detail: {id: 1}
  });
  libraryElement.dispatchEvent(event);

  var event = document.createEvent('CustomEvent');
  event.initCustomEvent('image-removed', false, true, {id: 1});
  libraryElement.dispatchEvent(event);

  var event;
 
   // If the `CustomEvent` constructor function is not supported, 
   // fall back to `createEvent` method. 
   if (typeof CustomEvent === 'function') {
     event = new CustomEvent('image-removed', {
       bubbles: true,
       detail: {id: 1}
     });
  }
  else {
      event = document.createEvent('CustomEvent');
      event.initCustomEvent('image-removed', false, true, {
        id: 1
      });
  }

  libraryElement.dispatchEvent(event);

  $(window).on('resize', function() {
     // react to new window size 
  });

  // remove all resize listeners - usually a bad idea 
  $(window).off('resize');

  var resizeHandler = function() {
      // react to new window size 
  };

  $(window).on('resize', resizeHandler);

  // ...later 
  // remove only our resize handler 
  $(window).off('resize', resizeHandler);

$(someElement).one('click', function() {
    // handle click event 
});

  <button onclick="handleButtonClick()">click me</button>

  buttonEl.onclick = function() {
    // handle button click 
  };

  buttonEl.addEventListener('click', function() {
    // handle button click 
  });

  window.addEventListener('resize', function() {
    // react to new window size 
  });

  var resizeHandler = function() {
      // react to new window size 
  };

  window.addEventListener('resize', resizeHandler);

  // ...later 
  // remove only our resize handler 
  window.removeEventListener('resize', resizeHandler);

  someElement.addEventListener('click', function(event) {
     // handle click event 
  }, { once: true });

  var clickHandler = function() {
    // handle click event 
    // ...then unregister handler 
    someElement.removeEventListener('click', clickHandler);
  };
  someElement.addEventListener('click', clickHandler);

$(window).on('mousedown', function(event) {
    event.preventDefault();
});

  window.addEventListener('mousedown', function(event) {
    event.preventDefault();
  });

  $someElement.on('click', function(event) {
      event.stopPropagation();
  });

  // stop propagation during capturing phase 
  someElement.addEventListener('click', function(event) {
      event.stopPropagation();
  }, true);

  // stop propagation during bubbling phase 
  someElement.addEventListener('click', function(event) {
      event.stopPropagation();
  });

  $someElement.on('click', function(event) {
      event.stopImmediatePropagation();
  });

  $uploaderElement.trigger('uploadError', {
    filename: 'picture.jpeg'
  });

  $uploaderParent.on('uploadError', function(event, data) {
     showAlert('Failed to upload ' + data.filename);
  });

   // send the failed filename w/ an error event
  var event = new CustomEvent('uploadError', {
     bubbles: true,
     detail: {filename: 'picture.jpeg'}
   });
   uploaderElement.dispatchEvent(event);
 
   // ...and this is a listener for the event 
   uploaderParent.addEventListener('uploadError', function(event) {
      showAlert('Failed to upload ' + event.detail.filename);
  });

  // send the failed filename w/ an error event 
   var event = document.createEvent('CustomEvent');
   event.initCustomEvent('uploadError', true, true, {
     filename: 'picture.jpeg'
   });
   uploaderElement.dispatchEvent(event);
 
   // ...and this is a listener for the event 
   uploaderParent.addEventListener('uploadError', function(event) {
    showAlert('Failed to upload ' + event.detail.filename);
  });

  $(window).on('load', function() {
    // page is fully rendered 
  });

  window.addEventListener('load', function() {
    // page is fully rendered 
  });

  $(document).ready(function() {
    // markup is on the page 
  });

  //or
  $(function() {
    // markup is on the page 
  });

  document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {
    // markup is on the page 
  });

   $('IMG').on('load', function() {
     // image has successfully loaded 
   });
 
   $('IMG').on('error', function() {
     // image has failed to load 
   });

  document.querySelector('IMG').addEventListener('load', function() {
    // image has successfully loaded 
  });

  document.querySelector('IMG').addEventListener('error', function() {
    // image has failed to load 
  });

  $(window).on('beforeunload', function() {
    return 'Are you sure you want to unload the page?';
  });

  window.addEventListener('beforeunload', function(event) {
    var message = 'Are you sure you want to unload the page?';
    event.returnValue = message;
    return message;
  });

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
  <PropertyGroup>
    <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
    <TargetFramework>netcoreapp3.0</TargetFramework>
    <LangVersion>8.0</LangVersion>
    <NullableContextOptions>enable</NullableContextOptions>
  </PropertyGroup>
</Project>

CS8632: The annotation for nullable reference types should only be used in code within a ‘#nullable’ context.
CS8627: A nullable type parameter must be known to be a value-type or non-nullable reference type. Consider adding a ‘class’, ‘struct’ or type constraint.

<PropertyGroup>
  <LangVersion>preview</LangVersion>
  <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
</PropertyGroup>

    public class Person
    {
        public string FirstName { get; set; }

        public string MiddleName { get; set; }

        public string LastName { get; set; }

        public Person(string first, string last) =>
            (FirstName, LastName) = (first, last);

        public Person(string first, string middle, string last) =>
            (FirstName, MiddleName, LastName) = (first, middle, last);

        public override string ToString() => $"{FirstName} {MiddleName} {LastName}";
    }

public string? MiddleName { get; set; }

    public static class NullableReferenceTypes
    {
        //#nullable enable // Toggle to enable

        public static string Exemplify()
        {
            var vahid = new Person("Vahid", "N");
            var length = GetLengthOfMiddleName(vahid);

            return $"{vahid.FirstName}'s middle name has {length} characters in it.";

            static int GetLengthOfMiddleName(Person person)
            {
                string middleName = person.MiddleName;
                return middleName.Length;
            }
        }
    }

var middleName = person.MiddleName;

static int GetLengthOfMiddleName(Person person)
{
   var middleName = person.MiddleName;
   return middleName?.Length ?? 0;
}

public static class NullableReferenceTypes
{
#nullable disable // Toggle to enable

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
  <PropertyGroup>
    <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
    <TargetFramework>netcoreapp3.0</TargetFramework>
    <LangVersion>8.0</LangVersion>
    <NullableContextOptions>enable</NullableContextOptions>
    <TreatWarningsAsErrors>true</TreatWarningsAsErrors>
  </PropertyGroup>
</Project>

<WarningsAsErrors>CS8600;CS8602;CS8603</WarningsAsErrors>

string name = null; // ERROR
string? name = null; // OK!

public class Person
{
    public Address? Address { get; set; };
    public string Country => Address?.Country;   // ERROR! 
}

public class Person
{
    public Address? Address { get; set; };
    public string? Country => Address?.Country;  // OK!
}

var node = this; // Initialize non-nullable variable
while (node != null)
{
   node = null; // ERROR!
}

Node? node = this;   // Initialize nullable variable
while (node != null) {
   node = null; // OK!
}

public class Person
{
   public string Name { get; set; } // ERROR!
}

public class Person
{
   public string? Name { get; set; }
}

public class Person
{
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public Person(string name) {
        Name = name ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(name));
    }
}
 

public class Person
{
   public string Name { get; set; } = string.Empty;
   // -or-
   public string Name { get; set; } = "";
}

String.Empty
Array.Empty<T>()
Enumerable.Empty<T>()

public class Person
{
   public Address Address { get; set; } = new Address();
}

یک لامپ و سوئیچ برق را درنظر بگیرید. زمانیکه لامپ مشاهده می‌کند سوئیچ برق در حالت روشن قرار گرفته‌است، روشن خواهد شد و برعکس. در اینجا به سوئیچ، subject و به لامپ، observer گفته می‌شود. هر زمان که حالت سوئیچ تغییر می‌کند، از طریق یک callback، وضعیت خود را به observer اعلام خواهد کرد. علت استفاده از callbackها، ارائه راه‌حل‌های عمومی است تا بتواند با انواع و اقسام اشیاء کار کند. به این ترتیب هر بار که شیء observer از نوع متفاوتی تعریف می‌شود (مثلا بجای لامپ یک خودرو قرار گیرد)، نیازی نخواهد بود تا subject را تغییر داد.

public abstract class Observer
    {
        protected Observable Observable;
        public abstract void Update();
    }

 public  class Observable
    {
        private readonly List<Observer> _observers = new List<Observer>();

        public void Attach(Observer observer)
        {
            _observers.Add(observer);
        }
        public void Dettach(Observer observer)
        {
            _observers.Remove(observer);
        }

        public void NotifyAllObservers()
        {
            foreach (var observer in _observers)
            {
                observer.Update();
            }
        }
    }

 public  class Switch:Observable
    {
        private bool _state;

        public bool ChangeState
        {
            set
            {
                _state = value;
                NotifyAllObservers();
            }
            get { return _state; }
        }
    }

   public class RedLED:Observer
    {
        private bool _on = false;
        public override void Update()
        {
            _on = !_on;
            Console.WriteLine($"Red LED is {((_on) ? "On" : "Off")}");
        }
    }

  public class GreenLED:Observer
    {
        private bool _on = false;
        public override void Update()
        {
            _on = !_on;
            Console.WriteLine($"Green LED is {((_on) ? "On" : "Off")}");
        }
    }

  public  class BlueLED:Observer
    {
        private bool _on = false;
        public override void Update()
        {
            _on = !_on;
            Console.WriteLine($"Blue LED is {((_on) ? "On" : "Off")}");
        }
    }

var greenLed=new GreenLED();
            var redLed=new RedLED();
            var blueLed=new BlueLED();

            var switchKey=new Switch();
            switchKey.Attach(greenLed);
            switchKey.Attach(redLed);
            switchKey.Attach(blueLed);

            switchKey.ChangeState = true;
            switchKey.ChangeState = false;

Green LED is On
Red LED is On
Blue LED is On
Green LED is Off
Red LED is Off
Blue LED is Off

var result = 
    from product in dbContext.Products
    where product.Category.Name == "Toys"
    where product.Price >= 2.50
    select product.Name;

• Fluent Syntax : 

var result = dbContext.Products
    .Where(p => p.Category.Name == "Toys" && p.Price >= 250)
    .Select(p => p.Name);

    public class Student
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
        public string Field1 { get; set; }
        public string Field2 { get; set; }
        public string Field3 { get; set; }


        public static IEnumerable<Student> GetStudentSource()
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
            {
                yield return new Student
                                 {
                                     Id = i,
                                     Name = "Name " + i,
                                     Field1 = "Field1 " + i,
                                     Field2 = "Field2 " + i,
                                     Field3 = "Field3 " + i
                                 };
            }
        }
    }

    public class Program
    {
        private static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            System.Console.WriteLine("Specify the desired fields : ");
            string fields = System.Console.ReadLine();
            IEnumerable<Student> students = Student.GetStudentSource();
            IQueryable output = students.AsQueryable().Select(string.Format("new({0})", fields));
            foreach (object item in output)
            {
                System.Console.WriteLine(item);
            }
          
            System.Console.ReadKey();
        }
  
    }

    public  class SelectBuilder <T>
    {
        public static Func<T, T> CreateNewStatement(string fields)
        {
            // input parameter "o"
            var xParameter = Expression.Parameter(typeof(T), "o");


            // new statement "new T()"
            var xNew = Expression.New(typeof(T));

            // create initializers
            var bindings = fields.Split(',').Select(o => o.Trim())
                .Select(o =>
                {

                    // property "Field1"
                    var property = typeof(T).GetProperty(o);

                    // original value "o.Field1"
                    var xOriginal = Expression.Property(xParameter, property);

                    // set value "Field1 = o.Field1"
                    return Expression.Bind(property, xOriginal);
                }
            ).ToList();

            // initialization "new T { Field1 = o.Field1, Field2 = o.Field2 }"
            var xInit = Expression.MemberInit(xNew, bindings);

            // expression "o => new T { Field1 = o.Field1, Field2 = o.Field2 }"
            var lambda = Expression.Lambda<Func<T, T>>(xInit, xParameter);

            // compile to Func<T, T>
            return lambda.Compile();
        }
    }

       IEnumerable<Student> result = students.Select(SelectBuilder<Student>.CreateNewStatement("Field1, Field2")).ToList();

            foreach (Student student in result)
            {
                System.Console.WriteLine(student.Field1);
            }

ابتدا فیلد‌های انتخابی کاربر که با "," جدا شده اند به ورودی پاس داده می‌شود سپس یک statement  خالی ایجاد می‌شود : 

o=>new Student()