public void AddNewCustomers(params Customer[] customers)
       {
           using (ISession session = _factory.OpenSession())
           {
               using (ITransaction transaction = session.BeginTransaction())
               {
                   foreach (var data in customers)
                       session.Save(data);

                   session.Flush();

                   transaction.Commit();
               }
           }
       }

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using NHibernate;
using NHibernate.Linq;
using NHSample1.Domain;

namespace ConsoleTestApplication
{
   class CLinqTest : NHibernateContext
   {  }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using NHibernate;
using NHibernate.Linq;
using NHSample1.Domain;

namespace ConsoleTestApplication
{
   class CLinqTest : NHibernateContext
   {
       ISessionFactory _factory;

       public CLinqTest(ISessionFactory factory)
       {
           _factory = factory;
       }

       public List<Customer> GetAllCustomers()
       {
           using (ISession session = _factory.OpenSession())
           {
               var query = from x in session.Linq<Customer>() select x;
               return query.ToList();
           }
       }
   }
}

       static void Main(string[] args)
       {
           using (ISessionFactory session = Config.CreateSessionFactory(
                 MsSqlConfiguration
                    .MsSql2008
                    .ConnectionString("Data Source=(local);Initial Catalog=HelloNHibernate;Integrated Security = true")
                    .ShowSql()
               ))
           {

               var customer1 = new Customer()
               {
                   FirstName = "Vahid",
                   LastName = "Nasiri",
                   AddressLine1 = "Addr1",
                   AddressLine2 = "Addr2",
                   PostalCode = "1234",
                   City = "Tehran",
                   CountryCode = "IR"
               };

               var customer2 = new Customer()
               {
                   FirstName = "Ali",
                   LastName = "Hasani",
                   AddressLine1 = "Addr..1",
                   AddressLine2 = "Addr..2",
                   PostalCode = "4321",
                   City = "Shiraz",
                   CountryCode = "IR"
               };

               var customer3 = new Customer()
               {
                   FirstName = "Mohsen",
                   LastName = "Shams",
                   AddressLine1 = "Addr...1",
                   AddressLine2 = "Addr...2",
                   PostalCode = "5678",
                   City = "Ahwaz",
                   CountryCode = "IR"
               };

               CDbOperations db = new CDbOperations(session);
               db.AddNewCustomers(customer1, customer2, customer3);

               CLinqTest lt = new CLinqTest(session);
               foreach (Customer customer in lt.GetAllCustomers())
               {
                   Console.WriteLine("Customer: LastName = {0}", customer.LastName);
               }
           }

           Console.WriteLine("Press a key...");
           Console.ReadKey();

       }

       public List<Customer> GetCustomersByCity(string city)
       {
           using (ISession session = _factory.OpenSession())
           {
               var query = from x in session.Linq<Customer>()
                           where x.City == city
                           select x;
               return query.ToList();
           }
       }

               foreach (Customer customer in lt.GetCustomersByCity("Shiraz"))
               {
                   Console.WriteLine("Customer: LastName = {0}", customer.LastName);
               }

using System.Linq;
using NHibernate;
using NHibernate.Linq;
using NHSample1.Domain;

namespace ConsoleTestApplication
{
   class SampleContext : NHibernateContext
   {
       public SampleContext(ISession session)
           : base(session)
       { }

       public IOrderedQueryable<Customer> Customers
       {
           get { return Session.Linq<Customer>(); }
       }

       public IOrderedQueryable<Employee> Employees
       {
           get { return Session.Linq<Employee>(); }
       }

       public IOrderedQueryable<Order> Orders
       {
           get { return Session.Linq<Order>(); }
       }

       public IOrderedQueryable<OrderItem> OrderItems
       {
           get { return Session.Linq<OrderItem>(); }
       }

       public IOrderedQueryable<Product> Products
       {
           get { return Session.Linq<Product>(); }
       }
   }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using NHibernate;
using NHSample1.Domain;

namespace ConsoleTestApplication
{
   class CSampleContextTest
   {
       ISessionFactory _factory;

       public CSampleContextTest(ISessionFactory factory)
       {
           _factory = factory;
       }

       public List<Customer> GetCustomersByCity(string city)
       {
           using (ISession session = _factory.OpenSession())
           {
               using (SampleContext db = new SampleContext(session))
               {
                   var query = from x in db.Customers
                               where x.City == city
                               select x;
                   return query.ToList();
               }
           }
       }
   }
}

 public ActionResult Index()
{
            NewsContext db = new NewsContext();
            var Query = db.Employee.ToList()
            return View(Query);
}

که با تغییر کد به شکل زیر حل شد 

public ActionResult Index(){
            NewsContext db = new NewsContext();
            var Query = db.Employee.ToList().Where(x=>x.ManagerID==null).ToList();
            return View(Query);
}

• ‪Exceptions for flow control: why not? 
  
• ‪Exception handling for flow control is EVIL! 
  
• Replacing Throwing Exceptions with Notification in Validations 
  
•  نکات کار با استثناءها در دات نت  
  
• Defensive Programming - بازگشت نتایج قابل پیش بینی توسط متدها
• تفاوت اعتبارسنجی ورودی‌ها با اعتبارسنجی مرتبط با قواعد تجاری 
  
• صدور Exception یا بازگشت Result به عنوان خروجی متد، برای رسیدگی به خطاها 
• صدور استثناءها چگونه بر روی کارآیی برنامه تاثیر می‌گذارند؟ 
  
• Fail Fast principle 
  
• نحوه‌ی صحیح استفاده‌ی از Exceptions در برنامه‌های NET. 
  
• Functional C#: Handling failures, input errors 
  
• بررسی تاثیر صدور استثناءها بر روی کارآیی برنامه 
  
• Code review: User Controller and error handling 
  
• ‪Improving Managed Code Performance (Exception Management) 
  
• پشت صحنه‌ی استثناءها 
  
• Domain Command Patterns - Validation 
  

استفاده از Exception برای نمایش پیغام برای کاربر نهایی 
با صدور یک استثناء و مدیریت سراسری آن در بالاترین (خارجی ترین) لایه و نمایش پیغام مرتبط با آن به کاربر نهایی، می‌توان از آن به عنوان ابزاری برای ارسال هر نوع پیغامی به کاربر نهایی استفاده کرد. اگر قوانین تجاری با موفقیت برآورده نشده‌اند یا لازم است به هر دلیلی یک پیغام مرتبط با یک اعتبارسنجی تجاری را برای کاربر نمایش دهید، این روش بسیار کارساز می‌باشد و با یکبار وقت گذاشتن برای توسعه زیرساخت برای این موضوع، به عنوان یک Cross Cutting Concern تحت عنوان Exception Management، آزادی عمل زیادی در ادامه توسعه سیستم خود خواهید داشت. 

    public class Result
    {
        private static readonly Result SuccessResult = new Result(true, null);

        protected Result(bool succeeded, string message)
        {
            if (succeeded)
            {
                if (message != null)
                    throw new ArgumentException("There should be no error message for success.", nameof(message));
            }
            else
            {
                if (message == null)
                    throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(message), "There must be error message for failure.");
            }

            Succeeded = succeeded;
            Error = message;
        }

        public bool Succeeded { get; }
        public string Error { get; }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Success()
        {
            return SuccessResult;
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Failed(string message)
        {
            return new Result(false, message);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result<T> Failed<T>(string message)
        {
            return new Result<T>(default, false, message);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result<T> Success<T>(T value)
        {
            return new Result<T>(value, true, string.Empty);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Combine(string seperator, params Result[] results)
        {
            var failedResults = results.Where(x => !x.Succeeded).ToList();

            if (!failedResults.Any())
                return Success();

            var error = string.Join(seperator, failedResults.Select(x => x.Error).ToArray());
            return Failed(error);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Combine(params Result[] results)
        {
            return Combine(", ", results);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Combine<T>(params Result<T>[] results)
        {
            return Combine(", ", results);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Combine<T>(string seperator, params Result<T>[] results)
        {
            var untyped = results.Select(result => (Result) result).ToArray();
            return Combine(seperator, untyped);
        }

        public override string ToString()
        {
            return Succeeded
                ? "Succeeded"
                : $"Failed : {Error}";
        }
    }

[HttpPost, AjaxOnly, ValidateAntiForgeryToken, ValidateModelState]
public virtual async Task<ActionResult> Create([Bind(Prefix = "Model")]MeetingCreateModel model)
{
    var result = await _service.CreateAsync(model);

    return result.OnSuccess(() => { })
                 .OnFailure(() => { })
                 .OnBoth(r => r.Succeeded ? InformationNotification("Messages.Save.Success") : ErrorMessage(r.Error));

}

یا در حالت‌های پیچیده تر:

    public struct Maybe<T> : IEquatable<Maybe<T>>
        where T : class
    {
        private readonly T _value;

        private Maybe(T value)
        {
            _value = value;
        }

        public bool HasValue => _value != null;
        public T Value => _value ?? throw new InvalidOperationException();
        public static Maybe<T> None => new Maybe<T>();


        public static implicit operator Maybe<T>(T value)
        {
            return new Maybe<T>(value);
        }

        public static bool operator ==(Maybe<T> maybe, T value)
        {
            return maybe.HasValue && maybe.Value.Equals(value);
        }

        public static bool operator !=(Maybe<T> maybe, T value)
        {
            return !(maybe == value);
        }

        public static bool operator ==(Maybe<T> left, Maybe<T> right)
        {
            return left.Equals(right);
        }

        public static bool operator !=(Maybe<T> left, Maybe<T> right)
        {
            return !(left == right);
        }

        /// <inheritdoc />
        /// <summary>
        ///     Avoid boxing and Give type safety
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="other"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public bool Equals(Maybe<T> other)
        {
            if (!HasValue && !other.HasValue)
                return true;

            if (!HasValue || !other.HasValue)
                return false;

            return _value.Equals(other.Value);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///     Avoid reflection
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="obj"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public override bool Equals(object obj)
        {
            if (obj is T typed)
            {
                obj = new Maybe<T>(typed);
            }

            if (!(obj is Maybe<T> other)) return false;

            return Equals(other);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///     Good practice when overriding Equals method.
        ///     If x.Equals(y) then we must have x.GetHashCode()==y.GetHashCode()
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public override int GetHashCode()
        {
            return HasValue ? _value.GetHashCode() : 0;
        }

        public override string ToString()
        {
            return HasValue ? _value.ToString() : "NO VALUE";
        }
    }

• استفاده از الگوی Specification برای زمانیکه منطقی قرار است هم برای اعتبارسنجی درون حافظه‌ای استفاده شود و همچنین برای اعمال فیلتر برای واکشی داده‌ها؛ در واقع دو Use-case استفاده از این الگو حداقل یکجا وجود داشته باشد. استفاده از این مورد برای Domain Validation در سناریوهای پیچیده بسیار پیشنهاد می‌شود.
• استفاده از Domain Eventها برای اعمال اعتبارسنجی‌های مرتبط با قواعد تجاری تنها در شرایط inter-application communication و در شرایط inner-application communication به صورت صریح، اعتبارسنجی‌های مرتبط با قواعد تجاری را در جریان اصلی برنامه پیاده سازی کنید. 

using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Linq;

namespace Framework.Model
{
    public interface IContext
    {
        T Get<T>(Func<T, bool> prediction) where T : class;
        IEnumerable List<T>(Func<T, bool> prediction) where T : class;
        void Insert<T>(T entity) where T : class;
        int Save();
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Data;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

namespace Framework.Model
{
    public class Context : IContext
    {
        private readonly DbContext _dbContext;

        public Context(DbContext context)
        {
            _dbContext = context;
        }

        public T Get<T>(Func<T,bool> prediction) where T : class
        {
            var dbSet = _dbContext.Set<T>();
            if (dbSet!= null)
                return dbSet.Single(prediction);

            throw new Exception();
        }

        public void Insert<T>(T entity) where T : class
        {
            var dbSet = _dbContext.Set<T>();
            if (dbSet != null)
            {
                _dbContext.Entry(entity).State = EntityState.Added;
            }
        }

        public int Save()
        {
            return _dbContext.SaveChanges();
        }


        IEnumerable IContext.List<T>(Func<T, bool> prediction)
        {
            var dbSet = _dbContext.Set<T>();
            if (dbSet != null)
                return dbSet.Where(prediction).ToList();

            throw new Exception();
        }
    }
}

using System.Data.Entity;
using DataModel;

namespace Model
{
    public class EFContext : DbContext
    {
        public EFContext(string db): base(db)
        {

        }

        public DbSet<Product> Products { get; set; }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

namespace Model
{
    public class Context : Framework.Model.Context
    {
        public Context(string db): base(new EFContext(db))
        {
            
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

namespace Biz
{
    public class Context : Model.Context
    {
        public Context(string db) : base(db)
        {

        }
    }
}

using System.Web.Mvc;
using DataModel;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace ProductionRepository.Controllers
{
    public class ProductController : BaseController
    {
        public ActionResult Index()
        {
            var x = DataContext.List<Product>(s => s.Name != null);
            return View(x);
        }

    }
}

using NUnit.Framework;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Web.Mvc;

namespace TestUnit
{
    [TestFixture]
    public class Test
    {
        [Test]
        public void IndexShouldListProduct()
        {
            var repo = new Moq.Mock<Framework.Model.IContext>();
            var products = new List<DataModel.Product>();
            products.Add(new DataModel.Product { Id = 1, Name = "asdasdasd" });
            products.Add(new DataModel.Product { Id = 2, Name = "adaqwe" });
            products.Add(new DataModel.Product { Id = 4, Name = "qewqw" });
            products.Add(new DataModel.Product { Id = 5, Name = "qwe" });
            repo.Setup(x => x.List<DataModel.Product>(p => p.Name != null)).Returns(products.AsEnumerable());
            var controller = new ProductionRepository.Controllers.ProductController();
            controller.DataContext = repo.Object;
            var result = controller.Index() as ViewResult;
            var model = result.Model as List<DataModel.Product>;
            Assert.AreEqual(4, model.Count);
            Assert.AreEqual("", result.ViewName);

        }
    }
}

int[] scores;
scores = new[] {1, 2, 3, 4};
scores.All(x=> x > 0); //true
scores = new[] {-1, -2, 3, 4};
scores.All(x => x > 0);//false

Expression<Func<string, bool>> f = s => s.Length < 5;

Expression<Func<string, bool>> filter = s => s.Length > 5 && s.Length < 45;

ParameterExpression parameterExpression = Expression.Parameter(typeof(string));
MemberExpression memberExpression = Expression.Property(parameterExpression, "Length");

ConstantExpression greaterThanConstantExpression = Expression.Constant(5);
BinaryExpression greaterThanComparison = Expression.GreaterThan(memberExpression, greaterThanConstantExpression);
var greaterThan = Expression.Lambda<Func<string, bool>>(greaterThanComparison, parameterExpression);

ConstantExpression lessThanConstantExpression = Expression.Constant(45);
BinaryExpression lessThanComparsion = Expression.LessThan(memberExpression, lessThanConstantExpression);
var lessThan = Expression.Lambda<Func<string, bool>>(lessThanComparsion, parameterExpression);

var param = Expression.Parameter(typeof(string), "x");
var body = Expression.AndAlso(
            Expression.Invoke(greaterThan, param),
            Expression.Invoke(lessThan, param)
        );
Expression<Func<string, bool>> filter = Expression.Lambda<Func<string, bool>>(body, param);

Expression<Func<string, bool>> filter = s => s.Length > 5 && s.Length < 45;

public class DynamicModel
{
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public string Comparison { get; set; }
    public object Data { get; set; }
}

public static class ComparisonConstant
{
    public const string LessThan = "LesThan";
    public const string LessThanEqual = "LesThanEqual";
    public const string GreaterThan = "GreaterThan";
    public const string GreaterThanEqual = "GreaterThanEqual";
    public const string Equal = "Equal";
    public const string NotEqual = "NotEqual";
}

public static IQueryable<TModel> DynamicFilter<TModel>(this IQueryable<TModel> iqueryable, IEnumerable<DynamicModel> dynamicModel)
{
    return iqueryable.Where(Filter<TModel>(dynamicModel));
}  

public static Expression<Func<TModel, bool>> Filter<TModel>(IEnumerable<DynamicModel> dynamicModel)
{
    Expression<Func<TModel, bool>> result = a => true;
    foreach (var item in dynamicModel)
    {
        ParameterExpression parameterExpression = Expression.Parameter(typeof(TModel));
        MemberExpression memberExpression = Expression.Property(parameterExpression, item.Name);
        ConstantExpression constantExpression = Expression.Constant(item.Data);
        BinaryExpression comparison = GetBinaryExpression(item.Comparison, memberExpression, constantExpression);
        var expression = Expression.Lambda<Func<TModel, bool>>(comparison, parameterExpression);
        var param = Expression.Parameter(typeof(TModel), "x");
        var body = Expression.AndAlso(
                    Expression.Invoke(result, param),
                    Expression.Invoke(expression, param)
                );
        result = Expression.Lambda<Func<TModel, bool>>(body, param);
    }
    return result;
}

private static BinaryExpression GetBinaryExpression(string comparison, MemberExpression memberExpression, ConstantExpression constantExpression)
{
    switch (comparison)
    {
        case ComparisonConstant.Equal:
            return Expression.Equal(memberExpression, constantExpression);
        case ComparisonConstant.LessThan:
            return Expression.LessThan(memberExpression, constantExpression);
        case ComparisonConstant.GreaterThan:
            return Expression.GreaterThan(memberExpression, constantExpression);
        case ComparisonConstant.NotEqual:
            return Expression.NotEqual(memberExpression, constantExpression);
        case ComparisonConstant.GreaterThanEqual:
            return Expression.GreaterThanOrEqual(memberExpression, constantExpression);
        case ComparisonConstant.LessThanEqual:
            return Expression.LessThanOrEqual(memberExpression, constantExpression);
        default:
            return null;
    }
}

[
   {
      "Name":"Title",
      "Comparison":"Equal",
      "Data":"Hi"
   },
   {
      "Name":"Id",
      "Comparison":"LesThanEqual",
      "Data": 100
   }
]

var categories = _dbContext.Categories
                         .DynamicFilter(filter)//filter => IEnumerable<DynamicModel>
                         .ToList();