Value 

// Behavior 1 
object obj = null;
bool objValueEqual = obj.Equals(null);

// Behavior 2 
object obj = null;
Type objType = obj.GetType();

// Behavior 3
string str = (string)null;
bool strType = str is string;

// Behavior 4
int num = 5;
Nullable<int> nullableNum = 5;
bool typeEqual = num.GetType() == nullableNum.GetType();

// Behavior 5
Type inType = typeof(int);
Type nullableIntType = typeof(Nullable<int>);
bool typeEqual = inType == nullableIntType;

        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(Method(null));
            Console.ReadLine();
        }
        private static string Method(object obj)
        {
            return "Object parameter";
        }
        private static string Method(string str)
        {
            return "String parameter";
        }

var rounded = Math.Round(1.5); // 2
var rounded = Math.Round(2.5); // 2

var rounded = Math.Round(2.5, MidpointRounding.ToEven); // 2
var rounded = Math.Round(2.5, MidpointRounding.AwayFromZero); // 3

var value = 1.4f;
var rounded = Math.Round(value + 0.1f); // 1

    public static class Config
    {
        public static bool ThrowException { get; set; } = true;
    }

    public class FailingClass
    {
        static FailingClass()
        {
            if (Config.ThrowException)
            {
                throw new InvalidOperationException();
            }
        }
    }

try
{
   var failedInstance = new FailingClass();
}
catch (TypeInitializationException) { }

Config.ThrowException = false;
var instance = new FailingClass();

public class BaseClass
{
    {
        public BaseClass()
        {
            VirtualMethod(1);
        }
        public virtual int VirtualMethod(int dividend)
        {
            return dividend / 1;
        }
    }

    public class DerivedClass : BaseClass
    {
        int divisor;
        public DerivedClass()
        {
            divisor = 1;
        }
        public override int VirtualMethod(int dividend)
        {
            return base.VirtualMethod(dividend / divisor);
        }
    }

 class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            var instance = new DerivedClass();
            var result = instance.Method();
            result = ((BaseClass)instance).Method();
            Console.WriteLine(instance + " -> " + result); // Derived Class ...  -> Method in BaseClass
            Console.ReadLine();

        }
    }

    public class BaseClass
    {
        public virtual string Method()
        {
            return "Method in BaseClass";
        }
    }

    public class DerivedClass : BaseClass
    {
        public override string ToString()
        {
            return "Derived Class ... ";
        }

        public new string Method()
        {
            return "Method in DerivedClass";
        }
    }

class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            var instance = new DerivedClass();
            var result = instance.Method(); // -> Method in DerivedClass
            result = ((IInterface)instance).Method(); // -> Method belonging to IInterface
            Console.WriteLine(result);
            Console.ReadLine();
        }
    }

    public interface IInterface
    {
        string Method();
    }

    public class DerivedClass : IInterface
    {
        public string Method()
        {
            return "Method in DerivedClass";
        }
        string IInterface.Method()
        {
            return "Method belonging to IInterface";
        }
}

private IEnumerable<int> GetEnumerable(StringBuilder log)
{
     using (var test = new Test(log))
      {
          return Enumerable.Range(1, 5);
      }
}

var log = new StringBuilder();
            
foreach (var number in GetEnumerable(log))
{
     log.AppendLine($"{number}");
}

Created
Disposed
1
2
3
4
5

 using (var test = new Test(log))
 {
     foreach (var i in Enumerable.Range(1,5))
     {
         yield return i;
     }
 }

Created
1
2
3
4
5
Disposed

using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.IO;
using System.Net;
using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;

namespace DownloadCerts
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            // صرفنظر از خطاهای احتمالی مجوز
            ServicePointManager.ServerCertificateValidationCallback = delegate { return true; };

            var url = "https://pdfreport.codeplex.com";
            var request = WebRequest.Create(url) as HttpWebRequest;
            request.Method = WebRequestMethods.Http.Head;
            using (var response = request.GetResponse())
            { /* در اینجا مجوز، در صورت وجود دریافت شده */  }

            if (request.ServicePoint.Certificate == null)
                return;

            // ذخیره سازی مجوز در فایل
            var cert = new X509Certificate2(request.ServicePoint.Certificate);
            Console.WriteLine("Expiration Date: {0}", cert.GetExpirationDateString());
            var data = cert.Export(X509ContentType.Cert);
            File.WriteAllBytes("site.cer", data);

            Process.Start(Environment.CurrentDirectory);
        }
    }
}

public interface IEfExceptionsLogger
{
    void LogException<TResult>(DbCommand command,
        DbCommandInterceptionContext<TResult> interceptionContext);
}

using System.Data.Common;
using System.Data.Entity.Infrastructure.Interception;
 
namespace ElmahEFLogger
{
    public class EfExceptionsInterceptor : IDbCommandInterceptor
    {
        private readonly IEfExceptionsLogger _efExceptionsLogger;
 
        public EfExceptionsInterceptor(IEfExceptionsLogger efExceptionsLogger)
        {
            _efExceptionsLogger = efExceptionsLogger;
        }
 
        public void NonQueryExecuted(DbCommand command, DbCommandInterceptionContext<int> interceptionContext)
        {
            _efExceptionsLogger.LogException(command, interceptionContext);
        }
 
        public void NonQueryExecuting(DbCommand command, DbCommandInterceptionContext<int> interceptionContext)
        {
            _efExceptionsLogger.LogException(command, interceptionContext);
        }
 
        public void ReaderExecuted(DbCommand command, DbCommandInterceptionContext<DbDataReader> interceptionContext)
        {
            _efExceptionsLogger.LogException(command, interceptionContext);
        }
 
        public void ReaderExecuting(DbCommand command, DbCommandInterceptionContext<DbDataReader> interceptionContext)
        {
            _efExceptionsLogger.LogException(command, interceptionContext);
        }
 
        public void ScalarExecuted(DbCommand command, DbCommandInterceptionContext<object> interceptionContext)
        {
            _efExceptionsLogger.LogException(command, interceptionContext);
        }
 
        public void ScalarExecuting(DbCommand command, DbCommandInterceptionContext<object> interceptionContext)
        {
            _efExceptionsLogger.LogException(command, interceptionContext);
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Data.Common;
using System.Data.Entity.Infrastructure.Interception;
using Elmah;
 
namespace ElmahEFLogger.CustomElmahLogger
{
    public class ElmahEfExceptionsLogger : IEfExceptionsLogger
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Manually log errors using ELMAH
        /// </summary>
        public void LogException<TResult>(DbCommand command,
            DbCommandInterceptionContext<TResult> interceptionContext)
        {
            var ex = interceptionContext.OriginalException;
            if (ex == null)
                return;
 
            var sqlData = CommandDumper.LogSqlAndParameters(command, interceptionContext);
            var contextualMessage = string.Format("{0}{1}OriginalException:{1}{2} {1}", sqlData, Environment.NewLine, ex);
 
 
            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(contextualMessage))
            {
                ex = new Exception(contextualMessage, new ElmahEfInterceptorException(ex.Message));
            }
 
            try
            {
                ErrorSignal.FromCurrentContext().Raise(ex);
            }
            catch
            {
                ErrorLog.GetDefault(null).Log(new Error(ex));
            }
        }
    }
}

   public class ElmahEfInterceptor : EfExceptionsInterceptor
    {
        public ElmahEfInterceptor()
            : base(new ElmahEfExceptionsLogger())
        { }
    }

 DbInterception.Add(new ElmahEfInterceptor());

  var manager = new breeze.EntityManager({  
  dataService: dataService,          
  metadataStore: metadataStore,                     
  saveOptions: new breeze.SaveOptions({    allowConcurrentSaves: true, tag: [{}] })   
                 });

var dataService = new breeze.DataService({  
serviceName: "/breeze/"+ "Automobile",             
hasServerMetadata: false,
namingConvention: breeze.NamingConvention.camelCase        
});
var metadataStore = new breeze.MetadataStore({});

[BreezeController]
public class AutomobileController : ApiController
    {
        readonly EFContextProvider<ApplicationDbContext> _contextProvider =
        new EFContextProvider<ApplicationDbContext>();
        [HttpGet]
        public string Metadata()
        {
            return _contextProvider.Metadata();
        }
        [HttpGet]
        public IQueryable<Customer> Customers() {
           return _contextProvider.Context.Customers;
        }

        [System.Web.Http.HttpPost]
        public SaveResult SaveChanges(JObject saveBundle)
        {
           _contextProvider.BeforeSaveEntitiesDelegate = BeforeSaveEntities;
           _contextProvider.AfterSaveEntitiesDelegate = afterSaveEntities;
            return _contextProvider.SaveChanges(saveBundle);
        }
protected Dictionary<Type, List<EntityInfo>> BeforeSaveEntities(Dictionary<Type, List<EntityInfo>> saveMap)
        {
        }
private void afterSaveEntities(Dictionary<Type, List<EntityInfo>> saveMap, List<KeyMapping> keyMappings)
        {
        }
    }

using System;
using System.Data;
using System.Data.Common;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using DNTPersianUtils.Core; // dotnet add package DNTPersianUtils.Core 
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Diagnostics;

namespace EFCore3Interceptors
{
    public class PersianYeKeCommandInterceptor : DbCommandInterceptor
    {
        public override InterceptionResult<DbDataReader> ReaderExecuting(
            DbCommand command,
            CommandEventData eventData,
            InterceptionResult<DbDataReader> result)
        {
            ApplyCorrectYeKe(command);
            return result;
        }

        public override Task<InterceptionResult<DbDataReader>> ReaderExecutingAsync(
            DbCommand command,
            CommandEventData eventData,
            InterceptionResult<DbDataReader> result,
            CancellationToken cancellationToken = new CancellationToken())
        {
            ApplyCorrectYeKe(command);
            return Task.FromResult(result);
        }

        public override InterceptionResult<int> NonQueryExecuting(
            DbCommand command, 
            CommandEventData eventData,
            InterceptionResult<int> result)
        {
            ApplyCorrectYeKe(command);
            return result;
        }

        public override Task<InterceptionResult<int>> NonQueryExecutingAsync(
            DbCommand command, 
            CommandEventData eventData, 
            InterceptionResult<int> result,
            CancellationToken cancellationToken = new CancellationToken())
        {
            ApplyCorrectYeKe(command);
            return Task.FromResult(result);
        }

        public override InterceptionResult<object> ScalarExecuting(
            DbCommand command, 
            CommandEventData eventData, 
            InterceptionResult<object> result)
        {
            ApplyCorrectYeKe(command);
            return result;
        }

        public override Task<InterceptionResult<object>> ScalarExecutingAsync(
            DbCommand command, 
            CommandEventData eventData, 
            InterceptionResult<object> result,
            CancellationToken cancellationToken = new CancellationToken())
        {
            ApplyCorrectYeKe(command);
            return Task.FromResult(result);
        }

        private static void ApplyCorrectYeKe(DbCommand command)
        {
            command.CommandText = command.CommandText.ApplyCorrectYeKe();

            foreach (DbParameter parameter in command.Parameters)
            {
                switch (parameter.DbType)
                {
                    case DbType.AnsiString:
                    case DbType.AnsiStringFixedLength:
                    case DbType.String:
                    case DbType.StringFixedLength:
                    case DbType.Xml:
                        parameter.Value =   parameter.Value is DBNull ? parameter.Value : parameter.Value.ToString().ApplyCorrectYeKe();
                        break;
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

namespace EFCore3Interceptors
{
    public class BloggingContext : DbContext
    {
        // ...
 
        protected override void OnConfiguring(DbContextOptionsBuilder optionsBuilder)
        {
            if (!optionsBuilder.IsConfigured)
            {
                optionsBuilder
                    .UseSqlServer("...")
                    .AddInterceptors(new PersianYeKeCommandInterceptor());
            }
        }
    }
}

 PM> Install-Package RefactorThis.GraphDiff

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Schema;

namespace GraphDiffTests.Models
{
    public class BlogPost
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Title { get; set; }
        public string Content { get; set; }

        public virtual ICollection<Tag> Tags { set; get; } // many-to-many

        [ForeignKey("UserId")]
        public virtual User User { get; set; }
        public int UserId { get; set; }

        public BlogPost()
        {
            Tags = new List<Tag>();
        }
    }

    public class Tag
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }

        [StringLength(maximumLength: 450), Required]
        public string Name { set; get; }

        public virtual ICollection<BlogPost> BlogPosts { set; get; } // many-to-many

        public Tag()
        {
            BlogPosts = new List<BlogPost>();
        }
    }

    public class User
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }

        public virtual ICollection<BlogPost> BlogPosts { get; set; } // one-to-many
    }
}

using System;
using System.Data.Entity;
using GraphDiffTests.Models;

namespace GraphDiffTests.Config
{
    public class MyContext : DbContext
    {
        public DbSet<User> Users { get; set; }
        public DbSet<BlogPost> BlogPosts { get; set; }
        public DbSet<Tag> Tags { get; set; }


        public MyContext()
            : base("Connection1")
        {
            this.Database.Log = sql => Console.Write(sql);
        }
    }
}

using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;
using System.Linq;
using GraphDiffTests.Models;

namespace GraphDiffTests.Config
{
    public class Configuration : DbMigrationsConfiguration<MyContext>
    {
        public Configuration()
        {
            AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;
            AutomaticMigrationDataLossAllowed = true;
        }

        protected override void Seed(MyContext context)
        {
            if(context.Users.Any())
                return;

            var user1 = new User {Name = "User 1"};
            context.Users.Add(user1);

            var tag1 = new Tag { Name = "Tag1" };
            context.Tags.Add(tag1);

            var post1 = new BlogPost { Title = "Title...1", Content = "Content...1", User = user1};
            context.BlogPosts.Add(post1);

            post1.Tags.Add(tag1);

            base.Seed(context);
        }
    }
}

            using (var context = new MyContext())
            {
                var user1 = new User { Id = 1, Name = "User 1_1_1" };
                var post1 = new BlogPost { Id = 1, Title = "Title...1_1", Content = "Body...1_1",
                    User = user1, UserId = user1.Id };
                var tags = new List<Tag>
                {
                    new Tag {Id = 1, Name = "Tag1_1"},
                    new Tag {Id=12, Name = "Tag2_1"},
                    new Tag {Name = "Tag3"},
                    new Tag {Name = "Tag4"},
                };
                tags.ForEach(tag => post1.Tags.Add(tag));

                context.UpdateGraph(post1, map => map
                    .OwnedEntity(p => p.User)
                    .OwnedCollection(p => p.Tags)
                    );

                context.SaveChanges();
            }