namespace PdfReportSamples.Models
{
    public class Task
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public string Name { set; get; }
        public int PercentCompleted { set; get; }
        public bool IsActive { set; get; }
        public User Assignee { set; get; }
    }
}

using System;

namespace PdfReportSamples.Models
{
    public class User
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public string Name { set; get; }
        public string LastName { set; get; }
        public long Balance { set; get; }
        public DateTime RegisterDate { set; get; }
    }
}

 column.PropertyName<Task>(x => x.Assignee.Name) 

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Drawing;
using PdfReportSamples.Models;
using PdfRpt.Core.Contracts;
using PdfRpt.FluentInterface;

namespace PdfReportSamples.CustomHeaderFooter
{
    public class CustomHeaderFooterPdfReport
    {
        readonly CustomHeader _customHeader = new CustomHeader();
        public IPdfReportData CreatePdfReport()
        {
            return new PdfReport().DocumentPreferences(doc =>
            {
                doc.RunDirection(PdfRunDirection.LeftToRight);
                doc.Orientation(PageOrientation.Portrait);
                doc.PageSize(PdfPageSize.A4);
                doc.DocumentMetadata(new DocumentMetadata { Author = "Vahid", Application = "PdfRpt", Keywords = "Test", Subject = "Test Rpt", Title = "Test" });
            })
            .DefaultFonts(fonts =>
            {
                fonts.Path(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SystemRoot") + "\\fonts\\tahoma.ttf",
                                  Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SystemRoot") + "\\fonts\\verdana.ttf");
            })
            .PagesFooter(footer =>
            {
                footer.CustomFooter(new CustomFooter(footer.PdfFont, PdfRunDirection.LeftToRight));
            })
            .PagesHeader(header =>
            {
                header.CustomHeader(_customHeader);
            })
            .MainTableTemplate(template =>
            {
                template.BasicTemplate(BasicTemplate.SilverTemplate);
            })
            .MainTablePreferences(table =>
            {
                table.ColumnsWidthsType(TableColumnWidthType.Relative);
                table.MultipleColumnsPerPage(new MultipleColumnsPerPage
                {
                    ColumnsGap = 22,
                    ColumnsPerPage = 2,
                    ColumnsWidth = 250,
                    IsRightToLeft = false,
                    TopMargin = 7
                });
            })
            .MainTableDataSource(dataSource =>
            {
                var rows = new List<Task>();
                var rnd = new Random();
                for (int i = 1; i < 210; i++)
                {
                    rows.Add(new Task
                    {
                        Assignee = new User
                        {
                            Id = i,
                            Name = "user-" + i
                        },
                        IsActive = rnd.Next(0, 2) == 1 ? true : false,
                        Name = "task-" + i
                    });
                }
                dataSource.StronglyTypedList(rows);
            })
            .MainTableColumns(columns =>
            {
                columns.AddColumn(column =>
                {
                    column.PropertyName("rowNo");
                    column.IsRowNumber(true);
                    column.CellsHorizontalAlignment(HorizontalAlignment.Center);
                    column.IsVisible(true);
                    column.Order(0);
                    column.Width(1);
                    column.HeaderCell("#");
                });

                columns.AddColumn(column =>
                {
                    column.PropertyName<Task>(x => x.Name);
                    column.CellsHorizontalAlignment(HorizontalAlignment.Center);
                    column.IsVisible(true);
                    column.Order(1);
                    column.Width(3);
                    column.HeaderCell("Task Name");
                });

                columns.AddColumn(column =>
                {
                    column.PropertyName<Task>(x => x.Assignee.Name); // nested property support
                    column.CellsHorizontalAlignment(HorizontalAlignment.Center);
                    column.IsVisible(true);
                    column.Order(2);
                    column.Width(3);
                    column.HeaderCell("Assignee");
                });

                columns.AddColumn(column =>
                {
                    column.PropertyName<Task>(x => x.IsActive);
                    column.CellsHorizontalAlignment(HorizontalAlignment.Center);
                    column.IsVisible(true);
                    column.Order(3);
                    column.Width(2);
                    column.HeaderCell("Active");
                    column.ColumnItemsTemplate(template =>
                    {
                        template.Checkmark(checkmarkFillColor: Color.Green, crossSignFillColor: Color.DarkRed);
                    });
                });
            })
            .MainTableEvents(events =>
            {
                events.DataSourceIsEmpty(message: "There is no data available to display.");
            })
            .Export(export =>
            {
                export.ToExcel();
            })
            .Generate(data => data.AsPdfFile(AppPath.ApplicationPath + "\\Pdf\\CustomHeaderFooterPdfReportSample.pdf"));
        }
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;
using iTextSharp.text;
using iTextSharp.text.pdf;
using PdfRpt.Core.Contracts;
using PdfRpt.Core.Helper;

namespace PdfReportSamples.CustomHeaderFooter
{
    public class CustomHeader : IPageHeader
    {
        public PdfPTable RenderingGroupHeader(Document pdfDoc, PdfWriter pdfWriter, IList<CellData> rowdata, IList<SummaryCellData> summaryData)
        {
            return null;
        }

        Image _image;
        public PdfPTable RenderingReportHeader(Document pdfDoc, PdfWriter pdfWriter, IList<SummaryCellData> summaryData)
        {
            if (_image == null) //cache is empty
            {
                var templatePath = AppPath.ApplicationPath + "\\data\\PdfHeaderTemplate.pdf";
                _image = PdfImageHelper.GetITextSharpImageFromPdfTemplate(pdfWriter, templatePath);
            }

            var table = new PdfPTable(1);
            var cell = new PdfPCell(_image, true) { Border = 0 };
            table.AddCell(cell);
            return table;
        }
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;
using iTextSharp.text;
using iTextSharp.text.pdf;
using PdfRpt.Core.Contracts;

namespace PdfReportSamples.CustomHeaderFooter
{
    public class CustomFooter : IPageFooter
    {
        PdfContentByte _pdfContentByte;
        readonly IPdfFont _pdfRptFont;
        readonly Font _font;
        readonly PdfRunDirection _direction;
        PdfTemplate _template;

        public CustomFooter(IPdfFont pdfRptFont, PdfRunDirection direction)
        {
            _direction = direction;
            _pdfRptFont = pdfRptFont;
            _font = _pdfRptFont.Fonts[0];
        }

        public void ClosingDocument(PdfWriter writer, Document document, IList<SummaryCellData> columnCellsSummaryData)
        {
            _template.BeginText();
            _template.SetFontAndSize(_pdfRptFont.Fonts[0].BaseFont, 8);
            _template.SetTextMatrix(0, 0);
            _template.ShowText((writer.PageNumber - 1).ToString());
            _template.EndText();
        }

        public void PageFinished(PdfWriter writer, Document document, IList<SummaryCellData> columnCellsSummaryData)
        {
            var pageSize = document.PageSize;
            var text = "Page " + writer.PageNumber + " / ";
            var textLen = _font.BaseFont.GetWidthPoint(text, _font.Size);
            var center = (pageSize.Left + pageSize.Right) / 2;
            var align = _direction == PdfRunDirection.RightToLeft ? Element.ALIGN_RIGHT : Element.ALIGN_LEFT;

            ColumnText.ShowTextAligned(
                        canvas: _pdfContentByte,
                        alignment: align,
                        phrase: new Phrase(text, _font),
                        x: center,
                        y: pageSize.GetBottom(25),
                        rotation: 0,
                        runDirection: (int)_direction,
                        arabicOptions: 0);

            var x = _direction == PdfRunDirection.RightToLeft ? center - textLen : center + textLen;
            _pdfContentByte.AddTemplate(_template, x, pageSize.GetBottom(25));
        }

        public void DocumentOpened(PdfWriter writer, IList<SummaryCellData> columnCellsSummaryData)
        {
            _pdfContentByte = writer.DirectContent;
            _template = _pdfContentByte.CreateTemplate(50, 50);
        }
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;
using iTextSharp.text;
using iTextSharp.text.pdf;

namespace PdfRpt.Core.Contracts
{
    public interface IPageHeader
    {
        PdfPTable RenderingGroupHeader(Document pdfDoc, PdfWriter pdfWriter, IList<CellData> newGroupInfo, IList<SummaryCellData> summaryData);

        PdfPTable RenderingReportHeader(Document pdfDoc, PdfWriter pdfWriter, IList<SummaryCellData> summaryData);
    }
}

using iTextSharp.text;
using iTextSharp.text.pdf;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace PdfRpt.Core.Contracts
{
    public interface IPageFooter
    {
        void DocumentOpened(PdfWriter writer, IList<SummaryCellData> columnCellsSummaryData);

        void PageFinished(PdfWriter writer, Document document, IList<SummaryCellData> columnCellsSummaryData);

        void ClosingDocument(PdfWriter writer, Document document, IList<SummaryCellData> columnCellsSummaryData);
    }
}

readonly CustomHeader _customHeader = new CustomHeader();
//...
.PagesFooter(footer =>
{
   footer.CustomFooter(new CustomFooter(footer.PdfFont, PdfRunDirection.LeftToRight));
})
.PagesHeader(header =>
{
  header.CustomHeader(_customHeader);
})

SELECT Title FROM Book WHERE Desc LIKE '%cat%';

var cats = context.Chapters.Where(item => item.Text.Contains("cat")).ToList();

SELECT  "c"."Text" FROM "Chapters" AS "c" WHERE ('cat' = '') OR (instr("c"."Text", 'cat') > 0)

var cats = context.Chapters.Where(item => item.Text.StartsWith("cat")).ToList();
// SELECT "c"."Text", FROM "Chapters" AS "c" WHERE "c"."Text" IS NOT NULL AND ("c"."Text" LIKE 'cat%')

var cats = context.Chapters.Where(item => item.Text.EndsWith("cat")).ToList();
// SELECT "c"."Title" FROM "Chapters" AS "c" WHERE "c"."Text" IS NOT NULL AND ("c"."Text" LIKE '%cat')

using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace EFCoreSQLiteFTS.Entities
{
    public class User
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }

        public string Name { get; set; }

        public ICollection<Chapter> Chapters { get; set; }
    }

    public class Chapter
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }

        public string Title { get; set; }

        public string Text { get; set; }

        public User User { get; set; }
        public int UserId { get; set; }
    }
}

CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE "Chapters_FTS"
USING fts5("Text", "Title", content="Chapters", content_rowid="Id")

private static void createFtsTables(ApplicationDbContext context)
{
    // For SQLite FTS
    // Note: This can be added to the `protected override void Up(MigrationBuilder migrationBuilder)` method too.
    context.Database.ExecuteSqlRaw(@"CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE IF NOT EXISTS ""Chapters_FTS""
    USING fts5(""Text"", ""Title"", content=""Chapters"", content_rowid=""Id"");");
}

-- Create a table. And an external content fts5 table to index it.
CREATE TABLE tbl(a INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, b, c);
CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE fts_idx USING fts5(b, c, content='tbl', content_rowid='a');

-- Triggers to keep the FTS index up to date.
CREATE TRIGGER tbl_ai AFTER INSERT ON tbl BEGIN
  INSERT INTO fts_idx(rowid, b, c) VALUES (new.a, new.b, new.c);
END;
CREATE TRIGGER tbl_ad AFTER DELETE ON tbl BEGIN
  INSERT INTO fts_idx(fts_idx, rowid, b, c) VALUES('delete', old.a, old.b, old.c);
END;
CREATE TRIGGER tbl_au AFTER UPDATE ON tbl BEGIN
  INSERT INTO fts_idx(fts_idx, rowid, b, c) VALUES('delete', old.a, old.b, old.c);
  INSERT INTO fts_idx(rowid, b, c) VALUES (new.a, new.b, new.c);
END;

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.ChangeTracking;

namespace EFCoreSQLiteFTS.DataLayer
{
    public static class EFChangeTrackerExtensions
    {
        public static List<(EntityState State, TEntity NewEntity, TEntity OldEntity)>
                    GetChangedEntities<TEntity>(this DbContext dbContext) where TEntity : class, new()
        {
            if (!dbContext.ChangeTracker.AutoDetectChangesEnabled)
            {
                // ChangeTracker.Entries() only calls `Try`DetectChanges() behind the scene.
                dbContext.ChangeTracker.DetectChanges();
            }

            return dbContext.ChangeTracker.Entries<TEntity>()
                    .Where(IsEntityChanged)
                    .Select(entityEntry => (entityEntry.State,
                                            entityEntry.Entity,
                                            createWithValues<TEntity>(entityEntry.OriginalValues)))
                    .ToList();
        }

        private static bool IsEntityChanged(EntityEntry entry)
        {
            return entry.State == EntityState.Added
                    || entry.State == EntityState.Modified
                    || entry.State == EntityState.Deleted
                    || entry.References.Any(r => r.TargetEntry?.Metadata.IsOwned() == true && IsEntityChanged(r.TargetEntry));
        }

        private static T createWithValues<T>(PropertyValues values) where T : new()
        {
            var entity = new T();
            foreach (var prop in values.Properties)
            {
                var value = values[prop.Name];
                if (value is PropertyValues)
                {
                    throw new NotSupportedException("nested complex object");
                }
                else
                {
                    prop.PropertyInfo.SetValue(entity, value);
                }
            }
            return entity;
        }
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Data;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
using EFCoreSQLiteFTS.Entities;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;

namespace EFCoreSQLiteFTS.DataLayer
{
    public static class FtsNormalizer
    {
        private static readonly Regex _htmlRegex = new Regex("<[^>]*>", RegexOptions.Compiled);

        public static string NormalizeText(this string text)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(text))
            {
                return string.Empty;
            }

            // Remove html tags
            text = _htmlRegex.Replace(text, string.Empty);

            // TODO: add other normalizers here, such as `remove diacritics`, `fix Persian Ye-Ke` and so on ...

            return text;
        }
    }

    public static class UpdateFtsTriggers
    {
        public static void UpdateChapterFTS(
            this DbContext context,
            List<(EntityState State, Chapter NewEntity, Chapter OldEntity)> changedChapters)
        {
            var database = context.Database;

            try
            {
                database.BeginTransaction(IsolationLevel.ReadCommitted);

                foreach (var (State, NewEntity, OldEntity) in changedChapters)
                {
                    var chapterNew = NewEntity;
                    var chapterOld = OldEntity;

                    var normalizedNewText = chapterNew.Text.NormalizeText();
                    var normalizedOldText = chapterOld.Text.NormalizeText();
                    var normalizedNewTitle = chapterNew.Title.NormalizeText();
                    var normalizedOldTitle = chapterOld.Title.NormalizeText();
                    switch (State)
                    {
                        case EntityState.Added:
                            if (shouldSkipAddedChapter(chapterNew))
                            {
                                continue;
                            }
                            database.ExecuteSqlRaw("INSERT INTO Chapters_FTS(rowid, Text, Title) values({0}, {1}, {2});",
                                    chapterNew.Id, normalizedNewText, normalizedNewTitle);
                            break;
                        case EntityState.Modified:
                            if (shouldSkipModifiedChapter(chapterNew, chapterOld))
                            {
                                continue;
                            }
                            // This format is important! Otherwise we will get `SQLite Error 11: 'database disk image is malformed'.` error!
                            database.ExecuteSqlRaw(@"INSERT INTO Chapters_FTS(Chapters_FTS, rowid, Text, Title)
                                                        VALUES('delete', {0}, {1}, {2}); ",
                                                        chapterOld.Id, normalizedOldText, normalizedOldTitle);
                            database.ExecuteSqlRaw("INSERT INTO Chapters_FTS(rowid, Text, Title) values({0}, {1}, {2});",
                                    chapterNew.Id, normalizedNewText, normalizedNewTitle);
                            break;
                        case EntityState.Deleted:
                            // This format is important! Otherwise we will get `SQLite Error 11: 'database disk image is malformed'.` error!
                            database.ExecuteSqlRaw(@"INSERT INTO Chapters_FTS(Chapters_FTS, rowid, Text, Title)
                                                        VALUES('delete', {0}, {1}, {2}); ",
                                    chapterOld.Id, normalizedOldText, normalizedOldTitle);
                            break;
                    }
                }
            }
            finally
            {
                database.CommitTransaction();
            }
        }

        private static bool shouldSkipAddedChapter(Chapter chapterNew)
        {
            // TODO: add your logic to avoid indexing this item
            return false;
        }

        private static bool shouldSkipModifiedChapter(Chapter chapterNew, Chapter chapterOld)
        {
            // TODO: add your logic to avoid indexing this item
            return chapterNew.Text == chapterOld.Text && chapterNew.Title == chapterOld.Title;
        }
    }
}

namespace EFCoreSQLiteFTS.DataLayer
{
    public class ApplicationDbContext : DbContext
    {
        public ApplicationDbContext(DbContextOptions options)
            : base(options)
        {
        }

        public DbSet<Chapter> Chapters { get; set; }
        public DbSet<User> Users { get; set; }

        public override int SaveChanges()
        {
            var changedChapters = this.GetChangedEntities<Chapter>();

            this.ChangeTracker.AutoDetectChangesEnabled = false; // for performance reasons, to avoid calling DetectChanges() again.
            var result = base.SaveChanges();
            this.ChangeTracker.AutoDetectChangesEnabled = true;

            this.UpdateChapterFTS(changedChapters);
            return result;
        }
    }
}

var dataTable = new DataTable("SalaryList");
dataTable.Columns.Add("User", typeof (string));
dataTable.Columns.Add("Month", typeof (int));
dataTable.Columns.Add("Salary", typeof (decimal));
 
var rnd = new Random();
for (var i = 0; i < 200; i++)
  dataTable.Rows.Add("User " + i, rnd.Next(1, 12), rnd.Next(400, 2000));

public class SalaryList
{
  public string User { set; get; }
  public int Month { set; get; }
  public decimal Salary { set; get; }
}

var salaryList = AutoMapper.Mapper.DynamicMap<IDataReader, List<SalaryList>>(dataTable.CreateDataReader());

var anonymousObject = new
{
  User = "User 1",
  Month = 1,
  Salary = 100000
};
var salary = Mapper.DynamicMap<SalaryList>(anonymousObject);

var anonymousList = new[]
{
  new
  {
   User = "User 1",
   Month = 1,
   Salary = 100000
  },
  new
  {
   User = "User 2",
   Month = 1,
   Salary = 300000
  }
};
var salaryList = anonymousList.Select(item => Mapper.DynamicMap<SalaryList>(item)).ToList();

public interface ICustomerService
{
  string Code { get; set; }
  string Name { get; set; }
}

var anonymousObject = new
{
  Code = "111",
  Name = "Test 1"
};
var result = Mapper.DynamicMap<ICustomerService>(anonymousObject);

    //Stateful
    public class UserProfile
    {
        private User _user;
        private string _address;

        public void UpdateUser(int userId, string name)
        {
            _user = new User(userId, name);
        }
    }

    //Stateless
    public class User
    {
        public User(int id, string name)
        {
            Id = id;
            Name = name;
        }

        public int Id { get; }
        public string Name { get; }
    }

    public class UserProfile
    {
        private readonly User _user;
        private readonly string _address;

        public UserProfile(User user,string address)
        {
            _user = user;
            _address = address;
        }
        public UserProfile UpdateUser(int userId, string name)
        {
            var newUser = new User(userId, name);
            return  new UserProfile(newUser,_address);
        }
    }

    public class User
    {
        public User(int id, string name)
        {
            Id = id;
            Name = name;
        }

        public int Id { get; }
        public string Name { get; }
    }

//Create Immutable List
ImmutableList<string> list = ImmutableList.Create<string>();
ImmutableList<string> list2 = list.Add("Salam");

//Builder
ImmutableList<string>.Builder builder = ImmutableList.CreateBuilder<string>();
builder.Add("avali");
builder.Add("dovomi");
builder.Add("sevomi");

ImmutableList<string> immutableList = builder.ToImmutable();

چطور با side effect کنار بیایم؟ 

یکی از الگوهای رایج برای این کار، مفهوم جدا سازی Command/Query است. به طور ساده تمامی عملیاتی را که تاثیر گذار هستند، به صورت Command در نظر میگیریم. Command ‌ها معمولا هیچ نوعی را بازگشت نمیدهند و همینطور بر عکس این قضیه برای Query ‌ها صادق است. اشتباه رایج درباره این الگو، محدود کردن این الگو به معماری‌های خاصی مانند Domain Driven می‌باشد؛ در صورتیکه الزامی برای رعایت این الگو در سایر معماری‌ها وجود ندارد. 

به مثال زیر دقت کنید. سعی کردم قسمت‌های Command و Query را از هم جدا کنم: 

در واقع هر برنامه می‌تواند شامل دو قسمت باشد:

قسمتی که در آن منطق تجاری برنامه پیاده سازی می‌شود و باید به صورت Immutable باشد که یک خروجی را تولید میکند و قسمت دیگر برنامه که خروجی تولید شده را برای ذخیره سازی وضعیت سیستم استفاده می‌کند. 

برای مسائلی که در بالا صحبت شد، نمونه‌‌ای را آماده کرده‌ام. این نمونه به طور ساده یک سیستم مدیریت نوبت است که نوبت‌ها را در فایلی ذخیره و بازیابی میکند ( mutate ) و منطق مربوط به نوبت‌ها و زمان ویزیت آن میتواند به صورت immutable پیاده سازی شود. این کد در دو حالت functional و غیر functional پیاده سازی شده تا به خوبی تفاوت آن را در حالت قبل و بعد از برنامه نویسی تابعی بتوانیم درک کنیم. به جهت خوانایی بیشتر و دسترسی به کد‌ها، آن‌ها را روی گیت‌هاب قرار داده و شما میتوانید از اینجا سورس کد مورد نظر را بررسی کنید. سعی شده در این مثال تمامی مواردی که در این قسمت ذکر شد را پیاده سازی کنیم. امیدوارم که مطالب مربوط به برنامه نویسی تابعی یا functional programming توانسته باشد دیدگاه جدیدی را به کدهایی که مینویسیم بدهد. در  قسمت‌های بعدی به مواردی مانند مدیریت exception ‌ها و کار با null ‌ها و ... خواهیم پرداخت.

using System;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;

namespace EFGeneral
{
    public class User
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
    }

    public class MyContext : DbContext
    {
        public DbSet<User> Users { get; set; }
    }

    public class Configuration : DbMigrationsConfiguration<MyContext>
    {
        public Configuration()
        {
            AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;
            AutomaticMigrationDataLossAllowed = true;
        }

        protected override void Seed(MyContext context)
        {            
            for (int i = 0; i < 21000; i++)
            {
                context.Users.Add(new User { Name = "name " + i });
                if (i % 1000 == 0)
                    context.SaveChanges();
            }
            base.Seed(context);
        }
    }

    public class PerformanceHelper
    {
        public static string RunActionMeasurePerformance(Action action)
        {
            GC.Collect();
            long initMemUsage = Process.GetCurrentProcess().WorkingSet64;

            var stopwatch = new Stopwatch();
            stopwatch.Start();

            action();

            stopwatch.Stop();

            var currentMemUsage = Process.GetCurrentProcess().WorkingSet64;
            var memUsage = currentMemUsage - initMemUsage;
            if (memUsage < 0) memUsage = 0;

            return string.Format("Elapsed time: {0}, Memory Usage: {1:N2} KB", stopwatch.Elapsed, memUsage / 1024);
        }
    }

    public static class Test
    {
        public static void RunTests()
        {
            Database.SetInitializer(new MigrateDatabaseToLatestVersion<MyContext, Configuration>());
            StartDb();            

            for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("\nRun {0}", i + 1);

                var memUsage = PerformanceHelper.RunActionMeasurePerformance(() => LoadWithTracking());
                Console.WriteLine("LoadWithTracking:\n{0}", memUsage);

                memUsage = PerformanceHelper.RunActionMeasurePerformance(() => LoadWithoutTracking());
                Console.WriteLine("LoadWithoutTracking:\n{0}", memUsage);
            }
        }

        private static void StartDb()
        {
            using (var ctx = new MyContext())
            {
                var user = ctx.Users.Find(1);
                if (user != null)
                {
                    // keep the object in memory
                }
            }
        }

        private static void LoadWithTracking()
        {
            using (var ctx = new MyContext())
            {
                var list = ctx.Users.ToList();
                if (list.Any())
                {
                    // keep the list in memory
                }
            }
        }

        private static void LoadWithoutTracking()
        {
            using (var ctx = new MyContext())
            {
                var list = ctx.Users.AsNoTracking().ToList();
                if (list.Any())
                {
                    // keep the list in memory
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

public ActionResult Index()
{
    var query = db.Users.Select(c => new SelectListItem
                                              {
                                                  Value = c.UserId, 
                                                  Text = c.UserName,
                                                  Selected = c.UserId.Equals(3)
                                              });
    var model = new MyFormViewModel
                    {
                        List = query.ToList()
                    };
    return View(model);
}

public class MyFormViewModel
{
    public int UserId { get; set; }
    public IList<SelectListItem> List { get; set; }
}

@model MyFormViewModel

@Html.DropDownListFor(m => m.UserId, Model.List, "--Select One--")

StructureMap (≥ 2.6.4.1)
CommonServiceLocator.StructureMapAdapter (≥ 1.1.0.3)
SNAP (≥ 1.8)
fasterflect (≥ 2.1.2)
Castle.Core (≥ 3.1.0)
CommonServiceLocator (≥ 1.0)

تنظیمات SNAP 

namespace Framework.UI.Asp
{
    public class Global : HttpApplication
    {
        void Application_Start(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            initSnap();
            initStructureMap();
        }

        private static void initSnap()
        {
            SnapConfiguration.For<StructureMapAspectContainer>(c =>
            {
                // Tell Snap to intercept types under the "Framework.ServiceLayer..." namespace.
                c.IncludeNamespace("Framework.ServiceLayer.*");
                // Register a custom interceptor (a.k.a. an aspect).
                c.Bind<Framework.ServiceLayer.Aspects.AuthorizationInterceptor>()
                .To<Framework.ServiceLayer.Aspects.AuthorizationAttribute>();
            });
        }

        void Application_EndRequest(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            ObjectFactory.ReleaseAndDisposeAllHttpScopedObjects();
        }

        private static void initStructureMap()
        {
            var thread = StructureMap.Pipeline.Lifecycles.GetLifecycle(InstanceScope.HttpSession);
            ObjectFactory.Configure(x =>
            {
                x.For<IUserManager>().Use<EFUserManager>();
                x.For<IAuthorizationManager>().LifecycleIs(thread)
                 .Use<EFAuthorizationManager>().Named("_AuthorizationManager");                
                x.For<Framework.DataLayer.IUnitOfWork>()
                 .Use<Framework.DataLayer.Context>();

                x.SetAllProperties(y =>
                {
                    y.OfType<IUserManager>();
                    y.OfType<Framework.DataLayer.IUnitOfWork>();
                    y.OfType<Framework.Common.Web.IPageHelpers>();
                });
            });
        }
    }
}

namespace Framework.ServiceLayer.Aspects
{
    public class AuthorizationInterceptor : MethodInterceptor
    {
        public override void InterceptMethod(IInvocation invocation, MethodBase method, Attribute attribute)
        {
            var AuthManager = StructureMap.ObjectFactory
.GetInstance<Framework.ServiceLayer.UserManager.IAuthorizationManager>();
            var FullName = GetMethodFullName(method);
            if (!AuthManager.IsActionAuthorized(FullName))
                throw new Common.Exceptions.UnauthorizedAccessException("");

            invocation.Proceed(); // the underlying method call
        }

        private static string GetMethodFullName(MethodBase method)
        {
            var TypeName = (((System.Reflection.MemberInfo)(method)).DeclaringType).FullName;
            return TypeName + "." + method.Name;
        }
    }

    public class AuthorizationAttribute : MethodInterceptAttribute
    { }

namespace Snap
{
    public abstract class MethodInterceptor : IAttributeInterceptor, IInterceptor, IHideBaseTypes
    {
        protected MethodInterceptor();

        public int Order { get; set; }
        public Type TargetAttribute { get; set; }

        public virtual void AfterInvocation();
        public virtual void BeforeInvocation();
        public void Intercept(IInvocation invocation);
        public abstract void InterceptMethod(IInvocation invocation, MethodBase method, Attribute attribute);
        public bool ShouldIntercept(IInvocation invocation);
    }
}

یک نکته  

        private void Application_PreRequestHandlerExecute(object source, EventArgs e)
        {
            var page = HttpContext.Current.Handler as BasePage; // The Page handler
            if (page == null)
                return;

            WireUpThePage(page);
            WireUpAllUserControls(page);

            var UsrCod = HttpContext.Current.Session["UsrCod"];
            if (UsrCod != null)
            {
                var _AuthorizationManager = ObjectFactory
                    .GetNamedInstance<Framework.ServiceLayer.UserManager.IAuthorizationManager>("_AuthorizationManager");

                ((Framework.ServiceLayer.UserManager.EFAuthorizationManager)_AuthorizationManager)
                    .AuditUserId = UsrCod.ToString();
            }
        }

namespace Framework.ServiceLayer.UserManager
{
    public class EFUserManager : IUserManager
    {
        IUnitOfWork _uow;
        IDbSet<User> _users;

        public EFUserManager(IUnitOfWork uow)
        {
            _uow = uow;
            _users = _uow.Set<User>();
        }

        [Framework.ServiceLayer.Aspects.Authorization]
        public List<User> GetAll()
        {
            return _users.ToList<User>();
        }
    }
}