اگر مطالب پیش نیاز را مطالعه کنید، قطعا روش مطرح شده را انتخاب نخواهید کرد؛ به همین دلیل به دنبال راه حل صحیح برخورد با این سناریوها بودم که نتیجه آن را در ادامه خواهیم دید.

راه حل صحیح برای برخورد با این سناریوها بازگشت یک Result می‌باشد که در مطلب قبلی هم تحت عنوان OperationResult مطرح شد. 

    public class Result
    {
        private static readonly Result SuccessResult = new Result(true, null);

        protected Result(bool succeeded, string message)
        {
            if (succeeded)
            {
                if (message != null)
                    throw new ArgumentException("There should be no error message for success.", nameof(message));
            }
            else
            {
                if (message == null)
                    throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(message), "There must be error message for failure.");
            }

            Succeeded = succeeded;
            Error = message;
        }

        public bool Succeeded { get; }
        public string Error { get; }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Success()
        {
            return SuccessResult;
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Failed(string message)
        {
            return new Result(false, message);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result<T> Failed<T>(string message)
        {
            return new Result<T>(default, false, message);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result<T> Success<T>(T value)
        {
            return new Result<T>(value, true, string.Empty);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Combine(string seperator, params Result[] results)
        {
            var failedResults = results.Where(x => !x.Succeeded).ToList();

            if (!failedResults.Any())
                return Success();

            var error = string.Join(seperator, failedResults.Select(x => x.Error).ToArray());
            return Failed(error);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Combine(params Result[] results)
        {
            return Combine(", ", results);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Combine<T>(params Result<T>[] results)
        {
            return Combine(", ", results);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Combine<T>(string seperator, params Result<T>[] results)
        {
            var untyped = results.Select(result => (Result) result).ToArray();
            return Combine(seperator, untyped);
        }

        public override string ToString()
        {
            return Succeeded
                ? "Succeeded"
                : $"Failed : {Error}";
        }
    }

مشابه کلاس بالا، در فریمورک ASP.NET Identity کلاسی تحت عنوان IdentityResult برای همین منظور در نظر گرفته شده‌است.

پراپرتی Succeeded نشان دهنده موفقت آمیز بودن یا عدم موفقیت عملیات (به عنوان مثال یک متد ApplicationService) می‌باشد. پراپرتی Error دربرگیرنده پیغام خطایی می‌باشد که قبلا از طریق Message مربوط به یک استثناء صادر شده، در اختیار بالاترین لایه قرار می‌گرفت. با استفاده از متد Combine، امکان ترکیب چندین Result حاصل از عملیات مختلف را خواهید داشت. متدهای استاتیک Failed و Success هم برای درگیر نشدن برای وهله سازی از کلاس Result در نظر گرفته شده‌اند.

متد GetForEdit مربوط به MeetingService را در نظر بگیرید. به عنوان مثال وظیفه این متد بازگشت یک MeetingEditModel می‌باشد؛ اما با توجه به یکسری قواعد تجاری، به‌عنوان مثال «امکان ویرایش جلسه‌ای که پابلیش نهایی شده‌است، وجود ندارد و ...» لازم است خروجی این متد نیز در صورت Fail شدن، دلیل آن را به مصرف کننده ارائه دهد. از این رو کلاس جنریک Result را به شکل زیر خواهیم داشت:

    public class Result<T> : Result
    {
        private readonly T _value;

        protected internal Result(T value, bool succeeded, string error)
            : base(succeeded, error)
        {
            _value = value;
        }

        public T Value
        {
            get
            {
                if (!Succeeded)
                    throw new InvalidOperationException("There is no value for failure.");

                return _value;
            }
        }
    }

    public static class ResultExtensions
    {
        public static Result<TK> OnSuccess<T, TK>(this Result<T> result, Func<T, TK> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed<TK>(result.Error) : Result.Success(func(result.Value));
        }

        public static Result<T> Ensure<T>(this Result<T> result, Func<T, bool> predicate, string message)
        {
            if (!result.Succeeded)
                return Result.Failed<T>(result.Error);

            return !predicate(result.Value) ? Result.Failed<T>(message) : Result.Success(result.Value);
        }

        public static Result<TK> Map<T, TK>(this Result<T> result, Func<T, TK> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed<TK>(result.Error) : Result.Success(func(result.Value));
        }

        public static Result<T> OnSuccess<T>(this Result<T> result, Action<T> action)
        {
            if (result.Succeeded) action(result.Value);

            return result;
        }

        public static T OnBoth<T>(this Result result, Func<Result, T> func)
        {
            return func(result);
        }

        public static Result OnSuccess(this Result result, Action action)
        {
            if (result.Succeeded) action();

            return result;
        }

        public static Result<T> OnSuccess<T>(this Result result, Func<T> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed<T>(result.Error) : Result.Success(func());
        }

        public static Result<TK> OnSuccess<T, TK>(this Result<T> result, Func<T, Result<TK>> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed<TK>(result.Error) : func(result.Value);
        }

        public static Result<T> OnSuccess<T>(this Result result, Func<Result<T>> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed<T>(result.Error) : func();
        }

        public static Result<TK> OnSuccess<T, TK>(this Result<T> result, Func<Result<TK>> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed<TK>(result.Error) : func();
        }

        public static Result OnSuccess<T>(this Result<T> result, Func<T, Result> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed(result.Error) : func(result.Value);
        }

        public static Result OnSuccess(this Result result, Func<Result> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? result : func();
        }

        public static Result Ensure(this Result result, Func<bool> predicate, string message)
        {
            if (!result.Succeeded)
                return Result.Failed(result.Error);

            return !predicate() ? Result.Failed(message) : Result.Success();
        }

        public static Result<T> Map<T>(this Result result, Func<T> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed<T>(result.Error) : Result.Success(func());
        }


        public static TK OnBoth<T, TK>(this Result<T> result, Func<Result<T>, TK> func)
        {
            return func(result);
        }

        public static Result<T> OnFailure<T>(this Result<T> result, Action action)
        {
            if (!result.Succeeded) action();

            return result;
        }

        public static Result OnFailure(this Result result, Action action)
        {
            if (!result.Succeeded) action();

            return result;
        }

        public static Result<T> OnFailure<T>(this Result<T> result, Action<string> action)
        {
            if (!result.Succeeded) action(result.Error);

            return result;
        }

        public static Result OnFailure(this Result result, Action<string> action)
        {
            if (!result.Succeeded) action(result.Error);

            return result;
        }
    }

[HttpPost, AjaxOnly, ValidateAntiForgeryToken, ValidateModelState]
public virtual async Task<ActionResult> Create([Bind(Prefix = "Model")]MeetingCreateModel model)
{
    var result = await _service.CreateAsync(model);

    return result.OnSuccess(() => { })
                 .OnFailure(() => { })
                 .OnBoth(r => r.Succeeded ? InformationNotification("Messages.Save.Success") : ErrorMessage(r.Error));

}

var result = await _service.CreateAsync(new TenantAwareEntityCreateModel());

return Result.Combine(result, Result.Success(), Result.Failed("نتیجه یک متد دیگر به عنوان مثال"))
    .OnSuccess(() => { })
    .OnFailure(() => { })
    .OnBoth(r => r.Succeeded ? Json("OK") : Json(r.Error));

ترکیب با الگوی Maybe یا Option

    public struct Maybe<T> : IEquatable<Maybe<T>>
        where T : class
    {
        private readonly T _value;

        private Maybe(T value)
        {
            _value = value;
        }

        public bool HasValue => _value != null;
        public T Value => _value ?? throw new InvalidOperationException();
        public static Maybe<T> None => new Maybe<T>();


        public static implicit operator Maybe<T>(T value)
        {
            return new Maybe<T>(value);
        }

        public static bool operator ==(Maybe<T> maybe, T value)
        {
            return maybe.HasValue && maybe.Value.Equals(value);
        }

        public static bool operator !=(Maybe<T> maybe, T value)
        {
            return !(maybe == value);
        }

        public static bool operator ==(Maybe<T> left, Maybe<T> right)
        {
            return left.Equals(right);
        }

        public static bool operator !=(Maybe<T> left, Maybe<T> right)
        {
            return !(left == right);
        }

        /// <inheritdoc />
        /// <summary>
        ///     Avoid boxing and Give type safety
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="other"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public bool Equals(Maybe<T> other)
        {
            if (!HasValue && !other.HasValue)
                return true;

            if (!HasValue || !other.HasValue)
                return false;

            return _value.Equals(other.Value);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///     Avoid reflection
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="obj"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public override bool Equals(object obj)
        {
            if (obj is T typed)
            {
                obj = new Maybe<T>(typed);
            }

            if (!(obj is Maybe<T> other)) return false;

            return Equals(other);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///     Good practice when overriding Equals method.
        ///     If x.Equals(y) then we must have x.GetHashCode()==y.GetHashCode()
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public override int GetHashCode()
        {
            return HasValue ? _value.GetHashCode() : 0;
        }

        public override string ToString()
        {
            return HasValue ? _value.ToString() : "NO VALUE";
        }
    }

public static Result<T> ToResult<T>(this Maybe<T> maybe, string message)
    where T : class
{
    return !maybe.HasValue ? Result.Failed<T>(message) : Result.Success(maybe.Value);
}

Result<Customer> customerResult = _customerRepository.GetById(model.Id)
    .ToResult("Customer with such Id is not found: " + model.Id);

همچنین متدهای الحاقی زیر را نیز برای ساختار داده Maybe می‌توان در نظر گرفت:

        public static T GetValueOrDefault<T>(this Maybe<T> maybe, T defaultValue = default)
            where T : class
        {
            return maybe.GetValueOrDefault(x => x, defaultValue);
        }

        public static TK GetValueOrDefault<T, TK>(this Maybe<T> maybe, Func<T, TK> selector, TK defaultValue = default)
            where T : class
        {
            return maybe.HasValue ? selector(maybe.Value) : defaultValue;
        }

        public static Maybe<T> Where<T>(this Maybe<T> maybe, Func<T, bool> predicate)
            where T : class
        {
            if (!maybe.HasValue)
                return default(T);

            return predicate(maybe.Value) ? maybe : default(T);
        }

        public static Maybe<TK> Select<T, TK>(this Maybe<T> maybe, Func<T, TK> selector)
            where T : class
            where TK : class
        {
            return !maybe.HasValue ? default : selector(maybe.Value);
        }

        public static Maybe<TK> Select<T, TK>(this Maybe<T> maybe, Func<T, Maybe<TK>> selector)
            where T : class
            where TK : class
        {
            return !maybe.HasValue ? default(TK) : selector(maybe.Value);
        }

        public static void Execute<T>(this Maybe<T> maybe, Action<T> action)
            where T : class
        {
            if (!maybe.HasValue)
                return;

            action(maybe.Value);
        }
    }

public class User
{
   public string Name { set; get; }
}

public record User
{
   public string Name { set; get; }
}

var user = new User();
user.Name = "User 1";

public record User(string Name);

var user = new User("User 1");
// Error: Init-only property or indexer 'User.Name' can only be assigned
// in an object initializer, or on 'this' or 'base' in an instance constructor
// or an 'init' accessor. [CS9Features]csharp(CS8852)
user.Name = "User 1";

public record User(string Name);

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using System.Text;
using CS9Features;

public class User : IEquatable<User>
{
 protected virtual Type EqualityContract
 {
  [System.Runtime.CompilerServices.NullableContext(1)]
  [CompilerGenerated]
  get
  {
   return typeof(User);
  }
 }

 public string Name
 {
  get;
  set/*init*/;
 }

 public User(string Name)
 {
  this.Name = Name;
  base..ctor();
 }

 public override string ToString()
 {
  StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
  stringBuilder.Append("User");
  stringBuilder.Append(" { ");
  if (PrintMembers(stringBuilder))
  {
   stringBuilder.Append(" ");
  }
  stringBuilder.Append("}");
  return stringBuilder.ToString();
 }

 protected virtual bool PrintMembers(StringBuilder builder)
 {
  builder.Append("Name");
  builder.Append(" = ");
  builder.Append((object?)Name);
  return true;
 }

 [System.Runtime.CompilerServices.NullableContext(2)]
 public static bool operator !=(User? r1, User? r2)
 {
  return !(r1 == r2);
 }

 [System.Runtime.CompilerServices.NullableContext(2)]
 public static bool operator ==(User? r1, User? r2)
 {
  return (object)r1 == r2 || (r1?.Equals(r2) ?? false);
 }

 public override int GetHashCode()
 {
  return EqualityComparer<Type>.Default.GetHashCode(EqualityContract) * -1521134295 + EqualityComparer<string>.Default.GetHashCode(Name);
 }

 public override bool Equals(object? obj)
 {
  return Equals(obj as User);
 }

 public virtual bool Equals(User? other)
 {
  return (object)other != null && EqualityContract == other!.EqualityContract && EqualityComparer<string>.Default.Equals(Name, other!.Name);
 }

 public virtual User <Clone>$()
 {
  return new User(this);
 }

 protected User(User original)
 {
  Name = original.Name;
 }

 public void Deconstruct(out string Name)
 {
  Name = this.Name;
 }
}

public virtual User <Clone>$()
{
  return new User(this);
}

public record User(string Name, int Age);

var user1 = new User("User 1", 21);

var user2 = user1 with { Age = 31 };

var user1 = new User("User 1", 21);
var user2 = new User("User 1", 21);

Console.WriteLine("user1.Equals(user2) -> {0}", user1.Equals(user2));
Console.WriteLine("user1 == user2 -> {0}", user1 == user2);

user1.Equals(user2) -> True
user1 == user2 -> True

public virtual bool Equals(User? other)
{
   return (object)other != null &&
 EqualityContract == other!.EqualityContract &&
 EqualityComparer<string>.Default.Equals(Name, other!.Name) && 
EqualityComparer<int>.Default.Equals(Age, other!.Age);
}

    public record User
    {
        public string Name { get; init; }

        public User(string name)
        {
            Name = name;
        }
    }

    public record UserWithAge : User
    {
        public int Age { get; init; }

        public UserWithAge(string name, int age) : base(name)
        {
            Age = age;
        }
    }

var user1 = new User("User 1");
var user2 = new UserWithAge("User 1", 21);

Console.WriteLine("user1.Equals(user2) -> {0}", user1.Equals(user2));
Console.WriteLine("user1 == user2 -> {0}", user1 == user2);

user1.Equals(user2) -> False
user1 == user2 -> False

public abstract record Food(int Calories);
public record Milk(int C, double FatPercentage) : Food(C);

Console.WriteLine(user1.ToString());
Console.WriteLine(user2.ToString());

User { Name = User 1 }
UserWithAge { Name = User 1, Age = 21 }

public record Person(string Name, int Age);

public void Deconstruct(out string Name, out int Age)
{
  Name = this.Name;
  Age = this.Age;
}

var (name, age) = new Person("User 1", 21);

 public record Person([Required] string Name, [Range(0, 150)] int Age);

 public class PersonController
 {
   public IActionResult Index() => View();

   [HttpPost]
   public IActionResult Index(Person person)
   {
    // ...
   }
 }

namespace BlazorWasmSQLite.Models;

public class Car
{
  public int Id { get; set; }

  public string Brand { get; set; }

  public  int Price { get; set; }
}

using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using BlazorWasmSQLite.Models;

namespace BlazorWasmSQLite.Data;

public class ClientSideDbContext : DbContext
{
  public DbSet<Car> Cars { get; set; } = default!;

  public ClientSideDbContext(DbContextOptions<ClientSideDbContext> options) :
    base(options)
  {
  }
}

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk.BlazorWebAssembly">
  <ItemGroup>
    <!-- EF Core and Sqlite -->
    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Sqlite" Version="6.0.1" />
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.Web;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.WebAssembly.Hosting;
using BlazorWasmSQLite;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using BlazorWasmSQLite.Data;

var builder = WebAssemblyHostBuilder.CreateDefault(args);
builder.RootComponents.Add<App>("#app");
builder.RootComponents.Add<HeadOutlet>("head::after");

builder.Services.AddScoped(sp => new HttpClient { BaseAddress = new Uri(builder.HostEnvironment.BaseAddress) });

// Sets up EF Core with Sqlite
builder.Services.AddDbContextFactory<ClientSideDbContext>(options =>
      options
        .UseSqlite($"Filename=DemoData.db")
        .EnableSensitiveDataLogging());

await builder.Build().RunAsync();

@page "/"

@using Microsoft.Data.Sqlite
@using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore
@using BlazorWasmSQLite.Data
@using BlazorWasmSQLite.Models


<PageTitle>Index</PageTitle>

<h1>Hello, world!</h1>

Welcome to your new app.

<SurveyPrompt Title="How is Blazor working for you?" />

@code {
  [Inject]
  private IDbContextFactory<ClientSideDbContext> _dbContextFactory { get; set; } = default!;

  protected override async Task OnInitializedAsync()
  {
    await using var db = await _dbContextFactory.CreateDbContextAsync();
    await db.Database.EnsureCreatedAsync();

    // create seed data
    if (!db.Cars.Any())
    {
      var cars = new[]
      {
        new Car { Brand = "Audi", Price = 21000 },
        new Car { Brand = "Volvo", Price = 11000 },
        new Car { Brand = "Range Rover", Price = 135000 },
        new Car { Brand = "Ford", Price = 8995 }
      };

      await db.Cars.AddRangeAsync(cars);
      await db.SaveChangesAsync();
    }

    await base.OnInitializedAsync();
  }
}

crit: Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.WebAssembly.Rendering.WebAssemblyRenderer[100] Unhandled exception rendering component:
The type initializer for 'Microsoft.Data.Sqlite.SqliteConnection' threw an exception. System.TypeInitializationException:
The type initializer for 'Microsoft.Data.Sqlite.SqliteConnection' threw an exception. ---> System.Reflection.TargetInvocationException:
Exception has been thrown by the target of an invocation. ---> System.DllNotFoundException: e_sqlite3 at
SQLitePCL.SQLite3Provider_e_sqlite3.SQLitePCL.ISQLite3Provider.sqlite3_libversion_number()

$ git clone https://github.com/cloudmeter/sqlite
$ cd sqlite
$ emcc sqlite3.c -shared -o e_sqlite3.o

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk.BlazorWebAssembly">
  <ItemGroup>
    <!-- EF Core and Sqlite -->
    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Sqlite" Version="6.0.1" />
    <NativeFileReference Include="Data\e_sqlite3.o" />
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>

 dotnet new react

spa.UseReactDevelopmentServer(npmScript: "start");

spa.UseProxyToSpaDevelopmentServer("http://localhost:3000");

> create-react-app clientapp

> cd clientapp
> npm install --save bootstrap axios react-toastify

import "bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.css";

import { ToastContainer } from "react-toastify";
import "react-toastify/dist/ReactToastify.css";

  render() {
    return (
      <React.Fragment>
        <ToastContainer />

import React, { useState } from "react";
import axios from "axios";
import { toast } from "react-toastify";

export default function UploadFileSimple() {

  const [description, setDescription] = useState("");
  const [selectedFile1, setSelectedFile1] = useState();
  const [selectedFile2, setSelectedFile2] = useState();


  return (
    <form>
      <fieldset className="form-group">
        <legend>Support Form</legend>

        <div className="form-group row">
          <label className="form-control-label" htmlFor="description">
            Description
          </label>
          <input
            type="text"
            className="form-control"
            name="description"
            onChange={event => setDescription(event.target.value)}
            value={description}
          />
        </div>

        <div className="form-group row">
          <label className="form-control-label" htmlFor="file1">
            File 1
          </label>
          <input
            type="file"
            className="form-control"
            name="file1"
            onChange={event => setSelectedFile1(event.target.files[0])}
          />
        </div>

        <div className="form-group row">
          <label className="form-control-label" htmlFor="file2">
            File 2
          </label>
          <input
            type="file"
            className="form-control"
            name="file2"
            onChange={event => setSelectedFile2(event.target.files[0])}
          />
        </div>

        <div className="form-group row">
          <button
            className="btn btn-primary"
            type="submit"
          >
            Submit
          </button>
        </div>
      </fieldset>
    </form>
  );
}

  const [description, setDescription] = useState("");
  const [selectedFile1, setSelectedFile1] = useState();
  const [selectedFile2, setSelectedFile2] = useState();

          <input
            type="text"
            className="form-control"
            name="description"
            onChange={event => setDescription(event.target.value)}
            value={description}
          />

          <input
            type="file"
            className="form-control"
            name="file1"
            onChange={event => setSelectedFile1(event.target.files[0])}
          />

<form enctype="multipart/form-data" action="/upload" method="post">
   <input id="file-input" type="file" />
</form>

let file = document.getElementById("file-input").files[0];
let formData = new FormData();
 
formData.append("file", file);
fetch('/upload/image', {method: "POST", body: formData});

  // ...

export default function UploadFileSimple() {
  // ...

  const handleSubmit = async event => {
    event.preventDefault();

    const formData = new FormData();
    formData.append("description", description);
    formData.append("file1", selectedFile1);
    formData.append("file2", selectedFile2);


      toast.success("Form has been submitted successfully!");

      setDescription("");
  };

  return (
    <form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
    </form>
  );
}

  // ...

export default function UploadFileSimple() {
  const apiUrl = "https://localhost:5001/api/SimpleUpload/SaveTicket";

  // ...
  const [isUploading, setIsUploading] = useState(false);

  const handleSubmit = async event => {
    event.preventDefault();

    const formData = new FormData();
    formData.append("description", description);
    formData.append("file1", selectedFile1);
    formData.append("file2", selectedFile2);

    try {
      setIsUploading(true);

      const { data } = await axios.post(apiUrl, formData, {
        headers: {
          "Content-Type": "multipart/form-data"
        }}
      });

      toast.success("Form has been submitted successfully!");

      console.log("uploadResult", data);

      setIsUploading(false);
      setDescription("");
    } catch (error) {
      setIsUploading(false);
      toast.error(error);
    }
  };


  return (
  // ...
  );
}

<button
   disabled={ isUploading }
   className="btn btn-primary"
   type="submit"
>
  Submit
</button>

  const isFileValid = selectedFile => {
    if (!selectedFile) {
      // toast.error("Please select a file.");
      return false;
    }

    const allowedMimeTypes = [
      "image/png",
      "image/jpeg",
      "image/gif",
      "image/svg+xml"
    ];
    if (!allowedMimeTypes.includes(selectedFile.type)) {
      toast.error(`Invalid file type: ${selectedFile.type}`);
      return false;
    }

    const maxFileSize = 1024 * 500;
    const fileSize = selectedFile.size;
    if (fileSize > maxFileSize) {
      toast.error(
        `File size ${(fileSize / 1024).toFixed(
          2
        )} KB must be less than ${maxFileSize / 1024} KB`
      );
      return false;
    }

    return true;
  };

  const handleSubmit = async event => {
    event.preventDefault();

    if (!isFileValid(selectedFile1) || !isFileValid(selectedFile2)) {
      return;
    }

<button
            disabled={
              isUploading ||
              !isFileValid(selectedFile1) ||
              !isFileValid(selectedFile2)
            }
            className="btn btn-primary"
            type="submit"
>
   Submit
</button>

      const startTime = Date.now();

      const { data } = await axios.post(apiUrl, formData, {
        headers: {
          "Content-Type": "multipart/form-data"
        },
        onUploadProgress: progressEvent => {
          const { loaded, total } = progressEvent;

          const timeElapsed = Date.now() - startTime;
          const uploadSpeed = loaded / (timeElapsed / 1000);

          setUploadProgress({
            queueProgress: Math.round((loaded / total) * 100),
            uploadTimeRemaining: Math.ceil((total - loaded) / uploadSpeed),
            uploadTimeElapsed: Math.ceil(timeElapsed / 1000),
            uploadSpeed: (uploadSpeed / 1024).toFixed(2)
          });
        }
      });

  const [uploadProgress, setUploadProgress] = useState({
    queueProgress: 0,
    uploadTimeRemaining: 0,
    uploadTimeElapsed: 0,
    uploadSpeed: 0
  });

  const showUploadProgress = () => {
    const {
      queueProgress,
      uploadTimeRemaining,
      uploadTimeElapsed,
      uploadSpeed
    } = uploadProgress;

    if (queueProgress <= 0) {
      return <></>;
    }

    return (
      <table className="table">
        <thead>
          <tr>
            <th width="15%">Event</th>
            <th>Status</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td>
              <strong>Elapsed time</strong>
            </td>
            <td>{uploadTimeElapsed} second(s)</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>
              <strong>Remaining time</strong>
            </td>
            <td>{uploadTimeRemaining} second(s)</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>
              <strong>Upload speed</strong>
            </td>
            <td>{uploadSpeed} KB/s</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>
              <strong>Queue progress</strong>
            </td>
            <td>
              <div
                className="progress-bar progress-bar-info progress-bar-striped"
                role="progressbar"
                aria-valuemin="0"
                aria-valuemax="100"
                aria-valuenow={queueProgress}
                style={{ width: queueProgress + "%" }}
              >
                {queueProgress}%
              </div>
            </td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    );
  };

{showUploadProgress()}

const formData = new FormData();
formData.append("description", description);
formData.append("file1", selectedFile1);
formData.append("file2", selectedFile2);

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;

namespace UploadFilesSample.Models
{
    public class Ticket
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }

        public string Description { set; get; }

        public IFormFile File1 { set; get; }

        public IFormFile File2 { set; get; }
    }
}

using System.IO;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using UploadFilesSample.Models;

namespace UploadFilesSample.Controllers
{
    [Route("api/[controller]")]
    [ApiController]
    public class SimpleUploadController : Controller
    {
        private readonly IWebHostEnvironment _environment;

        public SimpleUploadController(IWebHostEnvironment environment)
        {
            _environment = environment;
        }

        [HttpPost("[action]")]
        public async Task<IActionResult> SaveTicket([FromForm]Ticket ticket)
        {
            var file1Path = await saveFileAsync(ticket.File1);
            var file2Path = await saveFileAsync(ticket.File2);

            //TODO: save the ticket ... get id

            return Created("", new { id = 1001 });
        }

        private async Task<string> saveFileAsync(IFormFile file)
        {
            const string uploadsFolder = "uploads";
            var uploadsRootFolder = Path.Combine(_environment.WebRootPath, "uploads");
            if (!Directory.Exists(uploadsRootFolder))
            {
                Directory.CreateDirectory(uploadsRootFolder);
            }

            //TODO: Do security checks ...!

            if (file == null || file.Length == 0)
            {
                return string.Empty;
            }

            var filePath = Path.Combine(uploadsRootFolder, file.FileName);
            using (var fileStream = new FileStream(filePath, FileMode.Create))
            {
                await file.CopyToAsync(fileStream);
            }

            return $"/{uploadsFolder}/{file.Name}";
        }
    }
}

public async Task<IActionResult> SaveTicket([FromForm]Ticket ticket)

      const { data } = await axios.post(apiUrl, formData, {
        headers: {
          "Content-Type": "multipart/form-data"
        }}
      });

public class User
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
    }

public class UserService : IUserService
    {
        private IList<User> _userData;

        public UserService()
        {
            _userData = new List<User>
            {
                new User {Id = 1,Name = "ali"},
                new User {Id = 2,Name = "Karim"}
            };
        }

        public User GetById(int id)
        {
            return _userData.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Id == id);
        }
    }  

public class UserController : Controller
    {
        private readonly IUserService _userService;

        public UserController(IUserService  userService)
        {
            _userService = userService;
        }
        public ActionResult Details(int id)
        {
            var user=_userService.GetById(3); // این متد ممکن است مقداری برگرداند و یا مقدار نال برگرداند                           
            if( user == null)
                 return HttpNotFound();    
            return View(user);  
        }
    }

 public ActionResult Details(int id)
        {
            var user = _userService
                            .GetById(3)
                            .DefaultIfEmpty(new User())
                            .Single();
            return View(user);
        }

public class Option<T> : IEnumerable<T>
    {
        private readonly T[] _data;

        private Option(T[] data)
        {
            _data = data;
        }

        public static Option<T> Create(T element) => new Option<T>(new[] { element });

        public static Option<T> CreateEmpty() => new Option<T>(new T[0]);

        public IEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator() => ((IEnumerable<T>) _data).GetEnumerator();

        IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() => this.GetEnumerator();
    }

 public class UserService : IUserService
    {
       ...
       ...
       public Option<User> GetById(int id)
        {
            var user = _userData.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Id == id);
            return user == null ? Option<User>.CreateEmpty() : Option<User>.Create(user);
        }
    }

 public class UserController : Controller
    {
       ...
       ...
       public ActionResult Details(int id)
        {
            var user = _userService
                            .GetById(3)
                            .DefaultIfEmpty(new User())
                            .Single();
            return View(user);
        }
    }

public class Student{
    [Display(Name="نام خانوادگی")]
    public string FamilyName { get; set;}
}

<label asp-for="FamilyName"></label>

[Display(
     Name = "نام خانوادگی",
     Description = "بهتر است فقط در اینجا نام خانوادگی شخص وارد شود")]
public string FamilyName{ get; set; }

<span asp-description-for="FamilyName"></span>

<span>بهتر است فقط در اینجا نام خانوادگی شخص وارد شود</span>

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Rendering;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.ViewFeatures;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Razor.TagHelpers;

[HtmlTargetElement("div", Attributes = ForAttributeName)]
[HtmlTargetElement("p", Attributes = ForAttributeName)]
[HtmlTargetElement("span", Attributes = ForAttributeName)]
public sealed class DescriptionForTagHelper : TagHelper
{
    private const string ForAttributeName = "asp-description-for";

    [HtmlAttributeName(ForAttributeName)] 
    public ModelExpression For { get; set; } = default!;

    public override async Task ProcessAsync(TagHelperContext context, TagHelperOutput output)
    {
        if (context == null)
        {
            throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));
        }

        if (output == null)
        {
            throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(output));
        }

        var description = For.Metadata.Description;
        if (description != null)
        {
            // Do not update the content if another tag helper
            // targeting this element has already done so.
            if (!output.IsContentModified)
            {
                var childContent = await output.GetChildContentAsync();
                if (childContent.IsEmptyOrWhiteSpace)
                {
                    output.Content.SetHtmlContent(description);
                }
                else
                {
                    output.Content.SetHtmlContent(childContent);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

SELECT
    [Id], 
    (SELECT top 1  * FROM  [AppUsers] FOR XML auto),
    HASHBYTES ('SHA2_256', (SELECT top 1  * FROM  [AppUsers] FOR XML auto)) AS [hash] -- varbinary(n), since 2012
FROM
    [AppUsers]

using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace EFCoreRowIntegrity
{
    public interface IAuditableEntity
    {
        string Hash { set; get; }
    }

    public static class AuditableShadowProperties
    {
        public static readonly string CreatedDateTime = nameof(CreatedDateTime);
        public static readonly string ModifiedDateTime = nameof(ModifiedDateTime);
    }

    public class Blog : IAuditableEntity
    {
        public int BlogId { get; set; }
        public string Url { get; set; }

        public List<Post> Posts { get; set; }

        public string Hash { get; set; }
    }

    public class Post : IAuditableEntity
    {
        public int PostId { get; set; }
        public string Title { get; set; }
        public string Content { get; set; }

        public int BlogId { get; set; }
        public Blog Blog { get; set; }

        public string Hash { get; set; }
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.ChangeTracking;

namespace EFCoreRowIntegrity
{
    public class AuditEntry
    {
        public EntityEntry EntityEntry { set; get; }
        public IList<AuditProperty> AuditProperties { set; get; } = new List<AuditProperty>();

        public AuditEntry() { }

        public AuditEntry(EntityEntry entry)
        {
            EntityEntry = entry;
        }
    }

    public class AuditProperty
    {
        public string Name { set; get; }
        public object Value { set; get; }

        public bool IsTemporary { set; get; }
        public PropertyEntry PropertyEntry { set; get; }

        public AuditProperty() { }

        public AuditProperty(string name, object value, bool isTemporary, PropertyEntry property)
        {
            Name = name;
            Value = value;
            IsTemporary = isTemporary;
            PropertyEntry = property;
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.ChangeTracking;
using Newtonsoft.Json;

namespace EFCoreRowIntegrity
{
    public static class HashingExtensions
    {
        public static string GenerateObjectHash(this object @object)
        {
            if (@object == null)
            {
                return string.Empty;
            }

            var jsonData = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(@object, Formatting.Indented);
            using (var hashAlgorithm = new SHA256CryptoServiceProvider())
            {
                var byteValue = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(jsonData);
                var byteHash = hashAlgorithm.ComputeHash(byteValue);
                return Convert.ToBase64String(byteHash);
            }
        }

        public static string GenerateEntityEntryHash(this EntityEntry entry, string propertyToIgnore)
        {
            var auditEntry = new Dictionary<string, object>();
            foreach (var property in entry.Properties)
            {
                var propertyName = property.Metadata.Name;
                if (propertyName == propertyToIgnore)
                {
                    continue;
                }
                auditEntry[propertyName] = property.CurrentValue;
            }
            return auditEntry.GenerateObjectHash();
        }

        public static string GenerateEntityHash<TEntity>(this DbContext context, TEntity entity, string propertyToIgnore)
        {
            return context.Entry(entity).GenerateEntityEntryHash(propertyToIgnore);
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.ChangeTracking;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;

namespace EFCoreRowIntegrity
{
    public class BloggingContext : DbContext
    {
        public BloggingContext()
        { }

        public BloggingContext(DbContextOptions options)
            : base(options)
        { }

        public DbSet<Blog> Blogs { get; set; }
        public DbSet<Post> Posts { get; set; }

        protected override void OnConfiguring(DbContextOptionsBuilder optionsBuilder)
        {
            if (!optionsBuilder.IsConfigured)
            {
                optionsBuilder.EnableSensitiveDataLogging();
                var path = Path.Combine(Directory.GetCurrentDirectory(), "app_data", "EFCore.RowIntegrity.mdf");
                optionsBuilder.UseSqlServer($"Server=(localdb)\\mssqllocaldb;Database=EFCore.RowIntegrity;AttachDbFilename={path};Trusted_Connection=True;");
                optionsBuilder.UseLoggerFactory(new LoggerFactory().AddConsole((message, logLevel) =>
                logLevel == LogLevel.Debug &&
                           message.StartsWith("Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Database.Command")));
            }
        }

        protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder modelBuilder)
        {
            base.OnModelCreating(modelBuilder);

            foreach (var entityType in modelBuilder.Model
                                                   .GetEntityTypes()
                                                   .Where(e => typeof(IAuditableEntity)
                                                   .IsAssignableFrom(e.ClrType)))
            {
                modelBuilder.Entity(entityType.ClrType)
                            .Property<DateTimeOffset?>(AuditableShadowProperties.CreatedDateTime);
                modelBuilder.Entity(entityType.ClrType)
                            .Property<DateTimeOffset?>(AuditableShadowProperties.ModifiedDateTime);
            }
        }

        public override int SaveChanges()
        {
            var auditEntries = OnBeforeSaveChanges();
            var result = base.SaveChanges();
            OnAfterSaveChanges(auditEntries);
            return result;
        }

        private IList<AuditEntry> OnBeforeSaveChanges()
        {
            var auditEntries = new List<AuditEntry>();

            foreach (var entry in ChangeTracker.Entries<IAuditableEntity>())
            {
                if (entry.State == EntityState.Detached || entry.State == EntityState.Unchanged)
                {
                    continue;
                }

                var auditEntry = new AuditEntry(entry);
                auditEntries.Add(auditEntry);

                var now = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow;

                foreach (var property in entry.Properties)
                {
                    var propertyName = property.Metadata.Name;
                    if (propertyName == nameof(IAuditableEntity.Hash))
                    {
                        continue;
                    }

                    if (property.IsTemporary)
                    {
                        // It's an auto-generated value and should be retrieved from the DB after calling the base.SaveChanges().
                        auditEntry.AuditProperties.Add(new AuditProperty(propertyName, null, true, property));
                        continue;
                    }

                    switch (entry.State)
                    {
                        case EntityState.Added:
                            entry.Property(AuditableShadowProperties.CreatedDateTime).CurrentValue = now;
                            auditEntry.AuditProperties.Add(new AuditProperty(propertyName, property.CurrentValue, false, property));
                            break;
                        case EntityState.Modified:
                            auditEntry.AuditProperties.Add(new AuditProperty(propertyName, property.CurrentValue, false, property));
                            entry.Property(AuditableShadowProperties.ModifiedDateTime).CurrentValue = now;
                            break;
                    }
                }
            }

            return auditEntries;
        }

        private void OnAfterSaveChanges(IList<AuditEntry> auditEntries)
        {
            foreach (var auditEntry in auditEntries)
            {
                foreach (var auditProperty in auditEntry.AuditProperties.Where(x => x.IsTemporary))
                {
                    // Now we have the auto-generated value from the DB.
                    auditProperty.Value = auditProperty.PropertyEntry.CurrentValue;
                    auditProperty.IsTemporary = false;
                }
                auditEntry.EntityEntry.Property(nameof(IAuditableEntity.Hash)).CurrentValue =
                    auditEntry.AuditProperties.ToDictionary(x => x.Name, x => x.Value).GenerateObjectHash();
            }
            base.SaveChanges();
        }
    }
}

public override int SaveChanges()
{
    var auditEntries = OnBeforeSaveChanges();
    var result = base.SaveChanges();
    OnAfterSaveChanges(auditEntries);
    return result;
}

if (property.IsTemporary)
{
   // It's an auto-generated value and should be retrieved from the DB after calling the base.SaveChanges().
   auditEntry.AuditProperties.Add(new AuditProperty(propertyName, null, true, property));
   continue;
}

private static void CheckRow1IsAuthentic()
{
    using (var context = new BloggingContext())
    {
        var blog1 = context.Blogs.Single(x => x.BlogId == 1);
        var entityHash = context.GenerateEntityHash(blog1, propertyToIgnore: nameof(IAuditableEntity.Hash));
        var dbRowHash = blog1.Hash;
        Console.WriteLine($"entityHash: {entityHash}\ndbRowHash:  {dbRowHash}");
        if (entityHash == dbRowHash)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("This row is authentic!");
        }
        else
        {
            Console.WriteLine("This row is tampered outside of the application!");
        }
    }
}

entityHash: P110cYquWpoaZuTpCWaqBn6HPSGdoQdmaAN05s1zYqo=
dbRowHash: P110cYquWpoaZuTpCWaqBn6HPSGdoQdmaAN05s1zYqo=
This row is authentic!

entityHash: tdiZhKMJRnROGLLam1WpldA0fy/CbjJaR2Y2jNU9izk=
dbRowHash: P110cYquWpoaZuTpCWaqBn6HPSGdoQdmaAN05s1zYqo=
This row is tampered outside of the application!

var blogs = (from blog in context.Blogs.ToList() // Note: this `ToList()` is necessary here for having Shadow properties values, otherwise they will considered `null`.
             let computedHash = context.GenerateEntityHash(blog, nameof(IAuditableEntity.Hash))
             select new
             {
               blog.BlogId,
               blog.Url,
               RowHash = blog.Hash,
               ComputedHash = computedHash,
               IsAuthentic = blog.Hash == computedHash
             }).ToList();