Design Patterns and Anti-Patterns, Love and Hate 

Lost or deleted an important file? These free file recovery tools could bring you back from the edge of disaster

R is decidedly the most popular statistical/data analysis language in use today. R Tools for Visual Studio brings together the power of R and Visual Studio in a convenient and easy to use plug-in that’s free and Open Source 

From today most of the Iranian developers who work on free/open-source projects get mail about suspending their accounts because of the U.S sanction over Iran , also they want a non-iranian passport to unlock accounts which means if your Iranian who works for a tech company remotely or using their service for developing free software are banned too!

1.  URI-based versioning 
   
2.  Header-based versioning 
   
3.  Media type-based versioning 
   

 public class ItemsController : ApiController   
 {
        [ResponseType(typeof(ItemViewModel))]
        public IHttpActionResult Get(int id)
        {
            var viewModel = new ItemViewModel { Id = id, Name = "PS4", Country = "Japan" };
            return Ok(viewModel);
        }
    }
 public class ItemsV2Controller : ApiController
    {
        [ResponseType(typeof(ItemV2ViewModel))]
        public IHttpActionResult Get(int id)
        {
            var viewModel = new ItemV2ViewModel { Id = id, Name = "Xbox One", Country = "USA", Price = 529.99 };
            return Ok(viewModel);
        }
    }

config.Routes.MapHttpRoute("ItemsV2", "api/v2/items/{id}", new
{
    controller = "ItemsV2",
    id = RouteParameter.Optional
});
config.Routes.MapHttpRoute("Items", "api/items/{id}", new
{
    controller = "Items",
    id = RouteParameter.Optional
});
config.Routes.MapHttpRoute(
    name: "DefaultApi",
    routeTemplate: "api/{controller}/{id}",
    defaults: new { id = RouteParameter.Optional }
);

public class VersionFinder
    {
        private static bool NeedsUriVersioning(HttpRequestMessage request, out string version)
        {
            var routeData = request.GetRouteData();
            if (routeData != null)
            {
                object versionFromRoute;
                if (routeData.Values.TryGetValue(nameof(version), out versionFromRoute))
                {
                    version = versionFromRoute as string;
                    if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(version))
                    {
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            }
            version = null;
            return false;
        }
        private static int VersionToInt(string versionString)
        {
            int version;
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(versionString) || !int.TryParse(versionString, out version))
                return 0;
            return version;
        }
        public static int GetVersionFromRequest(HttpRequestMessage request)
        {
            string version;

            return NeedsUriVersioning(request, out version) ? VersionToInt(version) : 0;
        }
    }

 public class VersionAwareControllerSelector : DefaultHttpControllerSelector
    {
        public VersionAwareControllerSelector(HttpConfiguration configuration) : base(configuration) { }
        public override string GetControllerName(HttpRequestMessage request)
        {
            var controllerName = base.GetControllerName(request);
            var version = VersionFinder.GetVersionFromRequest(request);
                
        return version > 0 ? GetVersionedControllerName(request, controllerName, version) : controllerName;
        }
        private string GetVersionedControllerName(HttpRequestMessage request, string baseControllerName,
        int version)
        {
            var versionControllerName = $"{baseControllerName}v{version}";
            HttpControllerDescriptor descriptor;
            if (GetControllerMapping().TryGetValue(versionControllerName, out descriptor))
            {
                return versionControllerName;
            }

            throw new HttpResponseException(request.CreateErrorResponse(
            HttpStatusCode.NotFound,
                $"No HTTP resource was found that matches the URI {request.RequestUri} and version number {version}"));
        }
    }

config.Services.Replace(typeof(IHttpControllerSelector), new VersionAwareControllerSelector(config));

[RoutePrefix("api/v1/Items")]
    public class ItemsController : ApiController
    {
        [ResponseType(typeof(ItemViewModel))]
        [Route("{id:int}")]
        public IHttpActionResult Get(int id)
        {
            var viewModel = new ItemViewModel { Id = id, Name = "PS4", Country =        "Japan" };
            return Ok(viewModel);
        }
    }


 [RoutePrefix("api/V2/Items")]
    public class ItemsV2Controller : ApiController
    {
        [ResponseType(typeof(ItemV2ViewModel))]
        [Route("{id:int}")]
        public IHttpActionResult Get(int id)
        {
            var viewModel = new ItemV2ViewModel { Id = id, Name = "Xbox One", Country = "USA", Price = 529.99 };
            return Ok(viewModel);
        }
    }

var constraintsResolver = new DefaultInlineConstraintResolver();
            constraintsResolver.ConstraintMap.Add(nameof(VersionConstraint), typeof
            (VersionConstraint));
config.MapHttpAttributeRoutes(constraintsResolver);

  public class NamespaceControllerSelector : IHttpControllerSelector
    {
        private readonly HttpConfiguration _configuration;
        private readonly Lazy<Dictionary<string, HttpControllerDescriptor>> _controllers;
        public NamespaceControllerSelector(HttpConfiguration config)
        {
            _configuration = config;
            _controllers = new Lazy<Dictionary<string,
                HttpControllerDescriptor>>(InitializeControllerDictionary);
        }
        public HttpControllerDescriptor SelectController(HttpRequestMessage request)
        {
            var routeData = request.GetRouteData();
            if (routeData == null)
            {
                throw new HttpResponseException(HttpStatusCode.NotFound);
            }

            var controllerName = GetControllerName(routeData);
            if (controllerName == null)
            {
                throw new HttpResponseException(HttpStatusCode.NotFound);
            }
            var version = GetVersion(routeData);
            if (version == null)
            {
                throw new HttpResponseException(HttpStatusCode.NotFound);
            }
            var controllerKey = string.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, "{0}.{1}",
                version, controllerName);
            HttpControllerDescriptor controllerDescriptor;
            if (_controllers.Value.TryGetValue(controllerKey, out controllerDescriptor))
            {
                return controllerDescriptor;
            }
            throw new HttpResponseException(HttpStatusCode.NotFound);
        }
        public IDictionary<string, HttpControllerDescriptor> GetControllerMapping()
        {
            return _controllers.Value;
        }
        private Dictionary<string, HttpControllerDescriptor> InitializeControllerDictionary()
        {
            var dictionary = new Dictionary<string,
                HttpControllerDescriptor>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
            var assembliesResolver = _configuration.Services.GetAssembliesResolver();
            var controllersResolver = _configuration.Services.GetHttpControllerTypeResolver();
            var controllerTypes = controllersResolver.GetControllerTypes(assembliesResolver);
            foreach (var controllerType in controllerTypes)
            {
                var segments = controllerType.Namespace.Split(Type.Delimiter);
                var controllerName =
                    controllerType.Name.Remove(controllerType.Name.Length -
                                               DefaultHttpControllerSelector.ControllerSuffix.Length);
                var controllerKey = string.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, "{0}.{1}",
                    segments[segments.Length - 1], controllerName);

                if (!dictionary.Keys.Contains(controllerKey))
                {
                    dictionary[controllerKey] = new HttpControllerDescriptor(_configuration,
                        controllerType.Name,
                        controllerType);
                }
            }
            return dictionary;
        }
        private static T GetRouteVariable<T>(IHttpRouteData routeData, string name)
        {
            object result;
            if (routeData.Values.TryGetValue(name, out result))
            {
                return (T)result;
            }
            return default(T);
        }
        private static string GetControllerName(IHttpRouteData routeData)
        {
            var subroute = routeData.GetSubRoutes().FirstOrDefault();
            var dataTokenValue = subroute?.Route.DataTokens.First().Value;
            var controllerName =
                ((HttpActionDescriptor[])dataTokenValue)?.First().ControllerDescriptor.ControllerName.Replace("Controller", string.Empty);
            return controllerName;
        }
        private static string GetVersion(IHttpRouteData routeData)
        {
            var subRouteData = routeData.GetSubRoutes().FirstOrDefault();
            return subRouteData == null ? null : GetRouteVariable<string>(subRouteData, "version");
        }
    }

public IDictionary<string, HttpControllerDescriptor> GetControllerMapping()

 public static class WebApiConfig
    {
        public static void Register(HttpConfiguration config)
        {
            var constraintsResolver = new DefaultInlineConstraintResolver();
            constraintsResolver.ConstraintMap.Add(nameof(VersionConstraint), typeof
            (VersionConstraint));

            config.MapHttpAttributeRoutes(constraintsResolver);

            config.Services.Replace(typeof(IHttpControllerSelector), new NamespaceControllerSelector(config));

        }
    }

public class HeaderVersionConstraint : IHttpRouteConstraint
    {
        private const string VersionHeaderName = "api-version";

        public HeaderVersionConstraint(int allowedVersion)
        {
            AllowedVersion = allowedVersion;
        }

        public int AllowedVersion { get; }

        public bool Match(HttpRequestMessage request, IHttpRoute route, string parameterName,
            IDictionary<string, object> values,
            HttpRouteDirection routeDirection)
        {
            if (!request.Headers.Contains(VersionHeaderName)) return false;

            var version = request.Headers.GetValues(VersionHeaderName).FirstOrDefault();

            return VersionToInt(version) == AllowedVersion;
        }
        private static int VersionToInt(string versionString)
        {
            int version;
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(versionString) || !int.TryParse(versionString, out version))
                return 0;
            return version;
        }
    }

public sealed class HeaderVersionedRouteAttribute : RouteFactoryAttribute
    {
        public HeaderVersionedRouteAttribute(string template) : base(template)
        {
            Order = -1;
        }

        public int Version { get; set; }

        public override IDictionary<string, object> Constraints => new HttpRouteValueDictionary
        {
            {"", new HeaderVersionConstraint(Version)}
        };
    }

    [RoutePrefix("api/items")]
    public class ItemsController : ApiController
    {
        [ResponseType(typeof(ItemViewModel))]
        [HeaderVersionedRoute("{id}", Version = 1)]
        public IHttpActionResult Get(int id)
        {
            var viewModel = new ItemViewModel { Id = id, Name = "PS4", Country = "Japan" };
            return Ok(viewModel);
        }
    }
  [RoutePrefix("api/items")]
    public class ItemsV2Controller : ApiController
    {
        [ResponseType(typeof(ItemV2ViewModel))]
        [HeaderVersionedRoute("{id}", Version = 2)]
        public IHttpActionResult Get(int id)
        {
            var viewModel = new ItemV2ViewModel { Id = id, Name = "Xbox One", Country = "USA", Price = 529.99 };
            return Ok(viewModel);
        }
    }

- Killing the utility class with premeditation
- Killing the utility class with relocation
- Killing the utility class with consolidation
- Killing the utility class with semantic types
- Killing the utility class with extension methods

<body>
    <div class="container">
        <section class="content" id="mission">
            <h1>Our Commitment <small>to you</small></h1>
            <p>Wisdom Pet Medicine strives to blend the best in traditional and
                <em>alternative medicine</em> in the <strong>diagnosis and
                    treatment</strong> of companion animals including dogs,
                cats, birds, reptiles, rodents, and fish. We apply the wisdom
                garnered in the <mark>centuries old tradition</mark> of
                veterinary medicine, to find the safest treatments
                and&nbsp;cures.</p>
            <p>We strive to be your pet's medical <del>staff</del> experts from
                youth through the senior years. <small>We build preventative
                    health care plans for each and every one of our patients,
                    based on breed, age, and sex, so that your pet receives the
                    most appropriate care at crucial milestones.</small> We
                want to give your pet a long and healthy&nbsp;life.</p>
        </section>

        <section class="content" id="services">
            <h2>Exotic Pets</h2>
            <p>We offer <strong>specialized</strong> care for <em>reptiles,
                    rodents, birds,</em> and other exotic pets.</p>

            <h3>Grooming</h3>
            <p>Our therapeutic <span>grooming</span> treatments help battle
                fleas, allergic dermatitis, and other challenging skin
                conditions.</p>

            <h4>General Health</h4>
            <p>Wellness and senior exams, ultrasound, x-ray, and dental
                cleanings are just a few of our general health services.</p>

            <h5>Nutrition</h5>
            <p>Let our nutrition experts review your pet's diet and prescribe a
                custom nutrition plan for optimum health and disease
                prevention.</p>

            <h6>Pest Control</h6>
            <p>We offer the latest advances in safe and effective prevention
                and treatment of fleas, ticks, worms, heart worm, and other
                parasites.</p>

            <h2>Vaccinations</h2>
            <p>Our veterinarians are experienced in modern vaccination
                protocols that prevent many of the deadliest diseases in pets.</p>
        </section>
    </div>
</body>

<body>
    <div class="container">

<div class="h1">Test div class H1</div>

<div class="display-1">Test div class display-1</div>

<p class="lead">Testing a lead class</p>

<body>
    <div class="container">
        <section class="content" id="mission">
            <h1 class="text-center text-sm-right text-md-left text-uppercase">Our
                Commitment</h1>
            <p class="lead text-justify">Wisdom Pet Medicine strives to blend
                the best in
                traditional and <em>alternative medicine</em> in the <strong>diagnosis
                    and treatment</strong> of companion animals including dogs,
                cats, birds, reptiles, rodents, and fish. We apply the wisdom
                garnered in the <mark>centuries old tradition</mark> of
                veterinary medicine, to find the safest treatments
                and&nbsp;cures.</p>
            <p class="text-nowrap text-capitalize">We strive to be your pet's
                medical <del>staff</del>
                experts from
                youth through the senior years. <small>We build preventative
                    health care plans for each and every one of our patients,
                    based on breed, age, and sex, so that your pet receives the
                    most appropriate care at crucial milestones.</small> We
                want to give your pet a long and healthy&nbsp;life.</p>
        </section>

        <section class="content" id="services">
            <div class="display-4">Exotic Pets</div>
            <p>We <span class="font-weight-bold">offer</span> <strong class="font-weight-normal">specialized</strong>
                care for <em>reptiles,
                    rodents, birds,</em> and other exotic pets.</p>

            <h3 class="text-left text-md-center text-sm-right">Grooming</h3>
            <p>Our therapeutic <span>grooming</span> treatments help battle
                fleas, allergic dermatitis, and other challenging skin
                conditions.</p>

            <h4>General Health</h4>
            <p>Wellness and senior exams, ultrasound, x-ray, and dental
                cleanings are just a few of our general health services.</p>

            <h5>Nutrition</h5>
            <p>Let our nutrition experts review your pet's diet and prescribe a
                custom nutrition plan for optimum health and disease
                prevention.</p>

            <h6>Pest Control</h6>
            <p>We offer the latest advances in safe and effective prevention
                and treatment of fleas, ticks, worms, heart worm, and other
                parasites.</p>

            <h2>Vaccinations</h2>
            <p>Our veterinarians are experienced in modern vaccination
                protocols that prevent many of the deadliest diseases in pets.</p>
        </section>
    </div>
</body>

<h1 class="text-right">Our Commitment <small>to you</small></h1>

<h1 class="text-center text-sm-right">Our Commitment <small>to you</small></h1>

<p class="lead text-justify">

<p class="text-nowrap">

<body>
    <div class="container">
        <section class="content" id="services">
            <h2>Exotic Pets</h2>
            <p>We offer <strong>specialized</strong> care for <em>reptiles,
                    rodents, birds,</em> and other exotic pets.</p>
            <ul class="list-unstyled">
                <li>Grooming</li>
                <li>General Health</li>
                <li>Nutrition</li>
                <li>Pest Control</li>
                <li>Vaccinations</li>
            </ul>

            <ul class="list-inline">
                <li class="list-inline-item">Grooming</li>
                <li class="list-inline-item">General Health</li>
                <li class="list-inline-item">Nutrition</li>
                <li class="list-inline-item">Pest Control</li>
                <li class="list-inline-item">Vaccinations</li>
            </ul>
        </section>
    </div>
</body>

<body>
    <div class="container">
        <section class="content" id="testimonials">
            <h2>Testimonials</h2>

            <blockquote>
                During the summer, our rabbit, Tonto, began to have severe
                redness and itching on his belly and feet. I'm very thankful to
                the veterinarians and staff at Wisdom for the excellent care
                Tonto received, and for nipping his allergies in the bud, so to
                speak.
                Jane
            </blockquote>

            <blockquote class="blockquote text-right">
                When Samantha, our Siamese cat, began sleeping all the time and
                urinating excessively, we brought her to see the specialists at
                Wisdom. Now, two years later, Samantha is still free from any
                complications of diabetes, and her blood sugar regularly tests
                normal.
                <div class="blockquote-footer">
                    The McPhersons
                </div>
            </blockquote>
        </section>
    </div>
</body>

<body>
    <div class="container">
        <section class="content" id="services">
            <h2 class="text-danger">Our Mission</h2>
            <p class="bg-danger text-white">Wisdom Pet Medicine strives to
                blend the best in
                traditional and
                alternative medicine in the diagnosis and treatment of
                companion animals including dogs, cats, birds, reptiles,
                rodents, and fish. We apply the wisdom garnered in the
                centuries old tradition of veterinary medicine, to find the
                safest treatments and cures.</p>

            <ul>
                <li><a class="text-warning" href="#">Grooming</a></li>
                <li><a href="#">General Health</a></li>
                <li><a href="#">Nutrition</a></li>
                <li><a href="#">Pest Control</a></li>
                <li><a href="#">Vaccinations</a></li>
            </ul>

        </section>

        <section class="content" id="testimonials">
            <h2>Testimonials</h2>

            <blockquote class="blockquote bg-faded text-info">
                During the summer, our rabbit, Tonto, began to have severe
                redness and itching on his belly and feet. I'm very thankful to
                the veterinarians and staff at Wisdom for the excellent care
                Tonto received, and for nipping his allergies in the bud, so to
                speak.
                <div class="blockquote-footer">
                    Jane
                </div>
            </blockquote>
        </section>
    </div>
</body>

<p class="bg-danger text-white">