public enum Grade
{
    Failing = 5,
    BelowAverage = 10,
    Average = BelowAverage + 5, // = 15
    VeryGood = 18,
    Excellent = 20
}

IEnumerable input = new object[] { "Apple", 33, "Sugar", 44, 'a', new DateTime()};
IEnumerable<string> query = input.OfType<string>();
foreach (var item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item);
}

 class Ingredient
  {
     public string Name { get; set; }
  }
  class DryIngredient : Ingredient
  {
     public int Grams { get; set; }
  }

  class WetIngredient : Ingredient
  {
     public int Millilitres { get; set; }
  }

IEnumerable<Ingredient> input = new Ingredient[]
{
   new DryIngredient { Name = "Flour" },
   new WetIngredient { Name = "Milk" },
   new WetIngredient { Name = "Water" }
};

IEnumerable<WetIngredient> query = input.OfType<WetIngredient>();
foreach (WetIngredient item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item.Name);
}

IEnumerable input = new object[]
{
   "Apple", 33, "Sugar", 44, 'a', new DateTime()
};

IEnumerable<string> query = input.Cast<string>();
foreach (string item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item);
}

IEnumerable input = new object[]{ "Apple", "Sugar", "Flour" };
IEnumerable<string> query =
from string i in input
select i;

foreach (var item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item);
}

class Recipe
{
   public int Id { get; set; }
   public string Name { get; set; }
   public int Rating { get; set; }
}

IEnumerable<Recipe> recipes = new[]
{
   new Recipe { Id = 1, Name = "Apple Pie", Rating = 5 },
   new Recipe { Id = 2, Name = "Cherry Pie", Rating = 2 },
   new Recipe { Id = 3, Name = "Beef Pie", Rating = 3 }
};

Dictionary<int, Recipe> dict = recipes.ToDictionary(x => x.Id);
foreach (KeyValuePair<int, Recipe> item in dict)
{
   Console.WriteLine($"Key={item.Key}, Recipe={item.Value}");
}

class Recipe
{
   public int Id { get; set; }
   public string Name { get; set; }
   public byte Rating { get; set; }
}

IEnumerable<Recipe> recipes = new[]
{
   new Recipe { Id = 1, Name = "Apple Pie", Rating = 5 },
   new Recipe { Id = 1, Name = "Banana Pie", Rating = 5 },
   new Recipe { Id = 2, Name = "Cherry Pie", Rating = 2 },
   new Recipe { Id = 3, Name = "Beef Pie", Rating = 3 }
};

ILookup<byte, Recipe> look = recipes.ToLookup(x => x.Rating);
foreach (IGrouping<byte, Recipe> ratingGroup in look)
{
   byte rating = ratingGroup.Key;
   Console.WriteLine($"Rating {rating}");
   foreach (var recipe in ratingGroup)
   {
      Console.WriteLine($" - {recipe.Name}");
   }
}

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.First();
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.First(x=>x.Calories==150);
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

 Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.First(x=>x.Calories==1500);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.FirstOrDefault(x=>x.Calories==1500);
Console.WriteLine(element==null);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.Last(x=>x.Calories==500);
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 }
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.Single();
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 500}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.Single(x => x.Calories == 150);
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

 Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 50}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.SingleOrDefault(x => x.Calories == 9999);
Console.WriteLine(element==null);

 Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 50}
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.ElementAt(2);
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 50}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.ElementAtOrDefault(5);
Console.WriteLine(element==null);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 50}
};

IEnumerable<Ingredient> query = ingredients.DefaultIfEmpty();
foreach (Ingredient item in query)
{
  Console.WriteLine(item.Name);
}

Ingredient[] ingredients = { };
IEnumerable<Ingredient> query = ingredients.DefaultIfEmpty();
foreach (Ingredient item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item == null);
}

public class CaptchaController : Controller
    {
        private static readonly Brush ForeColor = Brushes.Black;
        private const string FontName = "tahoma";
        private const int FontSize = 14;
        private const int Width = 130;
        private const int Height = 35;

        [HttpGet]
        public ActionResult Image(string cc)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(cc) || string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(cc))
                return null;

            var captchaData = CustomHashing.DecryptTpl(cc);

            var rand = new Random((int)DateTime.Now.Ticks);

            // image stream
            FileContentResult img = null;

            using (var mem = new MemoryStream())
            using (var bmp = new Bitmap(Width, Height))
            using (var mtrx = new Matrix())
            using (var gfx = Graphics.FromImage((Image)bmp))
            {
                gfx.TextRenderingHint = TextRenderingHint.ClearTypeGridFit;
                gfx.SmoothingMode = SmoothingMode.AntiAlias;
                gfx.FillRectangle(Brushes.White, new Rectangle(0, 0, bmp.Width, bmp.Height));

                //add noise
                int rn, xn, yn;
                var pen = new Pen(Color.Yellow);

                for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++)
                {
                    pen.Color = Color.FromArgb((rand.Next(0, 255)), (rand.Next(0, 255)), (rand.Next(0, 255)));

                    rn = rand.Next(0, (130 / 3));
                    xn = rand.Next(0, 130);
                    yn = rand.Next(0, 30);

                    gfx.DrawEllipse(pen, xn - rn, yn - rn, rn, rn);
                }

                //add chars
                #region draw pic

                float x = 1, y = 1;
                int degree = 10;

                for (int i = 0; i < captchaData.Length; i++)
                {
                    mtrx.Reset();

                    x = (float)(Width * (0.19 * i));

                    y = (float)(Height * 0.19);

                    degree = rand.Next(-25, 25);

                    if (i == 0 && degree > 20)
                    {
                        x += (FontSize + 5);
                        y -= 15;
                    }

                    mtrx.RotateAt(degree, new PointF(x, y));

                    gfx.Transform = mtrx;

                    gfx.DrawString(captchaData[i].ToString(), new Font(FontName, FontSize), ForeColor, x, y);

                    gfx.ResetTransform();
                }
                #endregion

                //render as Jpeg
                bmp.Save(mem, System.Drawing.Imaging.ImageFormat.Jpeg);
                img = this.File(mem.GetBuffer(), "image/Jpeg");
            }

            return img;
        }

@{
    var r = new Web.Tools.CustomRandom();
    string hash = Web.Tools.CustomHashing.EncryptTpl(r.CraeteCapchaNumericData(4));
} 

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>
<head>
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
    <title>test Index</title>
</head>
<body>
<div>

    <img src="@Url.Action("Image", "Captcha", new { cc = hash })" />

</div>
</body>
</html>

using System.Diagnostics;
using System.IO;
using iTextSharp.text;
using iTextSharp.text.pdf;
using System.Text;

namespace EncryptPublicKey
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            using (var pdfDoc = new Document(PageSize.A4))
            {
                var pdfWriter = PdfWriter.GetInstance(pdfDoc, new FileStream("Test.pdf", FileMode.Create));

                var readPassword = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("123");//it can be null.
                var editPassword = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("456");
                int permissions = PdfWriter.ALLOW_PRINTING | PdfWriter.ALLOW_COPY;
                pdfWriter.SetEncryption(readPassword, editPassword, permissions, PdfWriter.STRENGTH128BITS);

                pdfDoc.Open();

                pdfDoc.Add(new Phrase("tst 0"));
                pdfDoc.NewPage();
                pdfDoc.Add(new Phrase("tst 1"));
            }

            Process.Start("TestEnc.pdf");
        }
    }
}

using Org.BouncyCastle.Crypto;
using Org.BouncyCastle.X509;

namespace EncryptPublicKey
{
    /// <summary>
    /// A Personal Information Exchange File Info
    /// </summary>
    public class PfxData
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Represents an X509 certificate
        /// </summary>
        public X509Certificate[] X509PrivateKeys { set; get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Certificate's public key
        /// </summary>
        public ICipherParameters PublicKey { set; get; }
    }
}

using System;
using System.IO;
using Org.BouncyCastle.Crypto;
using Org.BouncyCastle.Pkcs;
using Org.BouncyCastle.X509;

namespace EncryptPublicKey
{
    /// <summary>
    /// A Personal Information Exchange File Reader
    /// </summary>
    public class PfxReader
    {
        X509Certificate[] _chain;
        AsymmetricKeyParameter _asymmetricKeyParameter;
       
        /// <summary>
        /// Reads A Personal Information Exchange File.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="pfxPath">Certificate file's path</param>
        /// <param name="pfxPassword">Certificate file's password</param>
        public PfxData ReadCertificate(string pfxPath, string pfxPassword)
        {
            using (var stream = new FileStream(pfxPath, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read))
            {
                var pkcs12Store = new Pkcs12Store(stream, pfxPassword.ToCharArray());
                var alias = findThePublicKey(pkcs12Store);
                _asymmetricKeyParameter = pkcs12Store.GetKey(alias).Key;
                constructChain(pkcs12Store, alias);
                return new PfxData { X509PrivateKeys = _chain, PublicKey = _asymmetricKeyParameter };
            }
        }

        private void constructChain(Pkcs12Store pkcs12Store, string alias)
        {
            var certificateChains = pkcs12Store.GetCertificateChain(alias);
            _chain = new X509Certificate[certificateChains.Length];

            for (int k = 0; k < certificateChains.Length; ++k)
                _chain[k] = certificateChains[k].Certificate;
        }

        private static string findThePublicKey(Pkcs12Store pkcs12Store)
        {
            string alias = string.Empty;
            foreach (string entry in pkcs12Store.Aliases)
            {
                if (pkcs12Store.IsKeyEntry(entry) && pkcs12Store.GetKey(entry).Key.IsPrivate)
                {
                    alias = entry;
                    break;
                }
            }

            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(alias))
                throw new NullReferenceException("Provided certificate is invalid.");

            return alias;
        }
    }
}

using System.Diagnostics;
using System.IO;
using iTextSharp.text;
using iTextSharp.text.pdf;

namespace EncryptPublicKey
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            using (var pdfDoc = new Document(PageSize.A4))
            {
                var pdfWriter = PdfWriter.GetInstance(pdfDoc, new FileStream("Test.pdf", FileMode.Create));

                var certs = new PfxReader().ReadCertificate(@"D:\path\cert.pfx", "123");
                pdfWriter.SetEncryption(
                          certs: certs.X509PrivateKeys,
                          permissions: new int[] { PdfWriter.ALLOW_PRINTING, PdfWriter.ALLOW_COPY },
                          encryptionType: PdfWriter.ENCRYPTION_AES_128);

                pdfDoc.Open();

                pdfDoc.Add(new Phrase("tst 0"));
                pdfDoc.NewPage();
                pdfDoc.Add(new Phrase("tst 1"));
            }

            Process.Start("Test.pdf");
        }
    }
}

using System.Diagnostics;
using System.IO;
using iTextSharp.text;
using iTextSharp.text.pdf;

namespace EncryptPublicKey
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            PdfReader reader = new PdfReader("TestDec.pdf");
            using (var stamper = new PdfStamper(reader, new FileStream("TestEnc.pdf", FileMode.Create)))
            {
                var certs = new PfxReader().ReadCertificate(@"D:\path\cert.pfx", "123");
                stamper.SetEncryption(
                         certs: certs.X509PrivateKeys,
                         permissions: new int[] { PdfWriter.ALLOW_PRINTING, PdfWriter.ALLOW_COPY },
                         encryptionType: PdfWriter.ENCRYPTION_AES_128);
                stamper.Close();
            }

            Process.Start("TestEnc.pdf");
        }
    }
}

1. کلاس جدیدی بسازید که دارای خواصی برای ذخیره اطلاعات پروفایل است.
2. کلاس جدیدی بسازید که از 'ProfileBase' ارث بری می‌کند و متدهای لازم برای دریافت پروفایل کاربران را پیاده سازی می‌کند.
3. استفاده از تامین کننده‌های پیش فرض را، در فایل web.config فعال کنید. و کلاسی که در مرحله 2 ساختید را بعنوان کلاس پیش فرض برای خواندن اطلاعات پروفایل معرفی کنید.

پوشه جدیدی با نام 'Models' بسازید تا اطلاعات پروفایل را در آن قرار دهیم.

بعنوان یک مثال، بگذارید تا تاریخ تولد کاربر، شهر سکونت، قد و وزن او را در پروفایلش ذخیره کنیم. قد و وزن بصورت یک کلاس سفارشی (custom class) بنام 'PersonalStats' ذخیره می‌شوند. برای ذخیره و بازیابی پروفایل ها، به کلاسی احتیاج داریم که 'ProfileBase' را ارث بری می‌کند. پس کلاس جدیدی با نام 'AppProfile' بسازید.

public class ProfileInfo
{
    public ProfileInfo()
    {
        UserStats = new PersonalStats();
    }
    public DateTime? DateOfBirth { get; set; }
    public PersonalStats UserStats { get; set; }
    public string City { get; set; }
}

public class PersonalStats
{
    public int? Weight { get; set; }
    public int? Height { get; set; }
}

public class AppProfile : ProfileBase
{
    public ProfileInfo ProfileInfo
    {
        get { return (ProfileInfo)GetPropertyValue("ProfileInfo"); }
    }
    public static AppProfile GetProfile()
    {
        return (AppProfile)HttpContext.Current.Profile;
    }
    public static AppProfile GetProfile(string userName)
    {
        return (AppProfile)Create(userName);
    }
}

پروفایل را در فایل web.config خود فعال کنید. نام کلاسی را که در مرحله قبل ساختید، بعنوان کلاس پیش فرض برای ذخیره و بازیابی پروفایل‌ها معرفی کنید.

<profile defaultProvider="DefaultProfileProvider" enabled="true"
    inherits="UniversalProviders_ProfileMigrations.Models.AppProfile">
  <providers>
    .....
  </providers>
</profile>

برای دریافت اطلاعات پروفایل از کاربر، فرم وب جدیدی در پوشه Account بسازید و آنرا 'AddProfileData.aspx' نامگذاری کنید.

<h2> Add Profile Data for <%# User.Identity.Name %></h2>
<asp:Label Text="" ID="Result" runat="server" />
<div>
    Date of Birth:
    <asp:TextBox runat="server" ID="DateOfBirth"/>
</div>
<div>
    Weight:
    <asp:TextBox runat="server" ID="Weight"/>
</div>
<div>
    Height:
    <asp:TextBox runat="server" ID="Height"/>
</div>
<div>
    City:
    <asp:TextBox runat="server" ID="City"/>
</div>
<div>
    <asp:Button Text="Add Profile" ID="Add" OnClick="Add_Click" runat="server" />
</div>

کد زیر را هم به فایل code-behind اضافه کنید.

protected void Add_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    AppProfile profile = AppProfile.GetProfile(User.Identity.Name);
    profile.ProfileInfo.DateOfBirth = DateTime.Parse(DateOfBirth.Text);
    profile.ProfileInfo.UserStats.Weight = Int32.Parse(Weight.Text);
    profile.ProfileInfo.UserStats.Height = Int32.Parse(Height.Text);
    profile.ProfileInfo.City = City.Text;
    profile.Save();
}

دقت کنید که فضای نامی که کلاس AppProfile در آن قرار دارد را وارد کرده باشید.

اپلیکیشن را اجرا کنید و کاربر جدیدی با نام 'olduser' بسازید. به صفحه جدید 'AddProfileData' بروید و اطلاعات پروفایل کاربر را وارد کنید.

با استفاده از پنجره Server Explorer می‌توانید تایید کنید که اطلاعات پروفایل با فرمت xml در جدول 'Profiles' ذخیره می‌شوند.

مهاجرت الگوی دیتابیس

using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using UniversalProviders_ProfileMigrations.Models;

namespace UniversalProviders_Identity_Migrations
{
    public class User : IdentityUser
    {
        public User()
        {
            CreateDate = DateTime.UtcNow;
            IsApproved = false;
            LastLoginDate = DateTime.UtcNow;
            LastActivityDate = DateTime.UtcNow;
            LastPasswordChangedDate = DateTime.UtcNow;
            Profile = new ProfileInfo();
        }

        public System.Guid ApplicationId { get; set; }
        public bool IsAnonymous { get; set; }
        public System.DateTime? LastActivityDate { get; set; }
        public string Email { get; set; }
        public string PasswordQuestion { get; set; }
        public string PasswordAnswer { get; set; }
        public bool IsApproved { get; set; }
        public bool IsLockedOut { get; set; }
        public System.DateTime? CreateDate { get; set; }
        public System.DateTime? LastLoginDate { get; set; }
        public System.DateTime? LastPasswordChangedDate { get; set; }
        public System.DateTime? LastLockoutDate { get; set; }
        public int FailedPasswordAttemptCount { get; set; }
        public System.DateTime? FailedPasswordAttemptWindowStart { get; set; }
        public int FailedPasswordAnswerAttemptCount { get; set; }
        public System.DateTime? FailedPasswordAnswerAttemptWindowStart { get; set; }
        public string Comment { get; set; }
        public ProfileInfo Profile { get; set; }
    }
}

انتقال داده پروفایل‌ها به جداول جدید

public class Program
{
    var dbContext = new ApplicationDbContext();
    foreach (var profile in dbContext.Profiles)
    {
        var stringId = profile.UserId.ToString();
        var user = dbContext.Users.Where(x => x.Id == stringId).FirstOrDefault();
        Console.WriteLine("Adding Profile for user:" + user.UserName);
        var serializer = new XmlSerializer(typeof(ProfileInfo));
        var stringReader = new StringReader(profile.PropertyValueStrings);
        var profileData = serializer.Deserialize(stringReader) as ProfileInfo;
        if (profileData == null)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Profile data deserialization error for user:" + user.UserName);
        }
        else
        {
            user.Profile = profileData;
        }
    }
    dbContext.SaveChanges();
}