Stack

این ساختمان داده، داخل Memory پیاده سازی شده است و تعدادی از متغیرهایی را که ما داخل کد ایجاد میکنیم، در این نوع ساختمان داده از Memory نگهداری میشوند.

شرط قرار گرفتن مقدار یک متغیر داخل Stack این است که متغیر از نوع Value Type باشد. در زبان #C، بطور کلی Struct و Enum‌ها Value Type هستند و بصورت پیشفرض داخل Stack قرار میگیرند. تمامی ValueType‌ها در #C، بطور implicit از System.ValueType ارث بری میکنند.

Type‌های زیر، Value Type‌های پیشفرض تعریف شده‌ی در زبان #C هستند که به آن‌ها Simple Type نیز گفته میشوند:

Heap

public static void SayHi()
{
    string name = "Moien";
}

.method private hidebysig static void SayHi() cil managed
{
  .locals init (string V_0)

  IL_0001:  ldstr      "Moien" // Stack is: [memory-address of string in heap]
  IL_0006:  stloc.0
  
  IL_0007:  ret
}

Boxing and Unboxing

public static void Boxing()
{
    const int number = 5;
    
    object boxedNumber = number;          // implicit boxing using implicit cast
    object boxedNumber = (object)number;  // explicit boxing using direct cast
}

.method public hidebysig static void Boxing() cil managed
{
  .locals init (object V_0)
  
  IL_0001:  ldc.i4.5                                // Stack is: [5]
  IL_0002:  box        [System.Runtime]System.Int32 // Stack is: [memory-address of 5 in heap]
  
  IL_0007:  stloc.0
  IL_0008:  ret
}

public static void Unboxing()
{
    object boxedNumber = 5;
    
    int number = (int)boxedNumber;
}

.method public hidebysig static void Unboxing() cil managed
{
  .locals init (object V_0, int32 V_1)
  
  IL_0001:  ldc.i4.5                                  // Stack is: [5]
  IL_0002:  box        [System.Runtime]System.Int32   // Stack is: [memory-address of 5 in heap]
  IL_0007:  stloc.0                                   // Stack is: []
                                                      
  IL_0008:  ldloc.0                                   // Stack is: [memory-address of 5 in heap]
  IL_0009:  unbox.any  [System.Runtime]System.Int32   // Stack is: [5]
  IL_000e:  stloc.1                                   // Stack is: []
  
  IL_000f:  ret
}

public class ValueModel
{
    [Required]
    [Display(Name = "Decimal Value")]
    public decimal DecimalValue { get; set; }

    [Required]
    [Display(Name = "Double Value")]
    public double DoubleValue { get; set; }

    [Required]
    [Display(Name = "Integer Value")]
    public int IntegerValue { get; set; }

    [Required]
    [Display(Name = "Date Value")]
    public DateTime DateValue { get; set; }
}

[HttpPost]
public ActionResult Index(ValueModel valueModel)
{
    if (ModelState.IsValid)
    {
        return Redirect("Index");
    }

    return View(valueModel);
}

<globalization culture="fa-IR" uiCulture="fa-IR" />

@using (Html.BeginForm())
{
    <ol>
        <li>
            @Html.LabelFor(m => m.DecimalValue)
            @Html.TextBoxFor(m => m.DecimalValue)
            @Html.ValidationMessageFor(m => m.DecimalValue)
        </li>
        <li>
            @Html.LabelFor(m => m.DoubleValue)
            @Html.TextBoxFor(m => m.DoubleValue)
            @Html.ValidationMessageFor(m => m.DoubleValue)
        </li>
        <li>
            @Html.LabelFor(m => m.IntegerValue)
            @Html.TextBoxFor(m => m.IntegerValue)
            @Html.ValidationMessageFor(m => m.IntegerValue)
        </li>
        <li>
            @Html.LabelFor(m => m.DateValue)
            @Html.TextBoxFor(m => m.DateValue)
            @Html.ValidationMessageFor(m => m.DateValue)
        </li>
        <li>
            <input type="submit" value="Submit"/>
        </li>
    </ol>
}

PM> Install-Package jquery-globalize

<script src="~/Scripts/jquery.validate.js"> </script>
<script src="~/Scripts/jquery.validate.unobtrusive.js"> </script>
<script src="~/Scripts/jquery.globalize/globalize.js"> </script>
<script src="~/Scripts/jquery.globalize/cultures/globalize.culture.fa-IR.js"> </script>

numberFormat: {
    pattern: ["n-"],
    ".": "/",
    currency: {
        pattern: ["$n-", "$ n"],
        ".": "/",
        symbol: "ریال"
    }
},

Globalize.culture('fa-IR');
$.validator.methods.number = function(value, element) {
    if (value.indexOf('.') > 0) {
        return false;
    }
    var splitedValue = value.split('/');
    if (splitedValue.length === 1) {
        return !isNaN(Globalize.parseInt(value));
    } else if (splitedValue.length === 2 && $.trim(splitedValue[1]).length === 0) {
        return false;
    }
    return !isNaN(Globalize.parseFloat(value));
};
};

Gregorian_Localized: {
    firstDay: 6,
    days: {
        names: ["یکشنبه", "دوشنبه", "سه شنبه", "چهارشنبه", "پنجشنبه", "جمعه", "شنبه"],
        namesAbbr: ["یکشنبه", "دوشنبه", "سه شنبه", "چهارشنبه", "پنجشنبه", "جمعه", "شنبه"],
        namesShort: ["ی", "د", "س", "چ", "پ", "ج", "ش"]
    },
    months: {
        names: ["ژانویه", "فوریه", "مارس", "آوریل", "می", "ژوئن", "ژوئیه", "اوت", "سپتامبر", "اُکتبر", "نوامبر", "دسامبر", ""],
        namesAbbr: ["ژانویه", "فوریه", "مارس", "آوریل", "می", "ژوئن", "ژوئیه", "اوت", "سپتامبر", "اُکتبر", "نوامبر", "دسامبر", ""]
    },
    AM: ["ق.ظ", "ق.ظ", "ق.ظ"],
    PM: ["ب.ظ", "ب.ظ", "ب.ظ"],
    patterns: {
        d: "yyyy/MM/dd",
        D: "yyyy/MM/dd",
        t: "hh:mm tt",
        T: "hh:mm:ss tt",
        f: "yyyy/MM/dd hh:mm tt",
        F: "yyyy/MM/dd hh:mm:ss tt",
        M: "dd MMMM"
    },
    JalaliDate: {
        g_days_in_month: [31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31],
        j_days_in_month: [31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 29]
    },
    gregorianToJalali: function (gY, gM, gD) {
        gY = parseInt(gY);
        gM = parseInt(gM);
        gD = parseInt(gD);
        var gy = gY - 1600;
        var gm = gM - 1;
        var gd = gD - 1;

        var gDayNo = 365 * gy + parseInt((gy + 3) / 4) - parseInt((gy + 99) / 100) + parseInt((gy + 399) / 400);

        for (var i = 0; i < gm; ++i)
            gDayNo += Globalize.culture().calendars.Gregorian_Localized.JalaliDate.g_days_in_month[i];
        if (gm > 1 && ((gy % 4 == 0 && gy % 100 != 0) || (gy % 400 == 0)))
            /* leap and after Feb */
            ++gDayNo;
        gDayNo += gd;

        var jDayNo = gDayNo - 79;

        var jNp = parseInt(jDayNo / 12053);
        jDayNo %= 12053;

        var jy = 979 + 33 * jNp + 4 * parseInt(jDayNo / 1461);

        jDayNo %= 1461;

        if (jDayNo >= 366) {
            jy += parseInt((jDayNo - 1) / 365);
            jDayNo = (jDayNo - 1) % 365;
        }

        for (var i = 0; i < 11 && jDayNo >= Globalize.culture().calendars.Gregorian_Localized.JalaliDate.j_days_in_month[i]; ++i) {
            jDayNo -= Globalize.culture().calendars.Gregorian_Localized.JalaliDate.j_days_in_month[i];
        }
        var jm = i + 1;
        var jd = jDayNo + 1;

        return [jy, jm, jd];
    },
    jalaliToGregorian: function (jY, jM, jD) {
        jY = parseInt(jY);
        jM = parseInt(jM);
        jD = parseInt(jD);
        var jy = jY - 979;
        var jm = jM - 1;
        var jd = jD - 1;

        var jDayNo = 365 * jy + parseInt(jy / 33) * 8 + parseInt((jy % 33 + 3) / 4);
        for (var i = 0; i < jm; ++i) jDayNo += Globalize.culture().calendars.Gregorian_Localized.JalaliDate.j_days_in_month[i];

        jDayNo += jd;

        var gDayNo = jDayNo + 79;

        var gy = 1600 + 400 * parseInt(gDayNo / 146097); /* 146097 = 365*400 + 400/4 - 400/100 + 400/400 */
        gDayNo = gDayNo % 146097;

        var leap = true;
        if (gDayNo >= 36525) /* 36525 = 365*100 + 100/4 */ {
            gDayNo--;
            gy += 100 * parseInt(gDayNo / 36524); /* 36524 = 365*100 + 100/4 - 100/100 */
            gDayNo = gDayNo % 36524;

            if (gDayNo >= 365)
                gDayNo++;
            else
                leap = false;
        }

        gy += 4 * parseInt(gDayNo / 1461); /* 1461 = 365*4 + 4/4 */
        gDayNo %= 1461;

        if (gDayNo >= 366) {
            leap = false;

            gDayNo--;
            gy += parseInt(gDayNo / 365);
            gDayNo = gDayNo % 365;
        }

        for (var i = 0; gDayNo >= Globalize.culture().calendars.Gregorian_Localized.JalaliDate.g_days_in_month[i] + (i == 1 && leap) ; i++)
            gDayNo -= Globalize.culture().calendars.Gregorian_Localized.JalaliDate.g_days_in_month[i] + (i == 1 && leap);
        var gm = i + 1;
        var gd = gDayNo + 1;

        return [gy, gm, gd];
    },
    checkDate: function (jY, jM, jD) {
        return !(jY < 0 || jY > 32767 || jM < 1 || jM > 12 || jD < 1 || jD >
            (Globalize.culture().calendars.Gregorian_Localized.JalaliDate.j_days_in_month[jM - 1] + (jM == 12 && !((jY - 979) % 33 % 4))));
    },
    convert: function (value, format) {
        var day, month, year;

        var formatParts = format.split('/');
        var dateParts = value.split('/');
        if (formatParts.length !== 3 || dateParts.length !== 3) {
            return false;
        }

        for (var j = 0; j < formatParts.length; j++) {
            var currentFormat = formatParts[j];
            var currentDate = dateParts[j];
            switch (currentFormat) {
                case 'dd':
                    if (currentDate.length === 2 || currentDate.length === 1) {
                        day = currentDate;
                    } else {
                        year = currentDate;
                    }
                    break;
                case 'MM':
                    month = currentDate;
                    break;
                case 'yyyy':
                    if (currentDate.length === 4) {
                        year = currentDate;
                    } else {
                        day = currentDate;
                    }
                    break;
                default:
                    return false;
            }
        }

        year = parseInt(year);
        month = parseInt(month);
        day = parseInt(day);
        var isValidDate = Globalize.culture().calendars.Gregorian_Localized.checkDate(year, month, day);
        if (!isValidDate) {
            return false;
        }

        var grDate = Globalize.culture().calendars.Gregorian_Localized.jalaliToGregorian(year, month, day);
        var shDate = Globalize.culture().calendars.Gregorian_Localized.gregorianToJalali(grDate[0], grDate[1], grDate[2]);

        if (year === shDate[0] && month === shDate[1] && day === shDate[2]) {
            return true;
        }

        return false;
    }
},

$.validator.methods.date = function (value, element) {
    return Globalize.culture().calendars.Gregorian_Localized.convert(value, 'yyyy/MM/dd');
};

var numbers1_CS11 = new[] { 1, 2, 3 };

var numbers1_CS_11 = new int[] { 1, 2, 3 };

int[] numbers1_CS12 = [ 1, 2, 3 ];

error CS9176: There is no target type for the collection expression.

Span<string> span1_CS11 = new string[] { "AC", "AL" };

Span<string> span1_CS12 = [ "AC", "AL" ];

ReadOnlySpan<string> readOnlySpan_CS12 = [ "Africa",  "Asia", "Europa"];

int[][] array2D_CS11 =
  {
    new int[] { 2002, 2006, 2010},
    new int[] { 2014, 2018},
    new int[] { 2022, 2026, 2030}
  };

int[][] array2D_CS12 =
  [
     [2002, 2006, 2010],
     [2014, 2018],
     [2022, 2026, 2030]
  ];

List<string> list_CS11 = new List<string> { "Item 1", "Item 2" };

List<string> list_CS12 = [ "Item 1", "Item 2" ];

// Before C#12
List<User> users = new List<User>();
// or
var users = new List<User>();
// or
List<User> user = new();

// C#12
List<User> users = [];

int[] numbers1_CS12 = [ 1, 2, 3 ];
int[] numbers2_CS12 = [ 4, 5, 6 ];

int[] allItems = [ ..numbers1_CS12, ..numbers2_CS12 ];

int[] allItems_CS11 = numbers1_CS12.Concat(numbers2_CS12).ToArray();

int[] join = [..a, ..b, ..c, 6, 5];

int[] a =[1, 2, 3];
Span<int> b = [2, 4, 5, 4, 4];
List<int> c = [4, 6, 6, 5];

List<int> join = [..a, ..b, ..c, 6, 5];

List<(string, int)> otherScores = [("Dave", 90), ("Bob", 80)];

(string name, int score)[] scores = [("Alice", 90), ..otherScores, ("Charlie", 70)];

 PM> Update-Package

PM> Install-Package MahApps.Metro -Pre 
PM> Install-Package MahApps.Metro.Resources 
PM> Install-Package EntityFramework
PM> Install-Package structuremap
PM> Install-Package PropertyChanged.Fody
PM> Install-Package MvvmLight 
PM> Install-Package Microsoft.SqlServer.Compact

 The path is not valid. Check the directory for the database. [ Path = D:\...\bin\Debug\Db\db.sdf ]

<connectionStrings>
    <clear/>
    <add name="MyWpfFrameworkContext"
         connectionString="Data Source=|DataDirectory|\Db\db.sdf;Max Buffer Size=30720;File Mode=Read Write;"
         providerName="System.Data.SqlServerCE.4.0" />
  </connectionStrings>