public class DebuggerBrowsableTest
{
    [DebuggerBrowsable(DebuggerBrowsableState.Never)] // عدم نمایش در زمان دیباگ در پنجره متغیرها
    public string FirstName { get; set; }

    [DebuggerBrowsable(DebuggerBrowsableState.Collapsed)] // مقدار پیش فرض
    public string LastName { get; set; }

    [DebuggerBrowsable( DebuggerBrowsableState.RootHidden )] // عدم نمایش در زمان دیباگ در پنجره متغیرها
    public string FullName => FirstName + " " + LastName;

    [DebuggerBrowsable( DebuggerBrowsableState.RootHidden )] // تنها در زمانی که یک آرایه یا لیست باشد نمایش داده می‌شود
    public string[] FullNameArray => new string[] { FirstName + " " + LastName };
}

Operator ??

عملگر ??  در صورتی که عملوند سمت چپ آن تهی (null) نباشد، مقدار آن را باز می‌گرداند و در غیر اینصورت مقدار عملوند سمت راست خود را باز می‌گرداند. نوع‌های تهی پذیر (nullable) می‌توانند دارای مقدار و یا به صورت تعریف نشده باشند. عملگر ?? وقتی که یک نوع تهی پذیر به یک نوع غیرتهی پذیر انتساب داده می‌شود، مقدار پیش فرض آن را باز می‌گرداند.

int? x = null;
int y = x ?? -1;
Console.WriteLine("y now equals -1 because x was null => {0}", y);
int i = DefaultValueOperatorTest.GetNullableInt() ?? default(int);
Console.WriteLine("i equals now 0 because GetNullableInt() returned null => {0}", i);
string s = DefaultValueOperatorTest.GetStringValue();
Console.WriteLine("Returns 'Unspecified' because s is null => {0}", s ?? "Unspecified");

namespace sample_22_backend.Models
{
    public class Post
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public string Title { set; get; }
        public string Body { set; get; }

        public int UserId { set; get; }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using sample_22_backend.Models;

namespace sample_22_backend.Services
{
    public interface IPostsDataSource
    {
        List<Post> GetAllPosts();
        bool DeletePost(int id);
        Post AddPost(Post post);
        bool UpdatePost(int id, Post post);
        Post GetPost(int id);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// هدف صرفا تهیه یک منبع داده آزمایشی ساده تشکیل شده در حافظه است
    /// </summary>
    public class PostsDataSource : IPostsDataSource
    {
        private readonly List<Post> _allPosts;

        public PostsDataSource()
        {
            _allPosts = createDataSource();
        }

        public List<Post> GetAllPosts()
        {
            return _allPosts;
        }

        public Post GetPost(int id)
        {
            return _allPosts.Find(x => x.Id == id);
        }

        public bool DeletePost(int id)
        {
            var item = _allPosts.Find(x => x.Id == id);
            if (item == null)
            {
                return false;
            }

            _allPosts.Remove(item);
            return true;
        }

        public Post AddPost(Post post)
        {
            var id = 1;
            var lastItem = _allPosts.LastOrDefault();
            if (lastItem != null)
            {
                id = lastItem.Id + 1;
            }

            post.Id = id;
            _allPosts.Add(post);
            return post;
        }

        public bool UpdatePost(int id, Post post)
        {
            var item = _allPosts
                .Select((pst, index) => new { Item = pst, Index = index })
                .FirstOrDefault(x => x.Item.Id == id);
            if (item == null || id != post.Id)
            {
                return false;
            }

            _allPosts[item.Index] = post;
            return true;
        }

        private static List<Post> createDataSource()
        {
            var list = new List<Post>();
            var rnd = new Random();
            for (var i = 1; i < 10; i++)
            {
                list.Add(new Post { Id = i, UserId = rnd.Next(1, 1000), Title = $"Title {i} ...", Body = $"Body {i} ..." });
            }
            return list;
        }
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using sample_22_backend.Models;
using sample_22_backend.Services;

namespace sample_22_backend.Controllers
{
    [ApiController]
    [Route("api/[controller]")]
    public class PostsController : ControllerBase
    {
        private readonly IPostsDataSource _postsDataSource;

        public PostsController(IPostsDataSource postsDataSource)
        {
            _postsDataSource = postsDataSource;
        }

        [HttpGet]
        public ActionResult<List<Post>> GetPosts()
        {
            return _postsDataSource.GetAllPosts();
        }

        [HttpGet("{id}")]
        public ActionResult<Post> GetPost(int id)
        {
            var post = _postsDataSource.GetPost(id);
            if (post == null)
            {
                return NotFound();
            }
            return Ok(post);
        }

        [HttpDelete("{id}")]
        public ActionResult DeletePost(int id)
        {
            var deleted = _postsDataSource.DeletePost(id);
            if (deleted)
            {
                return Ok();
            }
            return NotFound();
        }

        [HttpPost]
        public ActionResult<Post> CreatePost([FromBody]Post post)
        {
            post = _postsDataSource.AddPost(post);
            return CreatedAtRoute(nameof(GetPost), new { post.Id }, post);
        }

        [HttpPut("{id}")]
        public ActionResult<Post> UpdatePost(int id, [FromBody]Post post)
        {
            var updated = _postsDataSource.UpdatePost(id, post);
            if (updated)
            {
                return Ok(post);
            }
            return NotFound();
        }
    }
}

> create-react-app sample-22-frontend
> cd sample-22-frontend
> npm start

> npm install --save bootstrap

import "bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.css";

import "./App.css";

import React, { Component } from "react";

class App extends Component {
  state = {
    posts: []
  };

  handleAdd = () => {
    console.log("Add");
  };

  handleUpdate = post => {
    console.log("Update", post);
  };

  handleDelete = post => {
    console.log("Delete", post);
  };

  render() {
    return (
      <React.Fragment>
        <button className="btn btn-primary mt-1 mb-1" onClick={this.handleAdd}>
          Add
        </button>
        <table className="table">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>Title</th>
              <th>Update</th>
              <th>Delete</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            {this.state.posts.map(post => (
              <tr key={post.id}>
                <td>{post.title}</td>
                <td>
                  <button
                    className="btn btn-info btn-sm"
                    onClick={() => this.handleUpdate(post)}
                  >
                    Update
                  </button>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <button
                    className="btn btn-danger btn-sm"
                    onClick={() => this.handleDelete(post)}
                  >
                    Delete
                  </button>
                </td>
              </tr>
            ))}
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </React.Fragment>
    );
  }
}

export default App;

> npm install --save axios

public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app)
{
    app.Run(async context =>
    {
        throw new Exception("Generic Error");
        await context.Response.WriteAsync("Hello DNT!");
    });
}

public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app)
{
   app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();

public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env)

public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env)
{
    if (env.IsDevelopment())
    {
        app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
    }

if(env.IsDevelopment()){ }
if(env.IsProduction()){ }
if(env.IsStaging()){ }

public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env)
{
    if (env.IsDevelopment())
    {
        app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
    }
    else
    {
        app.UseExceptionHandler(errorHandlingPath: "/MyControllerName/SomeActionMethodName");
    }

 var feature = HttpContext.Features.Get<IExceptionHandlerFeature>();
var error = feature?.Error;

public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env)
{
    if (env.IsDevelopment())
    {
        app.UseStatusCodePages();
        app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
    }
    else
    {
        app.UseExceptionHandler(errorHandlingPath: "/MyControllerName/SomeActionMethodName");
    }
}

 app.UseStatusCodePagesWithReExecute("/MyControllerName/SomeActionMethodName/{0}");

    <Grid>
        <Button Text="1" Grid.Row="0" Grid.Column="0" />
        <Button Text="2" Grid.Row="0" Grid.Column="1" />
        <Button Text="3" Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="0" />
        <Button Text="4" Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="1" />
    </Grid>

    <StackLayout Orientation="Vertical">
        <Entry Placeholder="User name" Text="{Binding UserName}" />
        <Entry IsPassword="True" Placeholder="Password" Text="{Binding Password}" />
        <Button Command="{Binding LoginCommand}" Text="Login" />
    </StackLayout>

public class LoginViewModel : BitViewModelBase
{
        public string UserName { get; set; }

        public string Password { get; set; }

        public BitDelegateCommand LoginCommand { get; set; }

        public LoginViewModel()
        {
            LoginCommand = new BitDelegateCommand(Login);
        }

        public async Task Login()
        {
            // Login implementation ...
        }
}

containerRegistry.RegisterForNav<LoginView, LoginViewModel>("Login");

await NavigationService.NavigateAsync("/Login", animated: false);

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
 
namespace Core1RtmEmptyTest.Controllers
{
    public class TestCookiesController : Controller
    {
        public IActionResult Index()
        {
            this.Response.Cookies.Append("key", "value", new CookieOptions
            {
                HttpOnly = true,
                Path = this.Request.PathBase.HasValue ? this.Request.PathBase.ToString() : "/",
                Secure = this.Request.IsHttps
            });
 
            return Content("OK!");
        }
    }
}

 Expires = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow.AddDays(2)

 var value = this.Request.Cookies["key"];

    public interface IRequestCookieCollection : IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<string, string>>, IEnumerable
    {
        string this[string key] { get; }
        ICollection<string> Keys { get; }
        bool ContainsKey(string key);
        bool TryGetValue(string key, out string value);
    }

string cookieValue;
if (this.Request.Cookies.TryGetValue(key, out cookieValue))
{
   // TODO: use the cookieValue
}
else
{
  // this cookie doesn't exist.
}

 this.Response.Cookies.Delete("key");

public interface ISecureCookiesProvider
{
    void Add(HttpContext context, string token, string value);
    bool Contains(HttpContext context, string token);
    string GetValue(HttpContext context, string token);
    void Remove(HttpContext context, string token);
}
 
public class SecureCookiesProvider : ISecureCookiesProvider
{
    private readonly IProtectionProvider _protectionProvider;
 
    public SecureCookiesProvider(IProtectionProvider protectionProvider)
    {
 
        _protectionProvider = protectionProvider;
    }
 
    public void Add(HttpContext context, string token, string value)
    {
        value = _protectionProvider.Encrypt(value);
        context.Response.Cookies.Append(token, value, getCookieOptions(context));
    }
 
    public bool Contains(HttpContext context, string token)
    {
        return context.Request.Cookies.ContainsKey(token);
    }
 
    public string GetValue(HttpContext context, string token)
    {
        string cookieValue;
        if (!context.Request.Cookies.TryGetValue(token, out cookieValue))
        {
            return null;
        }
        return _protectionProvider.Decrypt(cookieValue);
    }
 
    public void Remove(HttpContext context, string token)
    {
        if (context.Request.Cookies.ContainsKey(token))
        {
            context.Response.Cookies.Delete(token);
        }
    }
 
    /// <summary>
    /// Expires at the end of the browser's session.
    /// </summary>
    private CookieOptions getCookieOptions(HttpContext context)
    {
        return new CookieOptions
        {
            HttpOnly = true,
            Path = context.Request.PathBase.HasValue ? context.Request.PathBase.ToString() : "/",
            Secure = context.Request.IsHttps
        };
    }
}

public class Startup
{ 
    public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
    {
        services.TryAddSingleton<IProtectionProvider, ProtectionProvider>();
        services.TryAddSingleton<ISecureCookiesProvider, SecureCookiesProvider>();