console.log(proxyUnicorn.legs); //4
console.log(proxyUnicorn.color); //'awesome brown'

 var thief = { name: 'Rupert'}
thief.attack = unicorn.hornAttack;
thief.attack();

function NOPE() {
  throw new Error("can't modify read-only view");
}

var handler = {
  // Override all five mutating methods.
  set: NOPE,
  defineProperty: NOPE,
  deleteProperty: NOPE,
  preventExtensions: NOPE,
  setPrototypeOf: NOPE
};

namespace ExplorerPCal.Hooks
{
    public class GetDateTimeFormatInjection : IEntryPoint
    {

        public GetDateTimeFormatInjection(RemoteHooking.IContext context, string channelName)
        {
            // connect to host...
            _interface = RemoteHooking.IpcConnectClient<MessagesReceiverInterface>(channelName);
            _interface.Ping();
        }

        public void Run(RemoteHooking.IContext context, string channelName)
        {
        }
    }
}

        public void Run(RemoteHooking.IContext context, string channelName)
        {
                GetDateFormatHook = LocalHook.Create(
                                        InTargetProc: LocalHook.GetProcAddress("kernel32.dll", "GetDateFormatW"),
                                        InNewProc: new GetDateFormatDelegate(getDateFormatInterceptor),
                                        InCallback: this);

        [DllImport("kernel32.dll", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.StdCall, CharSet = CharSet.Auto, SetLastError = true)]
        public static extern int GetDateFormatW(
                                        uint locale,
                                        uint dwFlags, // NLS_DATE_FLAGS
                                        SystemTime lpDate,
                                        [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)] string lpFormat,
                                        StringBuilder lpDateStr,
                                        int sbSize);

        [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.StdCall, CharSet = CharSet.Auto, SetLastError = true)]
        private delegate int GetDateFormatDelegate(
                                        uint locale,
                                        uint dwFlags,
                                        SystemTime lpDate,
                                        [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)] string lpFormat,
                                        StringBuilder lpDateStr,
                                        int sbSize);

        private int getDateFormatInterceptor(
                                        uint locale,
                                        uint dwFlags,
                                        SystemTime lpDate,
                                        string lpFormat,
                                        StringBuilder lpDateStr,
                                        int sbSize)
        {

        }

public class MessagesReceiverInterface : MarshalByRefObject
{
    public void Ping()
    {
    }
}

 var channel = RemoteHooking.IpcCreateServer<MessagesReceiverInterface>(ref _channelName, WellKnownObjectMode.SingleCall);

 RemoteHooking.Inject(
  explorer.Id,
  InjectionOptions.Default | InjectionOptions.DoNotRequireStrongName,
  "ExplorerPCal.Hooks.dll", // 32-bit version (the same, because of using AnyCPU)
  "ExplorerPCal.Hooks.dll", // 64-bit version (the same, because of using AnyCPU)
  _channelName
);

 .ctor(IContext, %ArgumentList%)
void Run(IContext, %ArgumentList%)

             try
            {
                while (true)
                {
                    Thread.Sleep(500);
                    _interface.Ping();
                }
            }
            catch
            {
                _interface = null;
                // .NET Remoting will raise an exception if host is unreachable

            }

interface Duck {
    walk: () => void;
    swim: () => void;
    quack: () => void;
}

let probablyADuck = {
    walk: () => console.log('walking like a duck'),
    swim: () => console.log('swimming like a duck'),
    quack: () => console.log('quacking like a duck')
}

function FlyOverWater(bird: Duck) { }

FlyOverWater(probablyADuck); // works!

interface Book {
    id: number;
    title: string;
    author: string;
    pages?: number;
    markDamaged: (reason: string) => void;
}

function CreateCustomerID(name: string, id: number): string {
    return name + id;
}

 let IdGenerator: (chars: string, nums: number) => string;

IdGenerator = CreateCustomerID;

interface StringGenerator {
     (chars: string, nums: number): string;
}

 let IdGenerator: StringGenerator;

interface LibraryResource {
   catalogNumber: number;
}

interface LibraryBook {
   title: string;
}

interface Encyclopedia extends LibraryResource, LibraryBook {
   volume: number;
}

let refBook: Encyclopedia = {
   catalogNumber: 1234,
   title: 'The Book of Everything',
   volume: 1
}

interface Librarian {
   doWork: () => void;
}

class ElementarySchoolLibrarian implements Librarian {
   doWork() {
     console.log('Reading to and teaching children...');
   }
}

 let kidsLibrarian: Librarian = new ElementarySchoolLibrarian();
kidsLibrarian.doWork();

<p>
    <label for="FirstName">First Name:</label>
    <span id="FirstName">@ViewData["FirstName"]</span>
</p>

<p>
    <label for="FirstName">First Name:</label>
    <span id="FirstName">@Model.FirstName</span>
</p>

@if(Model.IsAnonymousUser) {
    <img src="@Url.Content("~/content/images/anonymous.jpg")" />
} else if(Model.IsAdministrator) {
    <img src="@Url.Content("~/content/images/administrator.jpg")" />
} else if(Model.Membership == Membership.Standard) {
    <img src="@Url.Content("~/content/images/member.jpg")" />
} else if(Model.Membership == Membership.Preferred) {
    <img src="@Url.Content("~/content/images/preferred_member.jpg")" />
}

public static string UserAvatar(this HtmlHelper<User> helper)
{
    var user = helper.ViewData.Model;
    string avatarFilename = "anonymous.jpg";
    if (user.IsAnonymousUser)
    {
        avatarFilename = "anonymous.jpg";
    }
    else if (user.IsAdministrator)
    {
        avatarFilename = "administrator.jpg";
    }
    else if (user.Membership == Membership.Standard)
    {
        avatarFilename = "member.jpg";
    }
    else if (user.Membership == Membership.Preferred)
    {
        avatarFilename = "preferred_member.jpg";
    }
    var urlHelper = new UrlHelper(helper.ViewContext.RequestContext);
    var contentPath = string.Format("~/content/images/{0}", avatarFilename)
    string imageUrl = urlHelper.Content(contentPath);
    return string.Format("<img src='{0}' />", imageUrl);
}

@Html.UserAvatar()

 >ng g m UploadFile -m app.module --routing

 >ng g c UploadFile/UploadFileSimple

 >ng g cl UploadFile/Ticket

export class Ticket {
  constructor(public description: string = "") {}
}

import { Ticket } from "./../ticket";

export class UploadFileSimpleComponent implements OnInit {
  model = new Ticket();

<div class="container">
  <h3>Support Form</h3>
  <form #form="ngForm" (submit)="submitForm(form)" novalidate>
    <div class="form-group" [class.has-error]="description.invalid && description.touched">
      <label class="control-label">Description</label>
      <input #description="ngModel" required type="text" class="form-control"
        name="description" [(ngModel)]="model.description">
      <div *ngIf="description.invalid && description.touched">
        <div class="alert alert-danger"  *ngIf="description.errors.required">
          description is required.
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

    <div class="form-group">
      <label class="control-label">Screenshot(s)</label>
      <input #screenshotInput required type="file" multiple (change)="fileChange($event)"
        class="form-control" name="screenshot">
    </div>

    <button class="btn btn-primary" [disabled]="form.invalid" type="submit">Ok</button>
  </form>
</div>

 (change)="fileChange($event)"

fileChange(event) {
    const filesList: FileList = event.target.files;
    console.log("fileChange() -> filesList", filesList);
}

 C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft VS Code\resources\app\extensions\node_modules\typescript\lib\lib.dom.d.ts

{
    "lib": [
      "es2016",
      "dom"
    ]
  }
}

import { Component, OnInit, ViewChild, ElementRef } from "@angular/core";

export class UploadFileSimpleComponent implements OnInit {
  @ViewChild("screenshotInput") screenshotInput: ElementRef;

  submitForm(form: NgForm) {
    const fileInput: HTMLInputElement = this.screenshotInput.nativeElement;
    console.log("fileInput.files", fileInput.files);
  }

 >ng g s UploadFile/UploadFileSimple -m upload-file.module

import { Http, RequestOptions, Response, Headers } from "@angular/http";
import { Injectable } from "@angular/core";
import { Observable } from "rxjs/Observable";
import "rxjs/add/operator/do";
import "rxjs/add/operator/catch";
import "rxjs/add/observable/throw";
import "rxjs/add/operator/map";
import "rxjs/add/observable/of";

import { Ticket } from "./ticket";

@Injectable()
export class UploadFileSimpleService {
  private baseUrl = "api/SimpleUpload";

  constructor(private http: Http) {}

  private extractData(res: Response) {
    const body = res.json();
    return body || {};
  }

  private handleError(error: Response): Observable<any> {
    console.error("observable error: ", error);
    return Observable.throw(error.statusText);
  }

  postTicket(ticket: Ticket, filesList: FileList): Observable<any> {
    if (!filesList || filesList.length === 0) {
      return Observable.throw("Please select a file.");
    }

    const formData: FormData = new FormData();

    for (const key in ticket) {
      if (ticket.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
        formData.append(key, ticket[key]);
      }
    }

    for (let i = 0; i < filesList.length; i++) {
      formData.append(filesList[i].name, filesList[i]);
    }

    const headers = new Headers();
    headers.append("Accept", "application/json");
    const options = new RequestOptions({ headers: headers });

    return this.http
      .post(`${this.baseUrl}/SaveTicket`, formData, options)
      .map(this.extractData)
      .catch(this.handleError);
  }
}

  postTicket(ticket: Ticket, filesList: FileList): Observable<any> {
    const formData: FormData = new FormData();

    for (const key in ticket) {
      if (ticket.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
        formData.append(key, ticket[key]);
      }
    }

    for (let i = 0; i < filesList.length; i++) {
      formData.append(filesList[i].name, filesList[i]);
    }

    const headers = new Headers();
    headers.append("Accept", "application/json");
    const options = new RequestOptions({ headers: headers });

    return this.http
      .post(`${this.baseUrl}/SaveTicket`, formData, options)
      .map(this.extractData)
      .catch(this.handleError);

import { UploadFileSimpleService } from "./../upload-file-simple.service";

export class UploadFileSimpleComponent implements OnInit {
  constructor(private uploadService: UploadFileSimpleService  ) {}

  submitForm(form: NgForm) {
    const fileInput: HTMLInputElement = this.screenshotInput.nativeElement;
    console.log("fileInput.files", fileInput.files);

    this.uploadService
      .postTicket(this.model, fileInput.files)
      .subscribe(data => {
        console.log("success: ", data);
      });
  }

namespace AngularTemplateDrivenFormsLab.Models
{
    public class Ticket
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public string Description { set; get; }
    }
}

using System.IO;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using AngularTemplateDrivenFormsLab.Models;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;

namespace AngularTemplateDrivenFormsLab.Controllers
{
    [Route("api/[controller]")]
    public class SimpleUploadController : Controller
    {
        private readonly IHostingEnvironment _environment;
        public SimpleUploadController(IHostingEnvironment environment)
        {
            _environment = environment;
        }

        [HttpPost("[action]")]
        public async Task<IActionResult> SaveTicket(Ticket ticket)
        {
            //TODO: save the ticket ... get id
            ticket.Id = 1001;

            var uploadsRootFolder = Path.Combine(_environment.WebRootPath, "uploads");
            if (!Directory.Exists(uploadsRootFolder))
            {
                Directory.CreateDirectory(uploadsRootFolder);
            }

            var files = Request.Form.Files;
            foreach (var file in files)
            {
                //TODO: do security checks ...!

                if (file == null || file.Length == 0)
                {
                    continue;
                }

                var filePath = Path.Combine(uploadsRootFolder, file.FileName);
                using (var fileStream = new FileStream(filePath, FileMode.Create))
                {
                    await file.CopyToAsync(fileStream).ConfigureAwait(false);
                }
            }

            return Created("", ticket);
        }
    }
}

 SaveTicket(Ticket ticket)

 formData.append(filesList[i].name, filesList[i]);

var files = Request.Form.Files;
foreach (var file in files)

  handleDelete = async post => {
    const posts = this.state.posts.filter(item => item.id !== post.id);
    this.setState({ posts });

    await axios.delete(`${apiEndpoint}/${post.id}`);
  };

  handleDelete = async post => {
    const originalPosts = this.state.posts;

    const posts = this.state.posts.filter(item => item.id !== post.id);
    this.setState({ posts }); // Optimistic Update

    try {
      await axios.delete(`${apiEndpoint}/${post.id}`);
    } catch (ex) {
      alert("An error occurred when deleting a post!");
      this.setState({ posts: originalPosts }); // Undo changes
    }
  };

try {
  await axios.delete(`${apiEndpoint}/${post.id}`);
} catch (ex) {
  if (ex.response && ex.response.status === 404) {
     alert("This post has already been deleted!");
  } else {
     console.log("Error", ex);
     alert("An unexpected error occurred when deleting a post!");
  }

  this.setState({ posts: originalPosts }); // Undo changes
}

import "./App.css";

import axios from "axios";
import React, { Component } from "react";

axios.interceptors.response.use(null, error => {
  console.log("interceptor called.");
  return Promise.reject(error);
});

const apiEndpoint = "https://localhost:5001/api/posts";
class App extends Component {

axios.interceptors.response.use(null, error => {
  const expectedError =
    error.response &&
    error.response.status >= 400 &&
    error.response.status < 500;

  if (!expectedError) {
    console.log("Error", error);
    alert("An unexpected error occurred when deleting a post!");
  }

  return Promise.reject(error);
});

import axios from "axios";

axios.interceptors.response.use(null, error => {
  const expectedError =
    error.response &&
    error.response.status >= 400 &&
    error.response.status < 500;

  if (!expectedError) {
    console.log("Error", error);
    alert("An unexpected error occurred when deleting a post!");
  }

  return Promise.reject(error);
});

export default {
  get: axios.get,
  post: axios.post,
  put: axios.put,
  delete: axios.delete
};

import http from "./services/httpService";

{
   "apiEndpoint" : "https://localhost:5001/api/posts"
}

import config from "./config.json";

> npm i react-toastify --save

import { ToastContainer } from "react-toastify";
import "react-toastify/dist/ReactToastify.css";

  render() {
    return (
      <React.Fragment>
        <ToastContainer />

import { toast } from "react-toastify";
// ...

axios.interceptors.response.use(null, error => {
  // ...
  if (!expectedError) {
    // ...
    toast.error("An unexpected error occurrred.");
  }

    public class Person
    {
        public string FirstName { get; set; }
    }

    public class PersonWithCtor
    {
        public PersonWithCtor(string firstName)
        {
            this.FirstName = firstName;
        }

        public string FirstName { get; set; }
    }

Person person = new Person();

var person = new Person();

Person person = new();

Person person = new("User 1");

var personList = new List<Person>
        {
            new ("User 1"),
            new ("User 2"),
            // ...
        };

public void Adopt(Person p)
{
    //...
}

public void CallerMethod()
{
    this.Adopt(new Person("User 1"));
    // C# 9.0
    this.Adopt(new("User 1"));
}

XmlReader.Create(reader, new XmlReaderSettings() { IgnoreWhitespace = true });
// C# 9.0
XmlReader.Create(reader, new() { IgnoreWhitespace = true });

Person person = new
{
   FirstName = "User 2"
};

Person person = new()
{
   FirstName = "User 2"
};

private ConcurrentDictionary<string, ObservableList<Cat>> _catsBefore = new ConcurrentDictionary<string, ObservableList<Cat>>();

private ConcurrentDictionary<string, ObservableList<Cat>> _cats = new(); // C# 9.0

public ObservableCollection<Friend> Friends { get; } = new();

public interface IAnimal
{
}

public class Dog : IAnimal
{
}

public class Cat : IAnimal
{
}

Cat cat = null;
Dog dog = new();
IAnimal animal = cat ?? dog;

(int a, int b) t = new(1, 2); // "new" is redundant

(int a, int b) t = new(); // OK; same as (0, 0)