IEnumerable input = new object[] { "Apple", 33, "Sugar", 44, 'a', new DateTime()};
IEnumerable<string> query = input.OfType<string>();
foreach (var item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item);
}

 class Ingredient
  {
     public string Name { get; set; }
  }
  class DryIngredient : Ingredient
  {
     public int Grams { get; set; }
  }

  class WetIngredient : Ingredient
  {
     public int Millilitres { get; set; }
  }

IEnumerable<Ingredient> input = new Ingredient[]
{
   new DryIngredient { Name = "Flour" },
   new WetIngredient { Name = "Milk" },
   new WetIngredient { Name = "Water" }
};

IEnumerable<WetIngredient> query = input.OfType<WetIngredient>();
foreach (WetIngredient item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item.Name);
}

IEnumerable input = new object[]
{
   "Apple", 33, "Sugar", 44, 'a', new DateTime()
};

IEnumerable<string> query = input.Cast<string>();
foreach (string item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item);
}

IEnumerable input = new object[]{ "Apple", "Sugar", "Flour" };
IEnumerable<string> query =
from string i in input
select i;

foreach (var item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item);
}

class Recipe
{
   public int Id { get; set; }
   public string Name { get; set; }
   public int Rating { get; set; }
}

IEnumerable<Recipe> recipes = new[]
{
   new Recipe { Id = 1, Name = "Apple Pie", Rating = 5 },
   new Recipe { Id = 2, Name = "Cherry Pie", Rating = 2 },
   new Recipe { Id = 3, Name = "Beef Pie", Rating = 3 }
};

Dictionary<int, Recipe> dict = recipes.ToDictionary(x => x.Id);
foreach (KeyValuePair<int, Recipe> item in dict)
{
   Console.WriteLine($"Key={item.Key}, Recipe={item.Value}");
}

class Recipe
{
   public int Id { get; set; }
   public string Name { get; set; }
   public byte Rating { get; set; }
}

IEnumerable<Recipe> recipes = new[]
{
   new Recipe { Id = 1, Name = "Apple Pie", Rating = 5 },
   new Recipe { Id = 1, Name = "Banana Pie", Rating = 5 },
   new Recipe { Id = 2, Name = "Cherry Pie", Rating = 2 },
   new Recipe { Id = 3, Name = "Beef Pie", Rating = 3 }
};

ILookup<byte, Recipe> look = recipes.ToLookup(x => x.Rating);
foreach (IGrouping<byte, Recipe> ratingGroup in look)
{
   byte rating = ratingGroup.Key;
   Console.WriteLine($"Rating {rating}");
   foreach (var recipe in ratingGroup)
   {
      Console.WriteLine($" - {recipe.Name}");
   }
}

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.First();
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.First(x=>x.Calories==150);
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

 Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.First(x=>x.Calories==1500);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.FirstOrDefault(x=>x.Calories==1500);
Console.WriteLine(element==null);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.Last(x=>x.Calories==500);
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 }
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.Single();
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 500}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.Single(x => x.Calories == 150);
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

 Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 50}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.SingleOrDefault(x => x.Calories == 9999);
Console.WriteLine(element==null);

 Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 50}
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.ElementAt(2);
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 50}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.ElementAtOrDefault(5);
Console.WriteLine(element==null);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 50}
};

IEnumerable<Ingredient> query = ingredients.DefaultIfEmpty();
foreach (Ingredient item in query)
{
  Console.WriteLine(item.Name);
}

Ingredient[] ingredients = { };
IEnumerable<Ingredient> query = ingredients.DefaultIfEmpty();
foreach (Ingredient item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item == null);
}

<input type="file" ngf-select ng-model="picFile" name="file" accept="image/*" ngf-max-size="2MB" required>

<div ngf-drop ng-model="picFile" ngf-pattern="image/*">
     ...
</div>

<i ng-show="myForm.file.$error.required">*required</i><br>
<i ng-show="myForm.file.$error.maxSize">
File too large: max is 2M
</i>

app.controller('MyCtrl', ['$scope', 'Upload', '$timeout', function ($scope, Upload, $timeout) {
    // the method uploadPic called from Angular View
$scope.uploadPic = function(file) {
    file.upload = Upload.upload({
      url: 'https://angular-file-upload-cors-srv.appspot.com/upload',
      data: {file: file, otherData: $scope.otherData},
    });

    file.upload.then(function (response) {
// waiting for response
        $timeout(function () {
file.result = response.data;
        });
    }, function (response) {
//error
        if (response.status > 0)
$scope.errorMsg = response.status + ': ' + response.data;
    }, function (evt) {
//progress
        file.progress = Math.min(100, parseInt(100.0 * evt.loaded / evt.total));
console.log(file.progress);
    });
    }
}]);

 public class EnumObject
        {
            public Enum ValueMember { get; set; }
            public int intValueMember
            {
                get { return int.Parse(ValueMember.ToString("D")); }
            }
            public string stringValueMember
            {
                get { return ValueMember.ToString(""); }
            }
            public string DisplayMember
            {
                get { return ValueMember.GetDescription(); }
            }
        }

      public static List<EnumObject> GetEnumList(this Enum enu)
        {
            List<EnumObject> li = new List<EnumObject>();
            foreach (var item in enu.GetType().GetEnumValues())
            {
                li.Add(new EnumObject { ValueMember = (Enum)item });
            }
            return li;
        }

          comboBox1.DataSource = Grade.VeryGood.GetEnumList();
          comboBox1.DisplayMember = "DisplayMember";
          comboBox1.ValueMember = "ValueMember";

        public static List<EnumObject> EnumToList<T>()
        {
            Type enumType = typeof(T);
            if (enumType.BaseType != typeof(Enum))
                throw new ArgumentException("T must be of type System.Enum");

            List<EnumObject> li = new List<EnumObject>();
            foreach (var item in enumType.GetEnumValues())
            {
                li.Add(new EnumObject { ValueMember = (Enum)item });
            }
            return li;
        }

    comboBox1.DataSource =ExtensionMethodCls.EnumToList<Grade>();
          comboBox1.DisplayMember = "DisplayMember";
          comboBox1.ValueMember = "ValueMember";

 public static class ExtensionMethodCls
    {
        public class EnumObject
        {
            public Enum ValueMember { get; set; }
            public int intValueMember
            {
                get { return int.Parse(ValueMember.ToString("D")); }
            }
            public string stringValueMember
            {
                get { return ValueMember.ToString(""); }
            }
            public string DisplayMember
            {
                get { return ValueMember.GetDescription(); }
            }
        }
 
    

        public static List<EnumObject> EnumToList<T>()
        {
            Type enumType = typeof(T);
            if (enumType.BaseType != typeof(Enum))
                throw new ArgumentException("T must be of type System.Enum");

            List<EnumObject> li = new List<EnumObject>();
            foreach (var item in enumType.GetEnumValues())
            {
                li.Add(new EnumObject { ValueMember = (Enum)item });
            }
            return li;
        }

        public static List<EnumObject> GetEnumList(this Enum enu)
        {
            List<EnumObject> li = new List<EnumObject>();
            foreach (var item in enu.GetType().GetEnumValues())
            {
                li.Add(new EnumObject { ValueMember = (Enum)item });
            }
            return li;
        }

        public static string GetDescription(this Enum enu)
        {

            Type type = enu.GetType();

            MemberInfo[] memInfo = type.GetMember(enu.ToString());

            if (memInfo != null && memInfo.Length > 0)
            {

                object[] attrs = memInfo[0].GetCustomAttributes(typeof(DescriptionAttribute), false);

                if (attrs != null && attrs.Length > 0)
                    return ((DescriptionAttribute)attrs[0]).Description;
            }

            return enu.ToString();

        }
    }

public class News
    {
        public int Id;
        public string Body;
        public DateTime NewsDate;
    }

using System.Runtime.Serialization;
using System.Xml;
using System;
using System.IO;
namespace ConsoleApplication1
{  
    [DataContract]
    public class News
    {
        [DataMember] public int Id;
        [DataMember] public string Body;
        [DataMember] public DateTime NewsDate;
    }
}

var news = new News
                           {
                               Id = 1,
                               Body = "NewsBody",
                               NewsDate = new DateTime(2012, 10, 4)
                           };
 var ds = new DataContractSerializer(typeof (News));
 using (Stream s=File.Create("News.Xml"))
 {
        ds.WriteObject(s, news);//سریالی‌کردن
 }

<News xmlns="http://schemas.datacontract.org/2004/07/ConsoleApplication7" xmlns:i="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"><Body>NewsBody</Body><Id>1</Id><NewsDate>2012-10-04T00:00:00</NewsDate></News>

News deserializednews;
using (Stream s = File.OpenRead("News.Xml"))
{
       deserializednews = (News)ds.ReadObject(s);//Deserializing
}
Console.WriteLine(deserializednews.Body);

XmlWriterSettings settings = new XmlWriterSettings {Indent = true}; 
using (XmlWriter writer = XmlWriter.Create("News.Xml", settings))
{
          ds.WriteObject(writer, news);
}
System.Diagnostics.Process.Start("News.Xml");

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<News xmlns:i="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://schemas.datacontract.org/2004/07/ConsoleApplication7">
  <Body>NewsBody</Body>
  <Id>1</Id>
  <NewsDate>2012-10-04T00:00:00</NewsDate>
</News> 

PM> Install-Package Postal

using Postal;

public class HomeController : Controller
{
  public ActionResult Index()
  {
      dynamic email = new Email("Example");
      email.To = "webninja@example.com";
      email.FunnyLink = DB.GetRandomLolcatLink();
      email.Send();
      return View();
  }
}

To: @ViewBag.To
From: lolcats@website.com
Subject: Important Message

Hello,
You wanted important web links right?
Check out this: @ViewBag.FunnyLink

<3

<configuration>
  ...
  <system.net>
    <mailSettings>
      <smtp deliveryMethod="network">
        <network host="example.org" port="25" defaultCredentials="true"/>
      </smtp>
    </mailSettings>
  </system.net>
  ...
</configuration>

namespace App.Models
{
  public class ExampleEmail : Email
  {
    public string To { get; set; }
    public string Message { get; set; }
  }
}

public void Send()
{
  var email = new ExampleEmail
  {
    To = "hello@world.com",
    Message = "Strong typed message"
  };
  email.Send();
}

@model App.Models.ExampleEmail
To: @Model.To
From: postal@example.com
Subject: Example

Hello,
@Model.Message
Thanks!

public class ExampleController : Controller 
{
    public ExampleController(IEmailService emailService)
    {
        this.emailService = emailService;
    }

    readonly IEmailService emailService;

    public ActionResult Index()
    {
        dynamic email = new Email("Example");
        // ...
        emailService.Send(email);
        return View();
    }
}

[Test]
public void ItSendsEmail()
{
    var emailService = A.Fake<IEmailService>();
    var controller = new ExampleController(emailService);
    controller.Index();
    A.CallTo(() => emailService.Send(A<Email>._))
     .MustHaveHappened();
}

To: test@test.com
From: example@test.com
Subject: Fancy email
Views: Text, Html

Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8

Hello @ViewBag.PersonName,
This is a message

Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8

<html>
  <body>
    <p>Hello @ViewBag.PersonName,</p>
    <p>This is a message</p>
  </body>
</html>

dynamic email = new Email("Example");
email.Attach(new Attachment("c:\\attachment.txt"));
email.Send();

<configuration>
  <system.web.webPages.razor>
    <pages pageBaseType="System.Web.Mvc.WebViewPage">
      <namespaces>
        <add namespace="Postal" />
      </namespaces>
    </pages>
  </system.web.webPages.razor>
</configuration>

To: john@example.org
From: app@example.org
Subject: Image

@Html.EmbedImage("~/content/postal.jpg")

using Postal;

class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        // Get the path to the directory containing views
        var viewsPath = Path.GetFullPath(@"..\..\Views");

        var engines = new ViewEngineCollection();
        engines.Add(new FileSystemRazorViewEngine(viewsPath));

        var service = new EmailService(engines);

        dynamic email = new Email("Test");
        // Will look for Test.cshtml or Test.vbhtml in Views directory.
        email.Message = "Hello, non-asp.net world!";
        service.Send(email);
    }
}

To: John Smith <john@example.org>

Bcc: john@smith.com, harry@green.com
Subject: Example

etc

Bcc: john@smith.com
Bcc: harry@green.com
Subject: Example

etc

public class ExampleController : Controller 
{
    public ExampleController(IEmailService emailService)
    {
        this.emailService = emailService;
    }

    readonly IEmailService emailService;

    public ActionResult Index()
    {
        dynamic email = new Email("Example");
        // ...

        var message = emailService.CreateMailMessage(email);
        CustomProcessMailMessage(message);        

        return View();
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Specialized;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
using System.Web;
using Microsoft.Security.Application;


namespace AntiXssMdl
{
  public class AntiXssModule : IHttpModule
  {
      private static readonly Regex _cleanAllTags = new Regex("<[^>]+>", RegexOptions.Compiled);
      public void Init(HttpApplication context)
      {
          context.BeginRequest += CleanUpInput;
      }


      public void Dispose()
      { }


      private static void CleanUpInput(object sender, EventArgs e)
      {
          HttpRequest request = ((HttpApplication)sender).Request;
          if (request.QueryString.Count > 0)
          {
              //تمیزکاری مقادیر کلیه کوئری استرینگ‌ها پیش از استفاده در برنامه
              CleanUpAndEncode(request.QueryString, allowHtmltags: false);
          }


          if (request.HttpMethod == "POST")
          {
              //تمیزکاری کلیه مقادیر ارسالی به سرور
              if (request.Form.Count > 0)
              {
                  CleanUpAndEncode(request.Form, allowHtmltags: true);
              }
          }
      }


      private static void CleanUpAndEncode(NameValueCollection collection, bool allowHtmltags)
      {
          //اندکی دستکاری در سیستم داخلی دات نت
          PropertyInfo readonlyProperty = collection
                                              .GetType()
                                              .GetProperty("IsReadOnly",
                                                           BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.NonPublic);
          readonlyProperty.SetValue(collection, false, null);//IsReadOnly=false


          for (int i = 0; i < collection.Count; i++)
          {
              if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(collection[i])) continue;


              if (!allowHtmltags)
              {
                  //در حالت کوئری استرینگ دلیلی برای ارسال هیچ نوع تگی وجود ندارد
                  collection[collection.Keys[i]] =
                     AntiXss.HtmlEncode(_cleanAllTags.Replace(collection[i], string.Empty));
              }
              else
              {
                  //قصد تمیز سازی ویوو استیت را نداریم چون در این حالت وب فرم‌ها از کار می‌افتند
                  if (collection.Keys[i].StartsWith("__VIEWSTATE")) continue;
                  //در سایر موارد کاربران مجازند فقط تگ‌های سالم را ارسال کنند و مابقی حذف می‌شود
                  collection[collection.Keys[i]] = Sanitizer.GetSafeHtml(collection[i]);
              }
          }


          readonlyProperty.SetValue(collection, true, null);//IsReadOnly=true
      }
  }
}

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<configuration>
<system.web>
  <pages validateRequest="false" enableEventValidation="false" />
  <httpRuntime requestValidationMode="2.0" />
  <compilation debug="true" targetFramework="4.0" />
  <httpModules>
    <add name="AntiXssModule" type="AntiXssMdl.AntiXssModule"/>
  </httpModules>
</system.web>


<system.webServer>
  <validation validateIntegratedModeConfiguration="false"/>
  <modules>
    <add name="AntiXssModule" type="AntiXssMdl.AntiXssModule"/>
  </modules>
</system.webServer>
</configuration>