dynamic excel = Activator.CreateInstance(Type.GetTypeFromProgID("Excel.Application", true));
excel.Visible = true;
Console.WriteLine("Press Enter to close Excel.");
Console.ReadLine();
excel.Quit();

 System.__ComObject does not contain a definition for 'Visible'

using Excel = Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel;
// ...
var excel = new Excel.Application();
excel.Visible = true;
Console.WriteLine("Press Enter to close Excel.");
Console.ReadLine();
excel.Quit();

  <ItemGroup>
    <Reference Include="Interop.WIA">
      <HintPath>..\DNTScanner.Core.TypeLibrary\bin\Debug\Interop.WIA.dll</HintPath>
      <EmbedInteropTypes>True</EmbedInteropTypes>
    </Reference>
  </ItemGroup>

  <ItemGroup Condition=" '$(TargetFramework)' == 'net40' ">
    <Reference Include="Microsoft.CSharp" />
  </ItemGroup>
  <ItemGroup Condition="'$(TargetFramework)' == 'netstandard2.0'">
    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.CSharp" Version="4.5.0" />
  </ItemGroup>

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
<PropertyGroup>
    <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
    <TargetFramework>netcoreapp3.0</TargetFramework>
  </PropertyGroup>
  
  <!--
    The following 'COMReference' items were copied from a .NET Framework project.
    They were added by using the Visual Studio COM References window. 
    See https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/ide/managing-references-in-a-project?view=vs-2017.
    Observe the 'EmbedInteropTypes' tag value.
    See https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/msbuild/common-msbuild-project-items?view=vs-2017#comreference
  -->
  <ItemGroup>
    <COMReference Include="Microsoft.Office.Core">
      <Guid>{2DF8D04C-5BFA-101B-BDE5-00AA0044DE52}</Guid>
      <VersionMajor>2</VersionMajor>
      <VersionMinor>8</VersionMinor>
      <Lcid>0</Lcid>
      <WrapperTool>primary</WrapperTool>
      <Isolated>False</Isolated>
      <EmbedInteropTypes>True</EmbedInteropTypes>
    </COMReference>
    <COMReference Include="Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel">
      <Guid>{00020813-0000-0000-C000-000000000046}</Guid>
      <VersionMajor>1</VersionMajor>
      <VersionMinor>9</VersionMinor>
      <Lcid>0</Lcid>
      <WrapperTool>primary</WrapperTool>
      <Isolated>False</Isolated>
      <EmbedInteropTypes>True</EmbedInteropTypes>
    </COMReference>
    <COMReference Include="VBIDE">
      <Guid>{0002E157-0000-0000-C000-000000000046}</Guid>
      <VersionMajor>5</VersionMajor>
      <VersionMinor>3</VersionMinor>
      <Lcid>0</Lcid>
      <WrapperTool>primary</WrapperTool>
      <Isolated>False</Isolated>
      <EmbedInteropTypes>True</EmbedInteropTypes>
    </COMReference>
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>

Install-Package PagedList.Mvc

 public class Post
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Title { get; set; }
        public string Body { get; set; }

    }

public static class PostService
    {
        public static IEnumerable<Post> posts = new List<Post>() {
            new Post{Id=1,Title="Title 1",Body="Body 1"},
            new Post{Id=2,Title="Title 2",Body="Body 2"},
            new Post{Id=3,Title="Title 3",Body="Body 3"},
            new Post{Id=4,Title="Title 4",Body="Body 4"},
            new Post{Id=5,Title="Title 5",Body="Body 5"},
            new Post{Id=6,Title="Title 6",Body="Body 6"},
            new Post{Id=7,Title="Title 7",Body="Body 7"},
            new Post{Id=8,Title="Title 8",Body="Body 8"},
            new Post{Id=9,Title="Title 9",Body="Body 9"},
            new Post{Id=10,Title="Title 10",Body="Body 10"},
            new Post{Id=11,Title="Title 11",Body="Body 11"},
            new Post{Id=12,Title="Title 12",Body="Body 12"},
            };
    
        public static IEnumerable<Post> GetAll()
        {
            return posts
            .OrderBy(row => row.Id);
        }
    }  

    public ActionResult Index(int? page)
        {
           var pageNumber = page ?? 1; 
            var posts = PostService.GetAll(); 
            var result = posts.ToPagedList(pageNumber, 10); 
            ViewBag.posts = result;
            return View();        
        }

@using PagedList.Mvc; 
@using PagedList; 
<link href="/Content/PagedList.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<h2>List of posts</h2>
<ul>
    @foreach (var post in ViewBag.posts)
    {
        <li>@post.Title</li>
    }
</ul>
@Html.PagedListPager((IPagedList)ViewBag.posts, page => Url.Action("Index", new { page }))

       public static IEnumerable<Post> GetAll(int page, int recordsPerPage,out int totalCount)
        {
            totalCount = posts.Count();
            return posts
            .OrderBy(row => row.Id).Skip(page * recordsPerPage).Take(recordsPerPage); // in real projects change like this .skip(()=>resultforSkip).Take(()=>recordsPerPage )
        }

public ActionResult Index(int? page)
        {
              var pageIndex = (page ?? 1) - 1; 
            var pageSize = 10;
            int totalPostCount; 
            var posts = PostService.GetAll(pageIndex, pageSize, out totalPostCount);
            var result = new StaticPagedList<Post>(posts, pageIndex + 1, pageSize, totalPostCount);
            ViewBag.posts = result;
            return View();    
        }

http://localhost:53192/?page=2

   routes.MapRoute(
               name: "paging",
               url: "{controller}/{action}/{page}",
               defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", page = UrlParameter.Optional }
           );

@model PagedList.IPagedList <pagedListmvc.Models.Post>

  @foreach (var post in Model)
    {
        <li>@post.Title</li>
    }

@Html.PagedListPager( myList, page => Url.Action("Index", new { page = page, tag= "mvc" }) )

@Html.PagedListPager((IPagedList)ViewBag.posts, page => Url.Action("Index", new { page = page }), PagedListRenderOptions.OnlyShowFivePagesAtATime)

@Html.PagedListPager((IPagedList)ViewBag.posts, page => Url.Action("Index", new { page = page }), new PagedListRenderOptions { LinkToFirstPageFormat = "<< ابتدا", LinkToPreviousPageFormat = "< قبلی", LinkToNextPageFormat = "بعدی>", LinkToLastPageFormat = "آخرین >>" })

_identityVerifier.Initialize();
var isValidIdentity = _identityVerifier.Validate(
     application.Applicant.Name, application.Applicant.Age, application.Applicant.Address);

namespace Loans.Tests
{
    [TestClass]
    public class LoanApplicationProcessorShould
    {
        [TestMethod]
        public void Accept()
        {
            var product = new LoanProduct {Id = 99, ProductName = "Loan", InterestRate = 5.25m};
            var amount = new LoanAmount {CurrencyCode = "Rial", Principal = 2_000_000_0};
            var applicant =
                new Applicant {Id = 1, Name = "User 1", Age = 25, Address = "This place", Salary = 1_500_000_0};
            var application = new LoanApplication {Id = 42, Product = product, Amount = amount, Applicant = applicant};

            var mockIdentityVerifier = new Mock<IIdentityVerifier>();
            mockIdentityVerifier.Setup(x => x.Validate(applicant.Name, applicant.Age, applicant.Address))
                .Returns(true);

            var mockCreditScorer = new Mock<ICreditScorer>();

            var processor = new LoanApplicationProcessor(mockIdentityVerifier.Object, mockCreditScorer.Object);
            processor.Process(application);

            Assert.IsTrue(application.IsAccepted);
        }
    }
}

_creditScorer.CalculateScore(application.Applicant.Name, application.Applicant.Address);
if (_creditScorer.Score < MinimumCreditScore)
{
    return application.IsAccepted;
}

var mockIdentityVerifier = new Mock<IIdentityVerifier>();
mockIdentityVerifier.Setup(x => x.Validate(
        //applicant.Name,
        It.IsAny<string>(),
        applicant.Age, 
        applicant.Address))
    .Returns(true);

var mockIdentityVerifier = new Mock<IIdentityVerifier>();
mockIdentityVerifier.Setup(x => x.Validate(
        //applicant.Name,
        It.IsAny<string>(),
        //applicant.Age,
        It.IsAny<int>(),
        //applicant.Address
        It.IsAny<string>()
        ))
    .Returns(true);

using Loans.Models;

namespace Loans.Services.Contracts
{
    public interface IIdentityVerifier
    {
        void Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress, out bool isValid);
// ...
    }
}

//var isValidIdentity = _identityVerifier.Validate(
//    application.Applicant.Name, application.Applicant.Age, application.Applicant.Address);
_identityVerifier.Validate(
    application.Applicant.Name, application.Applicant.Age, application.Applicant.Address,
    out var isValidIdentity);

var isValidOutValue = true;
mockIdentityVerifier.Setup(x => x.Validate(applicant.Name,
    applicant.Age,
    applicant.Address,
    out isValidOutValue));

using Loans.Models;

namespace Loans.Services.Contracts
{
    public interface IIdentityVerifier
    {        
          void Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress,
                             ref IdentityVerificationStatus status);
// ...
    }
}

namespace Loans.Models
{
    public class IdentityVerificationStatus
    {
        public bool Passed { get; set; }
    }
}

IdentityVerificationStatus status = null;
  _identityVerifier.Validate(
      application.Applicant.Name, application.Applicant.Age, application.Applicant.Address,
      ref status);

if (!status.Passed)
{
    return application.IsAccepted;
}

delegate void ValidateCallback(string applicantName,
    int applicantAge,
    string applicantAddress,
    ref IdentityVerificationStatus status);

mockIdentityVerifier
    .Setup(x => x.Validate(applicant.Name,
        applicant.Age,
        applicant.Address,
        ref It.Ref<IdentityVerificationStatus>.IsAny))
    .Callback(new ValidateCallback(
        (string applicantName,
         int applicantAge,
         string applicantAddress,
         ref IdentityVerificationStatus status) =>
            status = new IdentityVerificationStatus {Passed = true}));

namespace Loans.Services.Contracts
{
    public interface INullExample
    {
        string SomeMethod();
    }
}

namespace Loans.Tests
{
    [TestClass]
    public class LoanApplicationProcessorShould
    {        
        [TestMethod]
        public void NullReturnExample()
        {
            var mock = new Mock<INullExample>();

            mock.Setup(x => x.SomeMethod());
            //.Returns<string>(null);

            string mockReturnValue = mock.Object.SomeMethod();

            Assert.IsNull(mockReturnValue);
        }
    }
}

using StructureMap;
using StructureMap.Configuration.DSL;
using SoCPatterns.Layered.Repository;
using SoCPatterns.Layered.Model;

namespace SoCPatterns.Layered.WebUI
{
    public class BootStrapper
    {
        public static void ConfigureStructureMap()
        {
            ObjectFactory.Initialize(x => x.AddRegistry<ProductRegistry>());
        }
    }
    public class ProductRegistry : Registry
    {
        public ProductRegistry()
        {
            For<IProductRepository>().Use<ProductRepository>();
        }
    }
}

namespace SoCPatterns.Layered.WebUI
{
    public class Global : System.Web.HttpApplication
    {
        protected void Application_Start(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            BootStrapper.ConfigureStructureMap();
        }
    }
}

namespace SoCPatterns.Layered.WinUI
{
    static class Program
    {
        [STAThread]
        static void Main()
        {
            Application.EnableVisualStyles();
            Application.SetCompatibleTextRenderingDefault(false);
            BootStrapper.ConfigureStructureMap();
            Application.Run(new Form1());
        }
    }
}

<asp:DropDownList AutoPostBack="true" ID="ddlCustomerType" runat="server">
    <asp:ListItem Value="0">Standard</asp:ListItem>
    <asp:ListItem Value="1">Trade</asp:ListItem>
</asp:DropDownList>
<asp:Label ID="lblErrorMessage" runat="server" ></asp:Label>
<asp:Repeater ID="rptProducts" runat="server" >
    <HeaderTemplate>
        <table>
            <tr>
                <td>Name</td>
                <td>RRP</td>
                <td>Selling Price</td>
                <td>Discount</td>
                <td>Savings</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td colspan="5"><hr /></td>
            </tr>
    </HeaderTemplate>
    <ItemTemplate>
            <tr>
                <td><%# Eval("Name") %></td>
                <td><%# Eval("RRP")%></td>
                <td><%# Eval("SellingPrice") %></td>
                <td><%# Eval("Discount") %></td>
                <td><%# Eval("Savings") %></td>
            </tr>
    </ItemTemplate>
    <FooterTemplate>
        </table>
    </FooterTemplate>
</asp:Repeater>

#region Windows Form Designer generated code
/// <summary>
/// Required method for Designer support - do not modify
/// the contents of this method with the code editor.
/// </summary>
private void InitializeComponent()
{
    this.cmbCustomerType = new System.Windows.Forms.ComboBox();
    this.dgvProducts = new System.Windows.Forms.DataGridView();
    this.colName = new System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn();
    this.colRrp = new System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn();
    this.colSellingPrice = new System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn();
    this.colDiscount = new System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn();
    this.colSavings = new System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn();
    ((System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize)(this.dgvProducts)).BeginInit();
    this.SuspendLayout();
    //
    // cmbCustomerType
    //
    this.cmbCustomerType.DropDownStyle =                                                                                                                                                                             System.Windows.Forms.ComboBoxStyle.DropDownList;
    this.cmbCustomerType.FormattingEnabled = true;
    this.cmbCustomerType.Items.AddRange(new object[] {
        "Standard",
        "Trade"});
    this.cmbCustomerType.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(12, 90);
    this.cmbCustomerType.Name = "cmbCustomerType";
    this.cmbCustomerType.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(121, 21);
    this.cmbCustomerType.TabIndex = 3;
    //
    // dgvProducts
    //
    this.dgvProducts.ColumnHeadersHeightSizeMode =     System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewColumnHeadersHeightSizeMode.AutoSize;
    this.dgvProducts.Columns.AddRange(new System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewColumn[] {
    this.colName,
    this.colRrp,
    this.colSellingPrice,
    this.colDiscount,
    this.colSavings});
    this.dgvProducts.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(12, 117);
    this.dgvProducts.Name = "dgvProducts";
    this.dgvProducts.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(561, 206);
    this.dgvProducts.TabIndex = 2;
    //
    // colName
    //
    this.colName.DataPropertyName = "Name";
    this.colName.HeaderText = "Product Name";
    this.colName.Name = "colName";
    this.colName.ReadOnly = true;
    //
    // colRrp
    //
    this.colRrp.DataPropertyName = "Rrp";
    this.colRrp.HeaderText = "RRP";
    this.colRrp.Name = "colRrp";
    this.colRrp.ReadOnly = true;
    //
    // colSellingPrice
    //
    this.colSellingPrice.DataPropertyName = "SellingPrice";
    this.colSellingPrice.HeaderText = "Selling Price";
    this.colSellingPrice.Name = "colSellingPrice";
    this.colSellingPrice.ReadOnly = true;
    //
    // colDiscount
    //
    this.colDiscount.DataPropertyName = "Discount";
    this.colDiscount.HeaderText = "Discount";
    this.colDiscount.Name = "colDiscount";
    //
    // colSavings
    //
    this.colSavings.DataPropertyName = "Savings";
    this.colSavings.HeaderText = "Savings";
    this.colSavings.Name = "colSavings";
    this.colSavings.ReadOnly = true;
    //
    // Form1
    //
    this.AutoScaleDimensions = new System.Drawing.SizeF(6F, 13F);
    this.AutoScaleMode = System.Windows.Forms.AutoScaleMode.Font;
    this.ClientSize = new System.Drawing.Size(589, 338);
    this.Controls.Add(this.cmbCustomerType);
    this.Controls.Add(this.dgvProducts);
    this.Name = "Form1";
    this.Text = "Form1";
    ((System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize)(this.dgvProducts)).EndInit();
    this.ResumeLayout(false);
}
#endregion
private System.Windows.Forms.ComboBox cmbCustomerType;
private System.Windows.Forms.DataGridView dgvProducts;
private System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn colName;
private System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn colRrp;
private System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn colSellingPrice;
private System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn colDiscount;
private System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn colSavings;

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using SoCPatterns.Layered.Model;
using SoCPatterns.Layered.Presentation;
using SoCPatterns.Layered.Service;
using StructureMap;

namespace SoCPatterns.Layered.WebUI
{
    public partial class Default : System.Web.UI.Page, IProductListView
    {
        private ProductListPresenter _productListPresenter;
        protected void Page_Init(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            _productListPresenter = new ProductListPresenter(this,ObjectFactory.GetInstance<Service.ProductService>());
            this.ddlCustomerType.SelectedIndexChanged +=
                delegate { _productListPresenter.Display(); };
        }
        protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            if(!Page.IsPostBack)
                _productListPresenter.Display();
        }
        public void Display(IList<ProductViewModel> products)
        {
            rptProducts.DataSource = products;
            rptProducts.DataBind();
        }
        public CustomerType CustomerType
        {
            get { return (CustomerType) int.Parse(ddlCustomerType.SelectedValue); }
        }
        public string ErrorMessage
        {
            set
            {
                lblErrorMessage.Text =
                    String.Format("<p><strong>Error:</strong><br/>{0}</p>", value);
            }
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using SoCPatterns.Layered.Model;
using SoCPatterns.Layered.Presentation;
using SoCPatterns.Layered.Service;
using StructureMap;

namespace SoCPatterns.Layered.WinUI
{
    public partial class Form1 : Form, IProductListView
    {
        private ProductListPresenter _productListPresenter;
        public Form1()
        {
            InitializeComponent();
            _productListPresenter =
                new ProductListPresenter(this, ObjectFactory.GetInstance<Service.ProductService>());
            this.cmbCustomerType.SelectedIndexChanged +=
                delegate { _productListPresenter.Display(); };
            dgvProducts.AutoGenerateColumns = false;
            cmbCustomerType.SelectedIndex = 0;
        }
        public void Display(IList<ProductViewModel> products)
        {
            dgvProducts.DataSource = products;
        }
        public CustomerType CustomerType
        {
            get { return (CustomerType)cmbCustomerType.SelectedIndex; }
        }
        public string ErrorMessage
        {
            set
            {
                MessageBox.Show(
                    String.Format("Error:{0}{1}", Environment.NewLine, value));
            }
        }
    }
}

namespace CoreIocServices
{
    public interface IMyDisposableService
    {
        void Run();
    }

    public class MyDisposableService : IMyDisposableService, IDisposable
    {
        private readonly ILogger<MyDisposableService> _logger;

        public MyDisposableService(ILogger<MyDisposableService> logger)
        {
            _logger = logger ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(logger));
            _logger.LogInformation("+ {0} was created", this.GetType().Name);
        }

        public void Run()
        {
            _logger.LogInformation("Running MyDisposableService!");
        }

        public void Dispose()
        {
            _logger.LogInformation("- {0} was disposed!", this.GetType().Name);
        }
    }
}

namespace CoreIocSample02
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.AddTransient<IMyDisposableService, MyDisposableService>();

namespace CoreIocSample02.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        private readonly IMyDisposableService _myDisposableService;

        public HomeController(IMyDisposableService myDisposableService)
        {
            _myDisposableService = myDisposableService;
        }

        public IActionResult Index()
        {
            _myDisposableService.Run();
            return View();
        }

info: Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Internal.ControllerActionInvoker[1]
      Route matched with {action = "Index", controller = "Home"}. Executing action CoreIocSample02.Controllers.HomeController.Index (CoreIocSample02)
info: CoreIocServices.MyDisposableService[0]
      + MyDisposableService was created
.
.
.  
info: Microsoft.AspNetCore.Routing.EndpointMiddleware[1]
      Executed endpoint 'CoreIocSample02.Controllers.HomeController.Index (CoreIocSample02)'
info: CoreIocServices.MyDisposableService[0]
      - MyDisposableService was disposed!
info: Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting.Internal.WebHost[2]
      Request finished in 1316.4719ms 200 text/html; charset=utf-8

namespace CoreIocSample02
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env)
        {
            app.Use(async (context, next) =>
            {
                var writer = File.CreateText(Path.GetTempFileName());
                context.Response.RegisterForDispose(writer);
                context.Items["filewriter"] = writer;
                await writer.WriteLineAsync("some important information");
                await writer.FlushAsync();
                await next();
            });

namespace CoreIocSample02.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        public async Task<IActionResult> WriteLog()
        {
            var writer = HttpContext.Items["filewriter"] as StreamWriter;
            if (writer != null)
            {
                await writer.WriteLineAsync("more important information");
                await writer.FlushAsync();
            }
            return View();
        }

using(var scope = serviceProvider.CreateScope())
{
   var provider = scope.ServiceProvider;
   var resolvedService = provider.GetRequiredService(someType);
   // Use resolvedService...
}

public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, 
                      ILoggerFactory loggerFactory, 
                      IServiceScopeFactory scopeFactory) 
{
   using (var scope = scopeFactory.CreateScope()) 
   { 
     var initializer = scope.ServiceProvider.GetService<IOperationScoped>(); 
     initializer.SeedAsync().Wait(); 
   } 
}

var myDisposableService = serviceProvider.GetService<IMyDisposableService>();
myDisposableService.Run();

var serviceCollection = new ServiceCollection();
ConfigureServices(serviceCollection);
var serviceProvider = serviceCollection.BuildServiceProvider();

namespace Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection
{
    public sealed class ServiceProvider : IServiceProvider, IDisposable, IServiceProviderEngineCallback
    {
        public void Dispose();
        public object GetService(Type serviceType);
    }
}

namespace CoreIocSample01
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            var serviceCollection = new ServiceCollection();
            ConfigureServices(serviceCollection);
            using (var serviceProvider = serviceCollection.BuildServiceProvider())
            {
                var myDisposableService = serviceProvider.GetService<IMyDisposableService>();
                myDisposableService.Run();

                var testService = serviceProvider.GetService<ITestService>();
                testService.Run();
            }
        }

using System.IO;
using iTextSharp.text.pdf;

namespace BatchRename
{
    class Program
    {
        private static string getTitle(PdfReader reader)
        {
            string title;
            reader.Info.TryGetValue("Title", out title); // Reading PDF file's meta data
            return string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(title) ? string.Empty : title.Trim();
        }

        private static string getSubject(PdfReader reader)
        {
            string subject;
            reader.Info.TryGetValue("Subject", out subject); // Reading PDF file's meta data
            return string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(subject) ? string.Empty : subject.Trim();
        }

        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            var dir = @"D:\Path";
            if (!dir.EndsWith(@"\"))
                dir = dir + @"\";

            foreach (var file in Directory.GetFiles(dir, "*.pdf"))
            {
                var reader = new PdfReader(file);
                var title = getTitle(reader);
                var subject = getSubject(reader);
                reader.Close();

                string newFile = string.Empty;
                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(title))
                {
                    newFile = dir + title + ".pdf";
                }
                else if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(subject))
                {
                    newFile = dir + subject + ".pdf";
                }

                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(newFile))
                    File.Move(file, newFile);
            }
        }
    }
}

var lambdaWithDefaultParam = (int val = 10) => val + 1;
Console.WriteLine(lambdaWithDefaultParam() == 11);
Console.WriteLine(lambdaWithDefaultParam(4) == 5);

Console.WriteLine(lambdaWithDefaultParam.Method.GetParameters()[0].DefaultValue);

app.MagGet("/items", (int? limit, int offset = 0) =>{
   // paginated query for items
});

 <link rel="pingback" href="pingback server">

        private Uri findPingbackServiceUri()
        {
            var request = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(_targetUri);
            request.UserAgent = UserAgent;
            request.Timeout = Timeout;
            request.ReadWriteTimeout = Timeout;
            request.Method = WebRequestMethods.Http.Get;
            request.AutomaticDecompression = DecompressionMethods.GZip | DecompressionMethods.Deflate;
            using (var response = request.GetResponse() as HttpWebResponse)
            {
                if (response == null) return null;

                var url = extractPingbackServiceUriFormHeaders(response);
                if (url != null)
                    return url;

                if (!isResponseHtml(response))
                    return null;

                using (var reader = new StreamReader(response.GetResponseStream()))
                {
                    return extractPingbackServiceUriFormPage(reader.ReadToEnd());
                }
            }
        }

        private static Uri extractPingbackServiceUriFormHeaders(WebResponse response)
        {
            var pingUrl = response.Headers.AllKeys.FirstOrDefault(header =>
                                header.Equals("x-pingback", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ||
                                header.Equals("pingback", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));

            return getValidAbsoluteUri(pingUrl);
        }

        private static Uri extractPingbackServiceUriFormPage(string content)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(content)) return null;
            var regex = new Regex(@"(?s)<link\srel=""pingback""\shref=""(.+?)""", RegexOptions.IgnoreCase);
            var match = regex.Match(content);
            return (!match.Success || match.Groups.Count < 2) ? null : getValidAbsoluteUri(match.Groups[1].Value);
        }

        private static Uri getValidAbsoluteUri(string url)
        {
            Uri absoluteUri;
            return string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(url) || !Uri.TryCreate(url, UriKind.Absolute, out absoluteUri) ? null : absoluteUri;
        }

        private static bool isResponseHtml(WebResponse response)
        {
            var contentTypeKey = response.Headers.AllKeys.FirstOrDefault(header =>
                                        header.Equals("content-type", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
            return !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(contentTypeKey) &&
                    response.Headers[contentTypeKey].StartsWith("text/html", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
        }

        public void Send()
        {
            var pingUrl = findPingbackServiceUri();
            if (pingUrl == null)
                throw new NotSupportedException(string.Format("{0} doesn't support pingback.", _targetUri.Host));

            sendPing(pingUrl);
        }

        private void sendPing(Uri pingUrl)
        {
            var request = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(pingUrl);
            request.UserAgent = UserAgent;
            request.Timeout = Timeout;
            request.ReadWriteTimeout = Timeout;
            request.Method = WebRequestMethods.Http.Post;
            request.ContentType = "text/xml";
            request.ProtocolVersion = HttpVersion.Version11;
            makeXmlRpcRequest(request);
            using (var response = (HttpWebResponse)request.GetResponse())
            {
                response.Close();
            }
        }

        private void makeXmlRpcRequest(WebRequest request)
        {
            var stream = request.GetRequestStream();
            using (var writer = new XmlTextWriter(stream, Encoding.ASCII))
            {
                writer.WriteStartDocument(true);
                writer.WriteStartElement("methodCall");
                writer.WriteElementString("methodName", "pingback.ping");
                writer.WriteStartElement("params");

                writer.WriteStartElement("param");
                writer.WriteStartElement("value");
                writer.WriteElementString("string", Uri.EscapeUriString(_sourceUri.ToString()));
                writer.WriteEndElement();
                writer.WriteEndElement();

                writer.WriteStartElement("param");
                writer.WriteStartElement("value");
                writer.WriteElementString("string", Uri.EscapeUriString(_targetUri.ToString()));
                writer.WriteEndElement();
                writer.WriteEndElement();

                writer.WriteEndElement();
                writer.WriteEndElement();
            }
        }

var doc = new HtmlWeb().Load(url);
var linkTags = doc.DocumentNode.Descendants("link");
var linkedPages = doc.DocumentNode.Descendants("a")
                                  .Select(a => a.GetAttributeValue("href", null))
                                  .Where(u => !String.IsNullOrEmpty(u));