public IEnumerable<Product> GetProducts()
{
    using (var stream = File.Read(Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "products.xml")))
    {
        var serializer = new XmlSerializer();
        return (IEnumerable<Product>)serializer.Deserialize(stream);
    }
}

public IEnumerable<Product> GetCachedProducts()
{
    var fullPath = Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "ProductCache.xml");
    if (!File.Exists(fullPath))
        return new Product[0];
         
    using (var stream = File.Read(fullPath))
    {
        var serializer = new XmlSerializer();
        return (IEnumerable<Product>)serializer.Deserialize(stream);
    }
}

IEnumerable<Product> GetProducts()

IEnumerable<Product> GetCachedProducts()

public class UserRepository : IUserRepository
{
    public IList<User> Search(string value)
    {
        try
        {
              return CreateConnectionAndACommandAndReturnAList("WHERE value=@value", Parameter.New("value", value));
        }
        catch (SqlException err)
        {
             var msg = String.Format("Ohh no!  Failed to search after users with '{0}' as search string", value);
             throw new DataSourceException(msg, err);
        }
    }
}

public void PrintName(string name)
{
     Console.WriteLine(name);
}

public void PrintName(string name)
{
    if (name == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("name");
     
     Console.WriteLine(name);
}

public void PrintName(string name)
{
    if (name == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("name");
    if (name.Length < 5 || name.Length > 10) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("name", name, "Name must be between 5 or 10 characters long");
    if (name.Any(x => !char.IsAlphaNumeric(x)) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("name", name, "May only contain alpha numerics");
     
     Console.WriteLine(name);
}

public User GetUser(int id)
{
}

var user = datasource.GetUser(userId);
if (user == null)
    throw new InvalidOperationException("Failed to find user: " + userId);
// actual logic here

public User GetUser(int id)
{
    if (id <= 0) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("id", id, "Valid ids are from 1 and above. Do you have a parsing error somewhere?");
    
    var user = db.Execute<User>("WHERE Id = ?", id);
    if (user == null)
        throw new EntityNotFoundException("Failed to find user with id " + id);
        
    return user;
}

try
{
    FutileAttemptToResist();
}
catch (BorgException err)
{
     _myDearLog.Error("I'm in da cube! Ohh no!", err);
    throw err;
}

try
{
    GreaseTinMan();
}
catch (InvalidOperationException err)
{
    throw new TooScaredLion("The Lion was not in the m00d", err); //<---- استثناء اصلی بهتر است به استثناء جدید پاس داده شود
}

try
{
   socket.Connect("somethingawful.com", 80);
}
catch (SocketException err)
{
    throw new InvalidOperationException("Socket failed", err);  
}

void IncreaseStatusForUser(int userId, int newStatus)
{
    try
    {
         var user  = _repository.Get(userId);
         if (user == null)
             throw new UpdateException(string.Format("Failed to find user #{0} when trying to increase status to {1}", userId, newStatus));
    
         user.Status = newStatus;
         _repository.Save(user);
    }
   catch (DataSourceException err)
   {
       var errMsg = string.Format("Failed to find modify user #{0} when trying to increase status to {1}", userId, newStatus);
        throw new UpdateException(errMsg, err);
   }

public NewException()
public NewException(string description )
public NewException(string description, Exception inner)
protected or private NewException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)

“The given key was not present in the dictionary.”

“The key ‘abrakadabra’ was not present in the dictionary.”

public class SampleException : Exception
{
    public SampleException(string description)
        : base(description)
    {
        if (description == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("description");
    }
 
    public SampleException(string description, Exception inner)
        : base(description, inner)
    {
        if (description == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("description");
        if (inner == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("inner");
    }
 
    public SampleException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
        : base(info, context)
    {
    }
}

public class HttpException : Exception
{
    System.Net.HttpStatusCode _statusCode;
     
    public HttpException(System.Net.HttpStatusCode statusCode, string description)
        : base(description)
    {
        if (description == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("description");
        _statusCode = statusCode;
    }
 
    public HttpException(System.Net.HttpStatusCode statusCode, string description, Exception inner)
        : base(description, inner)
    {
        if (description == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("description");
        if (inner == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("inner");
        _statusCode = statusCode;
    }
 
    public HttpException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
        : base(info, context)
    {
    }
     
    public System.Net.HttpStatusCode StatusCode { get; private set; }
 
}

public override string Message
{
        get { return base.Message + "\r\nStatus code: " + StatusCode; }
}

public class HttpException : Exception
{
    // [...]
 
    public HttpException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
        : base(info, context)
    {
        // this is new
        StatusCode = (HttpStatusCode) info.GetInt32("HttpStatusCode");
    }
 
    public HttpStatusCode StatusCode { get; private set; }
 
    public override string Message
    {
        get { return base.Message + "\r\nStatus code: " + StatusCode; }
    }
 
    // this is new
    public override void GetObjectData(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
    {
        base.GetObjectData(info, context);
        info.AddValue("HttpStatusCode", (int) StatusCode);
    }
}

throw new Exception("Unknown FaileType");
throw new Exception("Unecpected workingDirectory");

"Unecpected workingDirectory"

var ss = require("sdk/simple-storage");
ss.storage.myArray = [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13];
ss.storage.myBoolean = true;
ss.storage.myNull = null;
ss.storage.myNumber = 3.1337;
ss.storage.myObject = { a: "foo", b: { c: true }, d: null };
ss.storage.myString = "O frabjous day!";

delete ss.storage.value;

if (!ss.storage.Variables)
 {
 ss.storage.Variables=[];
 ss.storage.Variables.push(true);
 ss.storage.Variables.push(false);
 ss.storage.Variables.push(false);
 ss.storage.Variables.push(false);
 }

if (!ss.storage.interval)
ss.storage.interval=1;

 if (!ss.storage.DateVariables)
 {
 var now=String(new Date());
 ss.storage.DateVariables=[];
 ss.storage.DateVariables.push(now);
 ss.storage.DateVariables.push(now);
 ss.storage.DateVariables.push(now);
 ss.storage.DateVariables.push(now);
 }

contentScriptFile: self.data.url("jquery.min.js")
contentScriptFile: [self.data.url("jquery.min.js"),self.data.url("const.js"),self.data.url("popup.js")]

function handleChange(state) {
  if (state.checked) {
    panel.show({
      position: button
    });

 var v1=[],v2;
 if (ss.storage.Variables)
v1=ss.storage.Variables;

if (ss.storage.interval)
v2=ss.storage.interval;

panel.port.emit("vars",v1,v2);
  }
}
panel.port.on("vars", function (vars,interval) {
  ss.storage.Variables=vars;
  ss.storage.interval=interval;
});

$(document).ready(function () {
addon.port.on("vars",  function(vars,interval) {
 if (vars)
{
 $("#chkarticles").attr("checked", vars[0]);
$("#chkarticlescomments").attr("checked", vars[1]);
$("#chkshares").attr("checked", vars[2]);
$("#chksharescomments").attr("checked", vars[3]);
}

$("#interval").val(interval);
});   

    $("#btnsave").click(function() {

         var Vposts = $("#chkarticles").is(':checked');
         var VpostsComments = $("#chkarticlescomments").is(':checked');
         var  Vshares = $("#chkshares").is(':checked');
         var VsharesComments = $("#chksharescomments").is(':checked');
 var Vinterval = $("#interval").val() ;
 var Variables=[];
 Variables[0]=Vposts;
 Variables[1]=VpostsComments;
 Variables[2]=Vshares;
 Variables[3]=VsharesComments;
 interval=Vinterval;
 
 addon.port.emit("vars", Variables,Vinterval);
$("#messageboard").text( Messages.SettingsSaved);

    });
});

نکته بسیار مهم: در کد بالا ما فایل جاوااسکریت را از طریق فایل popup.html معرفی کردیم، نه از طریق خصوصیت contentscriptfile. این نکته را همیشه به خاطر داشته باشید. فایل‌های js خود را تنها در دو حالت استفاده کنید:

اگر فایل شما شامل استفاده از کلمه‌ی کلیدی addon نمی‌شود، می‌توانید فایل js خود را از طریق contentScriptFile هم اعمال کنید.

فایل popup.html

<script src="jquery.min.js"></script> <!-- Including jQuery -->
<script type="text/javascript" src="const.js"></script> 
<script type="text/javascript" src="popup.js"></script>

<script type="text/javascript" src="const.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="jquery.min.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.google.com/jsapi"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="rssreader.js"></script>

pageWorker = require("sdk/page-worker");
  page= pageWorker.Page({
  contentScriptWhen: "ready",
  contentURL: self.data.url("./background.htm")
});
page.port.emit("vars",ss.storage.Variables,ss.storage.DateVariables,ss.storage.interval);

var variables=[];
var datevariables=[];
var period_time=60000;
var timer;
google.load("feeds", "1");

$(document).ready(function () {
 addon.port.on("vars",  function(vars,datevars,interval) {
 if (vars)
{
Variables=vars;
}
if (datevars)
{
datevariables=datevars;
}
if(interval)
period_time=interval*60000;
alarmManager();
});
});

function alarmManager()
{
timer = setInterval(Run,period_time);
}

function Run() {
if(Variables[0]){RssReader(Links.postUrl,0, Messages.PostsUpdated);}
if(Variables[1]){RssReader(Links.posts_commentsUrl,1,Messages.CommentsUpdated); }
if(Variables[2]){RssReader(Links.sharesUrl,2,Messages.SharesUpdated);}
if(Variables[3]){RssReader(Links.shares_CommentsUrl,3,Messages.SharesCommentsUpdated);}
}

function RssReader(URL,index,Message) {


            var feed = new google.feeds.Feed(URL);
            feed.setResultFormat(google.feeds.Feed.XML_FORMAT);
                    feed.load(function (result) {
if(result!=null)
{
var strRssUpdate = result.xmlDocument.firstChild.firstChild.childNodes[5].textContent;
var RssUpdate=new Date(strRssUpdate);
var lastupdate=new Date(datevariables[index]);
if(RssUpdate>lastupdate)
{
datevariables[index]=strRssUpdate;
addon.port.emit("notification",datevariables,Message);
}

}
                      });
        }

page.port.on("notification",function(lastupdate,Message)
{
ss.storage.DateVariables=lastupdate;
Make_a_Notification(Message);
})
function Make_a_Notification(Message)
{
var notifications = require("sdk/notifications");
notifications.notify({
  title: "سایت به روز شد",
  text: Message,
  iconURL:self.data.url("./icon-64.png"),
  data:"https://www.dntips.ir",
  onClick: function (data) {
tabs.open(data);
  }
});
}

  pageWorker = require("sdk/page-worker");
  page= pageWorker.Page({
  contentScriptWhen: "ready",
  contentURL: self.data.url("./background.htm")
});

function SendData()
{
page.port.emit("vars",ss.storage.Variables,ss.storage.DateVariables,ss.storage.interval);
}
SendData();
panel.port.on("vars", function (vars,interval) {
  ss.storage.Variables=vars;
  ss.storage.interval=interval;
  SendData();
});

var timer;

function alarmManager()
{
timer = setInterval(Run,period_time);
}

 addon.port.on("vars",  function(vars,datevars,interval) {
 if (vars)
{
Variables=vars;

}
if (datevars)
{
datevariables=datevars;
}
if(interval)
period_time=interval*60000;

if(timer!=null)
{
clearInterval(timer);
}

alarmManager();
});

var pageMod = require("sdk/page-mod");

pageMod.PageMod({
  include: "*.mozilla.org",
  contentScript: 'window.alert("Page matches ruleset");'
});

var data = require("sdk/self").data;
var pageMod = require("sdk/page-mod");

pageMod.PageMod({
  include: "*.mozilla.org",
  contentScriptFile: [data.url("jquery-1.7.min.js"),
                      data.url("my-script.js")]
});

  "preferences": [{
    "description": "مطالب سایت",
    "type": "bool",
    "name": "post",
    "value": true,
    "title": "مطالب سایت"
},
{
    "description": "نظرات مطالب سایت",
    "type": "bool",
    "name": "postcomments",
    "value": false,
    "title": "نظرات مطالب سایت"
},
{
    "description": "اشتراک ها",
    "type": "bool",
    "name": "shares",
    "value": false,
    "title": "اشتراک ها"
},
{
    "description": "نظرات اشتراک ها",
    "type": "bool",
    "name": "sharescomments",
    "value": false,
    "title": "نظرات اشتراک ها"
},
    {
        "description": "دوره زمان برای بررسی سایت",
        "name": "interval",
        "type": "integer",
        "value": 10,
        "title": "دوره زمانی"
    }]

function Perf_Default_Value()
{
var preferences = require("sdk/simple-prefs").prefs;

preferences.post = ss.storage.Variables[0];
preferences.postcomments = ss.storage.Variables[1];
preferences.shares = ss.storage.Variables[2];
preferences.sharescomments = ss.storage.Variables[3];
preferences["myinterval"] =parseInt(ss.storage.interval);

}
Perf_Default_Value();

panel.port.on("vars", function (vars,interval) {
  ss.storage.Variables=vars;
  ss.storage.interval=interval;
  SendData();
  Perf_Default_Value();
});

perf=require("sdk/simple-prefs");
var preferences = perf.prefs;
function onPrefChange(prefName) {

  switch(prefName)
  {
    case "post":
ss.storage.Variables[0]=preferences[prefName];
break;
case "postcomments":
ss.storage.Variables[1]=preferences[prefName];
break;
case "shares":
ss.storage.Variables[2]=preferences[prefName];
break;
case "sharescomments":
ss.storage.Variables[3]=preferences[prefName];
break;
case "myinterval":
ss.storage.interval=preferences[prefName];
break;
  }
}
//perf.on("post", onPrefChange);
//perf.on("postcomments", onPrefChange);

perf.on("", onPrefChange);

PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Samples -Pre

public class EmailService : IIdentityMessageService
{
    public Task SendAsync(IdentityMessage message)
    {
        // Plug in your email service here to send an email.
        return Task.FromResult(0);
    }
}

public class SmsService : IIdentityMessageService
{
    public Task SendAsync(IdentityMessage message)
    {
        // Plug in your sms service here to send a text message.
        return Task.FromResult(0);
    }
}

public class ApplicationDbInitializer 
    : DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<ApplicationDbContext> 
{
    protected override void Seed(ApplicationDbContext context) {
        InitializeIdentityForEF(context);
        base.Seed(context);
    }

    //Create User=Admin@Admin.com with password=Admin@123456 in the Admin role        
    public static void InitializeIdentityForEF(ApplicationDbContext db) 
    {
        var userManager = 
           HttpContext.Current.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<ApplicationUserManager>();
        
        var roleManager = 
            HttpContext.Current.GetOwinContext().Get<ApplicationRoleManager>();

        const string name = "admin@admin.com";
        const string password = "Admin@123456";
        const string roleName = "Admin";

        //Create Role Admin if it does not exist
        var role = roleManager.FindByName(roleName);

        if (role == null) {
            role = new IdentityRole(roleName);
            var roleresult = roleManager.Create(role);
        }

        var user = userManager.FindByName(name);

        if (user == null) {
            user = new ApplicationUser { UserName = name, Email = name };
            var result = userManager.Create(user, password);
            result = userManager.SetLockoutEnabled(user.Id, false);
        }

        // Add user admin to Role Admin if not already added
        var rolesForUser = userManager.GetRoles(user.Id);

        if (!rolesForUser.Contains(role.Name)) {
            var result = userManager.AddToRole(user.Id, role.Name);
        }
    }
}

[HttpPost]
[AllowAnonymous]
[ValidateAntiForgeryToken]
public async Task<ActionResult> Register(RegisterViewModel model)
{
    if (ModelState.IsValid)
    {
        var user = new ApplicationUser { UserName = model.Email, Email = model.Email };
        var result = await UserManager.CreateAsync(user, model.Password);

        if (result.Succeeded)
        {
            var code = await UserManager.GenerateEmailConfirmationTokenAsync(user.Id);

            var callbackUrl = Url.Action(
                "ConfirmEmail", 
                "Account", 
                new { userId = user.Id, code = code }, 
                protocol: Request.Url.Scheme);

            await UserManager.SendEmailAsync(
                user.Id, 
                "Confirm your account", 
                "Please confirm your account by clicking this link: <a href=\"" 
                + callbackUrl + "\">link</a>");

            ViewBag.Link = callbackUrl;

            return View("DisplayEmail");
        }
        AddErrors(result);
    }

    // If we got this far, something failed, redisplay form
    return View(model);
}

public static ApplicationUserManager Create(
    IdentityFactoryOptions<ApplicationUserManager> options, 
    IOwinContext context)
{
    var manager = new ApplicationUserManager(
        new UserStore<ApplicationUser>(
            context.Get<ApplicationDbContext>()));

    // Configure validation logic for usernames
    manager.UserValidator = new UserValidator<ApplicationUser>(manager)
    {
        AllowOnlyAlphanumericUserNames = false,
        RequireUniqueEmail = true
    };

    // Configure validation logic for passwords
    manager.PasswordValidator = new PasswordValidator
    {
        RequiredLength = 6, 
        RequireNonLetterOrDigit = true,
        RequireDigit = true,
        RequireLowercase = true,
        RequireUppercase = true,
    };

    // Configure user lockout defaults
    manager.UserLockoutEnabledByDefault = true;
    manager.DefaultAccountLockoutTimeSpan = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5);
    manager.MaxFailedAccessAttemptsBeforeLockout = 5;

    // Register two factor authentication providers. This application 
    // uses Phone and Emails as a step of receiving a code for verifying the user
    // You can write your own provider and plug in here.
    manager.RegisterTwoFactorProvider(
        "PhoneCode", 
        new PhoneNumberTokenProvider<ApplicationUser>
    {
        MessageFormat = "Your security code is: {0}"
    });

    manager.RegisterTwoFactorProvider(
        "EmailCode", 
        new EmailTokenProvider<ApplicationUser>
    {
        Subject = "SecurityCode",
        BodyFormat = "Your security code is {0}"
    });

    manager.EmailService = new EmailService();
    manager.SmsService = new SmsService();

    var dataProtectionProvider = options.DataProtectionProvider;

    if (dataProtectionProvider != null)
    {
        manager.UserTokenProvider = 
            new DataProtectorTokenProvider<ApplicationUser>(
                dataProtectionProvider.Create("ASP.NET Identity"));
    }

    return manager;
}

manager.EmailService = new EmailService();
manager.SmsService = new SmsService();

// Register two factor authentication providers. This application 
// uses Phone and Emails as a step of receiving a code for verifying the user
// You can write your own provider and plug in here.
manager.RegisterTwoFactorProvider(
    "PhoneCode", 
    new PhoneNumberTokenProvider<ApplicationUser>
{
    MessageFormat = "Your security code is: {0}"
});

manager.RegisterTwoFactorProvider(
    "EmailCode", 
    new EmailTokenProvider<ApplicationUser>
    {
        Subject = "SecurityCode",
        BodyFormat = "Your security code is {0}"
    });

public class EmailService : IIdentityMessageService
{
    public Task SendAsync(IdentityMessage message)
    {
        // Credentials:
        var credentialUserName = "yourAccount@outlook.com";
        var sentFrom = "yourAccount@outlook.com";
        var pwd = "yourApssword";

        // Configure the client:
        System.Net.Mail.SmtpClient client = 
            new System.Net.Mail.SmtpClient("smtp-mail.outlook.com");

        client.Port = 587;
        client.DeliveryMethod = System.Net.Mail.SmtpDeliveryMethod.Network;
        client.UseDefaultCredentials = false;

        // Creatte the credentials:
        System.Net.NetworkCredential credentials = 
            new System.Net.NetworkCredential(credentialUserName, pwd);

        client.EnableSsl = true;
        client.Credentials = credentials;

        // Create the message:
        var mail = 
            new System.Net.Mail.MailMessage(sentFrom, message.Destination);

        mail.Subject = message.Subject;
        mail.Body = message.Body;

        // Send:
        return client.SendMailAsync(mail);
    }
}

public class EmailService : IIdentityMessageService
{
    public Task SendAsync(IdentityMessage message)
    {
        // Credentials:
        var sendGridUserName = "yourSendGridUserName";
        var sentFrom = "whateverEmailAdressYouWant";
        var sendGridPassword = "YourSendGridPassword";

        // Configure the client:
        var client = 
            new System.Net.Mail.SmtpClient("smtp.sendgrid.net", Convert.ToInt32(587));

        client.Port = 587;
        client.DeliveryMethod = System.Net.Mail.SmtpDeliveryMethod.Network;
        client.UseDefaultCredentials = false;

        // Creatte the credentials:
        System.Net.NetworkCredential credentials = 
            new System.Net.NetworkCredential(credentialUserName, pwd);

        client.EnableSsl = true;
        client.Credentials = credentials;

        // Create the message:
        var mail = 
            new System.Net.Mail.MailMessage(sentFrom, message.Destination);

        mail.Subject = message.Subject;
        mail.Body = message.Body;

        // Send:
        return client.SendMailAsync(mail);
    }
}

PM> Install-Package Twilio

public class SmsService : IIdentityMessageService
{
    public Task SendAsync(IdentityMessage message)
    {
        string AccountSid = "YourTwilioAccountSID";
        string AuthToken = "YourTwilioAuthToken";
        string twilioPhoneNumber = "YourTwilioPhoneNumber";

        var twilio = new TwilioRestClient(AccountSid, AuthToken);

        twilio.SendSmsMessage(twilioPhoneNumber, message.Destination, message.Body); 

        // Twilio does not return an async Task, so we need this:
        return Task.FromResult(0);
    }
}

if (result.Succeeded)
{
    var code = await UserManager.GenerateEmailConfirmationTokenAsync(user.Id);
    var callbackUrl = 
        Url.Action("ConfirmEmail", "Account", 
            new { userId = user.Id, code = code }, protocol: Request.Url.Scheme);

    await UserManager.SendEmailAsync(user.Id, "Confirm your account", 
        "Please confirm your account by clicking this link: <a href=\"" + callbackUrl + "\">link</a>");

    // This should not be deployed in production:
    ViewBag.Link = callbackUrl;

    return View("DisplayEmail");
}

AddErrors(result);

@{
    ViewBag.Title = "DEMO purpose Email Link";
}

<h2>@ViewBag.Title.</h2>

<p class="text-info">
    Please check your email and confirm your email address.
</p>

<p class="text-danger">
    For DEMO only: You can click this link to confirm the email: <a href="@ViewBag.Link">link</a>
    Please change this code to register an email service in IdentityConfig to send an email.
</p>

[AllowAnonymous]
public async Task<ActionResult> VerifyCode(string provider, string returnUrl)
{
    // Require that the user has already logged in via username/password or external login
    if (!await SignInHelper.HasBeenVerified())
    {
        return View("Error");
    }

    var user = 
        await UserManager.FindByIdAsync(await SignInHelper.GetVerifiedUserIdAsync());

    if (user != null)
    {
        ViewBag.Status = 
            "For DEMO purposes the current " 
            + provider 
            + " code is: " 
            + await UserManager.GenerateTwoFactorTokenAsync(user.Id, provider);
    }

    return View(new VerifyCodeViewModel { Provider = provider, ReturnUrl = returnUrl });
}

@model IdentitySample.Models.VerifyCodeViewModel

@{
    ViewBag.Title = "Enter Verification Code";
}

<h2>@ViewBag.Title.</h2>

@using (Html.BeginForm("VerifyCode", "Account", new { ReturnUrl = Model.ReturnUrl }, FormMethod.Post, new { @class = "form-horizontal", role = "form" })) {
    @Html.AntiForgeryToken()
    @Html.ValidationSummary("", new { @class = "text-danger" })
    @Html.Hidden("provider", @Model.Provider)
    <h4>@ViewBag.Status</h4>
    <hr />

    <div class="form-group">
        @Html.LabelFor(m => m.Code, new { @class = "col-md-2 control-label" })
        <div class="col-md-10">
            @Html.TextBoxFor(m => m.Code, new { @class = "form-control" })
        </div>
    </div>

    <div class="form-group">
        <div class="col-md-offset-2 col-md-10">
            <div class="checkbox">
                @Html.CheckBoxFor(m => m.RememberBrowser)
                @Html.LabelFor(m => m.RememberBrowser)
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>

    <div class="form-group">
        <div class="col-md-offset-2 col-md-10">
            <input type="submit" class="btn btn-default" value="Submit" />
        </div>
    </div>
}

> npm i -g create-react-app
> create-react-app sample-30
> cd sample-30
> npm start

> npm install --save bootstrap

import "./App.css";

import React, { Component } from "react";

class App extends Component {
  state = { count: 0 };

  incrementCount = () => {
    this.setState({ count: this.state.count + 1 });
  };

  render() {
    return (
      <button onClick={this.incrementCount} className="btn btn-primary m-3">
        I was clicked {this.state.count} times!
      </button>
    );
  }
}

export default App;

//import App from "./App‍Class";
import App from "./AppFunction";

import React, { useState } from 'react';

const App = () => {
    const [count, setCount] = useState(0);

useState<number>(initialState: number | (() => number)): [number, React.Dispatch<React.SetStateAction<number>>]

import React, { useState } from "react";

const App = () => {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
  const incrementCount = () => {
    setCount(count + 1);
  };

  return (
    <button onClick={incrementCount} className="btn btn-primary m-3">
      I was clicked {count} times!
    </button>
  );
};

export default App;

 const setCount: (value: React.SetStateAction<number>) => void

  incrementCount = () => {
    this.setState({ count: this.state.count + 1 });
  };

  incrementCount = () => {
    this.setState(prevState => ({
      count: prevState.count + 1
    }));
  };

  const incrementCount = () => {
    setCount(count + 1);
  };

const incrementCount = () => {
    setCount(prevCount => prevCount + 1);
  };

import "./App.css";

import React, { Component } from "react";

class App extends Component {
  state = {
    count: 0,
    isOn: false
  };

  incrementCount = () => {
    this.setState(prevState => ({
      count: prevState.count + 1
    }));
  };

  toggleLight = () => {
    this.setState(prevState => ({
      isOn: !prevState.isOn
    }));
  };

  render() {
    return (
      <>
        <h1>App Class</h1>
        <h2>Counter</h2>
        <button onClick={this.incrementCount} className="btn btn-primary m-3">
          I was clicked {this.state.count} times!
        </button>

        <h2>Toggle Light</h2>
        <div
          style={{
            height: "50px",
            width: "50px",
            cursor: "pointer"
          }}
          className={
            this.state.isOn ? "alert alert-info m-3" : "alert alert-warning m-3"
          }
          onClick={this.toggleLight}
        />
      </>
    );
  }
}

export default App;

import App from "./App‍Class";
//import App from "./AppFunction";

import React, { useState } from "react";

const App = () => {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
  const [isOn, setIsOn] = useState(false);

  const incrementCount = () => {
    setCount(prevCount => prevCount + 1);
  };

  const toggleLight = () => {
    setIsOn(prevIsOn => !prevIsOn);
  };

  return (
    <>
      <h1>App Function</h1>
      <h2>Counter</h2>
      <button onClick={incrementCount} className="btn btn-primary m-3">
        I was clicked {count} times!
      </button>

      <h2>Toggle Light</h2>
      <div
        style={{
          height: "50px",
          width: "50px",
          cursor: "pointer"
        }}
        className={isOn ? "alert alert-info m-3" : "alert alert-warning m-3"}
        onClick={toggleLight}
      />
    </>
  );
};

export default App;

// import App from "./App‍Class";
import App from "./AppFunction";

import React, { useEffect, useState } from "react";

import React, { useEffect, useState } from "react";

const App = () => {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0);

  useEffect(() => {
    document.title = `You have clicked ${count} times`;
  });

class App extends Component {

  componentDidMount() {
    document.title = `You have been clicked ${this.state.count} times`;
  }

  componentDidUpdate() {
    document.title = `You have been clicked ${this.state.count} times`;
  }

class App extends Component {

  componentDidMount() {
    // ...
    window.addEventListener("mousemove", this.handleMouseMove);
  }

  handleMouseMove = event => {
    this.setState({
      x: event.pageX,
      y: event.pageY
    });
  };

class App extends Component {
  state = {
    //...
    x: 0,
    y: 0
  };

<h2>Mouse Position</h2>
<p>X position: {this.state.x}</p>
<p>Y position: {this.state.y}</p>

  componentWillUnmount() {
    window.removeEventListener("mousemove", this.handleMouseMove);
  }

  const [mousePosition, setMousePosition] = useState({ x: 0, y: 0 });

  useEffect(() => {
    // ...
    window.addEventListener("mousemove", handleMouseMove);
  });

  const handleMouseMove = event => {
    setMousePosition({
      x: event.pageX,
      y: event.pageY
    });
  };

<h2>Mouse Position</h2>
{JSON.stringify(mousePosition, null, 2)}
<br />

  useEffect(() => {
    // …
    // componentDidMount & componentDidUpdate
    window.addEventListener("mousemove", handleMouseMove);

    // componentWillUnmount
    return () => {
      window.removeEventListener("mousemove", handleMouseMove);
    };
  });

  useEffect(() => {
    document.title = `You have clicked ${count} times`;
    window.addEventListener("mousemove", handleMouseMove);

    return () => {
      window.removeEventListener("mousemove", handleMouseMove);
    };
  },[]);

  useEffect(() => {
   // ...
  },[count]);

const [status, setStatus] = useState(navigator.onLine);

  useEffect(() => {
    // ...

    window.addEventListener("online", handleOnline);
    window.addEventListener("offline", handleOffline);

    return () => {
      // ...
  
      window.removeEventListener("online", handleOnline);
      window.removeEventListener("offline", handleOffline);
    };
  }, [count]);

  const handleOnline = () => {
    setStatus(true);
  };

  const handleOffline = () => {
    setStatus(false);
  };

<h2>Network Status</h2>
<p>
  You are <strong>{status ? "online" : "offline"}</strong>
</p>

const initialLocationState = {
  latitude: null,
  longitude: null,
  speed: null
};

const App = () => {
  // ...
  const [location, setLocation] = useState(initialLocationState);

  useEffect(() => {
    // ...

    navigator.geolocation.getCurrentPosition(handleGeolocation);
    const watchId = navigator.geolocation.watchPosition(handleGeolocation);

    return () => {
      // ...
      navigator.geolocation.clearWatch(watchId);
    };
  }, [count]);

  let mounted = true;

  useEffect(() => {
   // ...

    return () => {
      // ...
      mounted = false;
    };
  }, [count]);

  const handleGeolocation = event => {
    if (mounted) {
      setLocation({
        latitude: event.coords.latitude,
        longitude: event.coords.longitude,
        speed: event.coords.speed
      });
    }
  };

<h2>Geolocation</h2>
<p>Latitude is {location.latitude}</p>
<p>Longitude is {location.longitude}</p>
<p>Your speed is {location.speed ? location.speed : "0"}</p>

const [{ latitude, longitude, speed }, setLocation] = useState(
    initialLocationState
  );

<h2>Geolocation</h2>
<p>Latitude is {latitude}</p>
<p>Longitude is {longitude}</p>
<p>Your speed is {speed ? speed : "0"}</p>

namespace EntitySample1.DataLayer
{
    public class PhoneBookDbContext : DbContext
    {
        public DbSet<Person> Persons { get; set; }
        public DbSet<PhoneNumber> PhoneNumbers { get; set; }
        public DbSet<Address> Addresses { get; set; }

    }
}

        private static void ManualDetectChanges()
        {
            using (var context = new PhoneBookDbContext())
            {
                context.Configuration.AutoDetectChangesEnabled = false; // turn off Auto Detect Changes

                var p1 = context.Persons.Single(p => p.FirstName == "joe");

                p1.LastName = "Brown";

                Console.WriteLine("Before DetectChanges: {0}", context.Entry(p1).State);

                context.ChangeTracker.DetectChanges(); // call detect changes manually

                Console.WriteLine("After DetectChanges: {0}", context.Entry(p1).State);
            }
        }

Before DetectChanges: Unchanged
After DetectChanges: Modified

        private static void AddMultiplePerson()
        {
            using (var context = new PhoneBookDbContext())
            {
                context.Configuration.AutoDetectChangesEnabled = false;

                context.Persons.Add(new Person
                    {
                        FirstName = "brad",
                        LastName = "watson",
                        BirthDate = new DateTime(1990, 6, 8)
                    });

                context.Persons.Add(new Person
                {
                    FirstName = "david",
                    LastName = "brown",
                    BirthDate = new DateTime(1990, 6, 8)
                });

                context.Persons.Add(new Person
                {
                    FirstName = "will",
                    LastName = "smith",
                    BirthDate = new DateTime(1990, 6, 8)
                });

                context.SaveChanges();

            }
        }

        private static void DetectRelationshipChanges()
        {
            using (var context = new PhoneBookDbContext())
            {

                var phone1 = context.PhoneNumbers.Single(x => x.Number == "09351234567");

                var person1 = context.Persons.Single(x => x.FirstName == "will");

                person1.PhoneNumbers.Add(phone1);

                Console.WriteLine("Before DetectChanges: {0}", phone1.Person.FirstName);

                context.ChangeTracker.DetectChanges(); // ralationships fix-up

                Console.WriteLine("After DetectChanges: {0}", phone1.Person.FirstName);
            }
        }

Before DetectChanges: david
After DetectChanges: will

تا قبل از فراخوانی تشخیص تغییرات(DetectChanegs)، هنوز phone1 منتسب به شخص قدیمی(david) بوده، ولی پس از فراخوانی DetectChanges ، اصلاح رابطه رخ داده و همه  چیز با یکدیگر منطبق می‌شوند.

فعال سازی و کار با پروکسی‌های ردیابی تغییر

اگر پروفایلر کارایی شما، فراخوانی‌های بیش از اندازه DetectChnages را به عنوان یک مشکل شناسایی کند، و یا شما ترجیح می‌دهید که اصلاح رابطه به صورت بلادرنگ صورت گیرد ، ردیابی تغییر پروکسی‌های پویا، به عنوان گزینه ای دیگر مطرح می‌شود.فقط با چند تغییر کوچک در کلاس‌های POCO، EF قادر به ساخت پروکسی‌های پویا خواهد بود.پروکسی‌های ردیابی تغییر به EF اجازه ردیابی تغییرات در همان لحظه ای که ما تغییری در اشیای خود می‌دهیم را می‌دهند و همچنین امکان انجام اصلاح رابطه را در هر زمانی که تغییرات روابط را تشخیص دهد، دارد.
برای اینکه پروکسی ردیابی تغییر بتواند ساخته شود، باید قوانین زیر رعایت شود:
 
• کلاس باید public باشد و seald نباشد.
• همه‌ی خواص(properties) باید virtual تعریف شوند.
• همه‌ی خواص باید getter و setter با سطح دسترسی public داشته باشند.
• همه‌ی خواص راهبری مجموعه ای باید نوعشان، از نوع ICollection<T> تعریف شوند.

کلاس Person مثال خود را به گونه ای بازنویسی کرده ایم که تمام قوانین فوق را پیاده سازی کرده باشد.

نکته: توجه داشته باشید که ما دیگر در داخل سازنده کلاس ،کدی نمی‌نویسیم و منطقی  که باعث نمونه سازی اولیه خواص راهبری می‌شدند، را پیاده سازی نمی‌کنیم. این پروکسی ردیاب تغییر، همه‌ی خواص راهبری مجموعه ای را تحریف کرده و ار نوع مجموعه ای مخصوص خود(EntityCollection<T>) استفاده می‌کند. این نوع مجموعه ای، هر تغییری که در این مجموعه صورت می‌گیرد را زیر نظر گرفته و به ردیاب تغییر گزارش می‌دهد. اگر تلاش کنید تا نوع دیگری مانند List<T> که معمولا در سازنده کلاس از آن استفاده می‌کردیم را به آن انتساب دهیم، پروکسی، استثنایی را پرتاب می‌کند.

namespace EntitySample1.DomainClasses
{
    public class Person
    {
        public virtual int Id { get; set; }
        public virtual string FirstName { get; set; }
        public virtual string LastName { get; set; }
        public virtual DateTime BirthDate { get; set; }
        public virtual PersonInfo PersonInfo { get; set; }
        public virtual ICollection<PhoneNumber> PhoneNumbers { get; set; }
        public virtual ICollection<Address> Addresses { get; set; }
    }
}

        private static void TestForChangeTrackingProxy()
        {
            using (var context = new PhoneBookDbContext())
            {
                var person = context.Persons.First();
                var isProxy = person is IEntityWithChangeTracker;
                Console.WriteLine("person is a proxy: {0}", isProxy);
            }
        }

Before DetectChanges: Modified
After DetectChanges: Modified

Before DetectChanges: will
After DetectChanges: will

        private static void CreateNewProxies()
        {
            using (var context = new PhoneBookDbContext())
            {
                var phoneNumber = new PhoneNumber { Number = "987" };

                var davidPersonProxy = context.Persons.Create();
                davidPersonProxy.FirstName = "david";
                davidPersonProxy.PhoneNumbers.Add(phoneNumber);

                Console.WriteLine(phoneNumber.Person.FirstName);
            }
        }

var newStudent = context.Persons.Create<Student>();

        private static void PrintPersonsWithoutChangeTracking()
        {
            using (var context = new PhoneBookDbContext())
            {
                var persons = context.Persons.AsNoTracking().ToList();

                foreach (var person in persons)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine(person.FirstName);
                }

            }
        }

var query = from p in context.Persons.AsNoTracking()
                            where p.FirstName == "joe"
                            select p;

شما همچنین از AsNoTracking می‌توانید برای تبدیل یک کوئری LINQ موجود، به یک کوئری فاقد ردیابی استفاده کنید. این نکته را به یاد داشته باشید که فقط AsNoTracking بر روی کوئری، فرانخوانده شده است، بلکه متغیر query را با نتیجه‌ی حاصل از فراخوانی AsNoTracking بازنویسی(override)  کرده است و این، از این جهت لازم است که AsNoTracking ،تغییری در کوئری ای که بر روی آن فراخوانده شده نمی‌دهد، بلکه یک کوئری جدید بر می‌گرداند. 

                var query = from p in context.Persons
                            where p.FirstName == "joe"
                            select p;
                query = query.AsNoTracking();

body {
    margin: 0;"Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
    color: #333333;
    background-color: #ffffff;
}

        <div class="row-fluid">
            <div class="span12">
                <p class="lead">
                    تیتر</p>
                <p>
                    متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن
                    متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن
                    متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن
                    متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن متن
                </p>
                <small>اندازه کوچک</small> <strong>متن ضخیم</strong> <em>متن ایتالیک</em>
            </div>
        </div>

    <div class="container-fluid">
        <div class="row-fluid">
            <div class="span12">
                <table 
class="table table-striped table-hover table-bordered table-condensed">
                    <caption>
                        عنوانی خاص در اینجا</caption>
                    <thead>
                        <tr>
                            <th>
                                ستون یک
                            </th>
                            <th>
                                ستون دو
                            </th>
                            <th>
                                ستون سه
                            </th>
                        </tr>
                    </thead>
                    <tbody>
                        <tr class="error">
                            <td>
                                1 متن یک
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                1 متن دو
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                1 متن سه
                            </td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td>
                                2 متن یک
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                2 متن دو
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                2 متن سه
                            </td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td>
                                3 متن یک
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                3 متن دو
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                3 متن سه
                            </td>
                        </tr>
                    </tbody>
                </table>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>

<label class="checkbox">
       <input type="checkbox" name="isMale" />
 مذکر</label>

    <div class="container-fluid">
        <div class="row-fluid">
            <div class="span12">
                <table
 class="table table-striped table-hover table-bordered table-condensed">
                    <thead>
                        <tr>
                            <th>
                                دکمه
                            </th>
                            <th>
                                لینک
                            </th>
                            <th>
                                کلاس بکار گرفته شده
                            </th>
                        </tr>
                    </thead>
                    <tbody>
                        <tr>
                            <td>
                                <button class="btn">
                                    default</button>
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                <a href="#" class="btn">default</a>
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                <code>btn</code>
                            </td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td>
                                <button class="btn btn-primary">
                                    primary</button>
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                <a href="#" class="btn btn-primary">primary</a>
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                <code>btn btn-primary</code>
                            </td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td>
                                <button class="btn btn-info">
                                    info</button>
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                <a href="#" class="btn btn-info">info</a>
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                <code>btn btn-info</code>
                            </td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td>
                                <button class="btn btn-success">
                                    success</button>
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                <a href="#" class="btn btn-success">success</a>
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                <code>btn btn-success</code>
                            </td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td>
                                <button class="btn btn-warning">
                                    warning</button>
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                <a href="#" class="btn btn-warning">warning</a>
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                <code>btn btn-warning</code>
                            </td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td>
                                <button class="btn btn-danger">
                                    danger</button>
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                <a href="#" class="btn btn-danger">danger</a>
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                <code>btn btn-danger</code>
                            </td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td>
                                <button class="btn btn-inverse">
                                    inverse</button>
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                <a href="#" class="btn btn-inverse">inverse</a>
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                <code>btn btn-inverse</code>
                            </td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td>
                                <button class="btn btn-link">
                                    link</button>
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                <a href="#" class="btn btn-link">link</a>
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                <code>btn btn-link</code>
                            </td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td>
                                <button class="btn btn-primary btn-large">
                                    large</button>
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                <a href="#" class="btn btn-primary btn-large">large</a>
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                <code>btn btn-primary btn-large</code>
                            </td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td>
                                <button class="btn btn-primary btn-small">
                                    small</button>
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                <a href="#" class="btn btn-primary btn-small">small</a>
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                <code>btn btn-primary btn-small</code>
                            </td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td>
                                <button class="btn btn-primary btn-mini">
                                    mini</button>
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                <a href="#" class="btn btn-primary btn-mini">mini</a>
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                <code>btn btn-primary btn-mini</code>
                            </td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td>
                                <button class="btn btn-primary btn-block">
                                    block</button>
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                <a href="#" class="btn btn-primary btn-block">block</a>
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                <code>btn btn-primary btn-block</code>
                            </td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td>
                                <button class="btn btn-primary disabled">
                                    disabled</button>
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                <a href="#" class="btn btn-primary disabled">disabled</a>
                            </td>
                            <td>
                                <code>btn btn-primary disabled</code>
                            </td>
                        </tr>
                    </tbody>
                </table>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>

<i class="icon-music"></i>icon-music

<i class="icon-music icon-white"></i>icon-music

    <button class="btn">
        <i class="icon-music"></i>دکمه</button>