//dynamic reflection
PropertyInfo property = typeof (MyClass).GetProperty("Name");
MethodInfo method = typeof (MyClass).GetMethod("SomeMethod");

public string TextBoxFor<T>(Expression<Func<T,object>> expression);

<%= this.TextBoxFor(model => model.FirstName); %>

public PropertyInfo GetProperty<T>(Expression<Func<T, object>> expression)
{
 var memberExpression = expression.Body as MemberExpression;

 if (memberExpression == null)
     throw new InvalidOperationException("Not a member access.");

  return memberExpression.Member as PropertyInfo;
}

public class AddressMap : DomainMap<Address>
{
 public AddressMap()
 {
    Map(a => a.Address1);
 }
}

• Expression Tree Basics

• Functional Programming for Everyday .NET Development

• Introduction to static reflection

• The basics behind static reflection

• Dynamic reflection versus static reflection

• Static Reflection of property names

• Lisp is sin

public class EmailSender
    {
        public void Send(string emailAddress)
        {
            Console.WriteLine($"an email was sent to {emailAddress}");
        }
    }

new EmailSender().Send("eng.younos1986@gmail.com")

Serialize(() => new EmailSender().Send("eng.younos1986@gmail.com"));

public void Serialize(Expression<Action> methodCall)
        {
            var callExpression = methodCall.Body as MethodCallExpression;

            var rawArguments = new object[callExpression.Arguments.Count];
            var i = 0;
            foreach (var argg in callExpression.Arguments)
            {
                rawArguments[i++] = Expression.Lambda(Expression.Convert(argg, argg.Type)).Compile().DynamicInvoke();
            }
            string typeName = string.Empty;
            var serializedArgumentsObject = rawArguments.ObjectToByteArray();              //todo: save this to db as method parameters  [Binary field]

            if (callExpression.Object != null)                                             //todo: save this to db as class name to be instanciated later {nvarchar field}
                typeName = callExpression.Object.Type.ToString();                          // instance methods
            else
                typeName = callExpression.Method.ReflectedType.ToString();                 // static methods

            var methodname = callExpression.Method.Name;                                   //todo: save this to db as method name to be called via reflection [nvarchar field]
            var deserializedArgumentsObject = serializedArgumentsObject.ByteArrayToObject();                                             //todo:  retrieve  serializedObject fro db and deserialize 
            var objInstance = GetInstance(typeName);                                       //todo:  retrieve  typeName fro db and deserialize 
            if (objInstance != null)
            {
                objInstance.GetType().GetMethod(methodname).Invoke(objInstance, (object[])deserializedArgumentsObject);
            }
        }  

var rawArguments = new object[callExpression.Arguments.Count];

var i = 0;
foreach (var argg in callExpression.Arguments)
{
    rawArguments[i++] = Expression.Lambda(Expression.Convert(argg, argg.Type)).Compile().DynamicInvoke();
}  

Expression.Lambda(Expression.Convert(argg, argg.Type)).Compile().DynamicInvoke();

if (callExpression.Object != null)                            
    typeName = callExpression.Object.Type.ToString();         
else
    typeName = callExpression.Method.ReflectedType.ToString();

var methodname = callExpression.Method.Name;

var methodname = callExpression.Method.Name;                                   
var deserializedArgumentsObject = serializedArgumentsObject.ByteArrayToObject();                           
var objInstance = GetInstance(typeName);                                        
if (objInstance != null)
{
    objInstance.GetType().GetMethod(methodname).Invoke(objInstance, (object[])deserializedArgumentsObject);
}

public object GetInstance(string strFullyQualifiedName)
        {
            Type type = Type.GetType(strFullyQualifiedName);
            if (type != null)
                return Activator.CreateInstance(type);

            foreach (var asm in AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies())
            {
                type = asm.GetType(strFullyQualifiedName);
                if (type != null)
                    return Activator.CreateInstance(type);
            }
            return null;
        }

‎[DllImport("shell32.DLL")]‎
‎  [DllImport("User32.DLL")]‎
public string Lpwindow { get; set; }
   public IntPtr Hicon { get; set; }
       public static extern int ShellAbout(IntPtr hwnd,string szApp,string ‎szotherstuff,IntPtr hicon );‎
        public static extern int FindWindow(string str,string lpwindow);‎

        private void btnbutton1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
          {

          var  Window = (IntPtr)FindWindow(null, Lpwindow);

              ShellAbout(Window, "===WINDOWS===", "HELLO", Hicon);
          }

‎[DllImport("powrprof.dll")]‎
public static extern int SetSuspendState(int hibernate,int forcecritical,int ‎DisablewakeEvent);‎

  private void btnbutton1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
          {

              SetSuspendState(1, 0, 0);
          }

‎[DllImport(“user32.DLL”)]‎
‎   ‎‎ public static extern int  LockWorkStation();‎

  private void btnbutton1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
          {
              LockWorkStation();
          }

‏ ‏DllImport("kernel32.DLL")]‎
  public static extern int FatalAppExit(int uAction,string ipmesseg);‎

   private void btnbutton1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
          {
              FatalAppExit(0, "ERROR PROGRAM");
          }

‎[DllImport("Winmm.DLL")]‎
public static extern long  timeGetTime();‎

        private void timer1_Tick(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            var sd = Convert.ToString(timeGetTime());
            int i = Convert.ToInt32(sd.Substring(0, sd.Length - 3));
            int m;
            if (i < 60)
                textBox1.Text = @"00:00:" + i;
            else if (i >= 60 && i < 3600)
            {
                m = i / 60;
                S = i % 60;
                textBox1.Text = @"00:" + m + @":";
            }
            else
            {
                var h = i / 3600;
                var mm = i % 3600;

                if (mm > 59)
                {
                    m = mm / 60;
                    S = mm % 60;
                    textBox1.Text = h + @":" + m.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture) + @":" + S;
                }
                else
                {
                    textBox1.Text = h + @":00:" + mm;
                }
            }
        }

     private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
          timer1.Start();
         }

namespace jQueryMvcSample03.Models
{
    public class BlogPost
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public string Title { set; get; }
        public string Body { set; get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// اطلاعات رای گیری یک مطلب به صورت یک خاصیت تو در تو یا پیچیده
        /// </summary>
        public Rating Rating { set; get; }

        public BlogPost()
        {
            Rating = new Rating();
        }
    }
}

namespace jQueryMvcSample03.Models
{
    //[ComplexType]
    public class Rating
    {
        public double? TotalRating { get; set; }
        public int? TotalRaters { get; set; }
        public double? AverageRating { get; set; }
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using jQueryMvcSample03.Models;

namespace jQueryMvcSample03.DataSource
{
    /// <summary>
    /// منبع داده فرضی
    /// </summary>
    public static class BlogPostDataSource
    {
        private static IList<BlogPost> _cachedItems;
        /// <summary>
        /// با توجه به استاتیک بودن سازنده کلاس، تهیه کش، پیش از سایر فراخوانی‌ها صورت خواهد گرفت
        /// باید دقت داشت که این فقط یک مثال است و چنین کشی به معنای
        /// تهیه یک لیست برای تمام کاربران سایت است
        /// </summary>
        static BlogPostDataSource()
        {
            _cachedItems = createBlogPostsInMemoryDataSource();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// هدف صرفا تهیه یک منبع داده آزمایشی ساده تشکیل شده در حافظه است
        /// </summary>        
        private static IList<BlogPost> createBlogPostsInMemoryDataSource()
        {
            var results = new List<BlogPost>();
            for (int i = 1; i < 30; i++)
            {
                results.Add(new BlogPost { Id = i, Title = "عنوان " + i, Body = "متن ... متن ... متن " + i, Rating = new Rating { TotalRaters = i + 1, AverageRating = 3.5 } });
            }
            return results;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// پارامترهای شماره صفحه و تعداد رکورد به ازای یک صفحه برای صفحه بندی نیاز هستند
        /// شماره صفحه از یک شروع می‌شود
        /// </summary>
        public static IList<BlogPost> GetLatestBlogPosts(int pageNumber, int recordsPerPage = 4)
        {
            var skipRecords = pageNumber * recordsPerPage;
            return _cachedItems
                        .OrderByDescending(x => x.Id)
                        .Skip(skipRecords)
                        .Take(recordsPerPage)
                        .ToList();
        }
    }
}

/* star rating system */
.post_rating
{
direction: ltr;
}
.rating
{
text-indent: -99999px;
overflow: hidden;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
display: inline-block;
width: 8px;
height: 16px;
}
.rating.stars
{
background-image: url('Images/star_rating.png');
}
.rating.stars.active
{
cursor: pointer;
}
.star-left_off
{
background-position: -0px -0px;
}
.star-left_on
{
background-position: -16px -0px;
}
.star-right_off
{
background-position: -8px -0px;
}
.star-right_on
{
background-position: -24px -0px;
}

// <![CDATA[
(function ($) {
    $.fn.StarRating = function (options) {
        var defaults = {            
            ratingStarsSpan: '.rating.stars',
            postInfoUrl: '/',
            loginUrl: '/login',
            errorHandler: null,
            completeHandler: null,
            onlyOneTimeHandler: null
        };
        var options = $.extend(defaults, options);

        return this.each(function () {
            var ratingStars = $(this);

            $(ratingStars).unbind('mouseover');
            $(ratingStars).mouseover(function () {
                var span = $(this).parent("span");
                var newRating = $(this).attr("value");
                setRating(span, newRating);
            });

            $(ratingStars).unbind('mouseout');
            $(ratingStars).mouseout(function () {
                var span = $(this).parent("span");
                var rating = span.attr("rating");
                setRating(span, rating);
            });

            $(ratingStars).unbind('click');
            $(ratingStars).click(function () {
                var span = $(this).parent("span");
                var newRating = $(this).attr("value");
                var text = span.children("span");
                var pID = span.attr("post");
                var type = span.attr("sectiontype");
                postData({ postID: pID, rating: newRating, sectionType: type });
                span.attr("rating", newRating);
                setRating(span, newRating);
            });

            function setRating(span, rating) {
                span.find(options.ratingStarsSpan).each(function () {
                    var value = parseFloat($(this).attr("value"));
                    var imgSrc = $(this).attr("class");
                    if (value <= rating)
                        $(this).attr("class", imgSrc.replace("_off", "_on"));
                    else
                        $(this).attr("class", imgSrc.replace("_on", "_off"));
                });
            }

            function postData(dataJsonArray) {
                $.ajax({
                    type: "POST",
                    url: options.postInfoUrl,
                    data: JSON.stringify(dataJsonArray),
                    contentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8",
                    dataType: "json",
                    complete: function (xhr, status) {
                        var data = xhr.responseText;
                        if (xhr.status == 403) {
                            window.location = options.loginUrl;
                        }
                        else if (status === 'error' || !data) {
                            if (options.errorHandler)
                                options.errorHandler(this);
                        }
                        else if (data == "nok") {
                            if (options.onlyOneTimeHandler)
                                options.onlyOneTimeHandler(this);
                        }
                        else {
                            if (options.completeHandler)
                                options.completeHandler(this);
                        }
                    }
                });
            }
        });
    };
})(jQuery);
// ]]>

 { postID: pID, rating: newRating, sectionType: type }

<head>
    <title>@ViewBag.Title</title>    
    <link href="@Url.Content("Content/starRating.css")" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
    <link href="@Url.Content("Content/Site.css")" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
    <script src="@Url.Content("~/Scripts/jquery-1.9.1.min.js")" type="text/javascript"></script>
    <script src="@Url.Content("~/Scripts/jquery.validate.min.js")" type="text/javascript"></script>
    <script src="@Url.Content("~/Scripts/jquery.unobtrusive-ajax.min.js")" type="text/javascript"></script>
    <script src="@Url.Content("~/Scripts/jquery.validate.unobtrusive.min.js")" type="text/javascript"></script>
    <script src="@Url.Content("~/Scripts/jquery.StarRating.js")" type="text/javascript"></script>
    @RenderSection("JavaScript", required: false)
</head>

@using System.Globalization
@helper AddStarRating(int postId,
                      double? average = 0, int? postRatingsCount = 0, string type = "BlogPost",
                      string tooltip = "لطفا جهت رای دادن کلیک نمائید")
    {
        string actIt = "active ";
        if (!average.HasValue) { average = 0; }
        if (!postRatingsCount.HasValue) { postRatingsCount = 0; }
    
    <span class='postRating' rating='@average' post='@postId' title='@tooltip' sectiontype='@type'>
        @for (double i = .5; i <= 5.0; i = i + .5)
        {
            string left;
            if (i <= average)
            {
                left = (i * 2) % 2 == 1 ? "left_on" : "right_on";
            }
            else
            {
                left = (i * 2) % 2 == 1 ? "left_off" : "right_off";
            }
            <span class='rating stars @(actIt)star-@left' value='@i'></span>
        }
        &nbsp;
        @if (postRatingsCount > 0)
        {
            var ratingInfo = string.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, "امتیاز {0:0.00} از 5 توسط {1} نفر", average, postRatingsCount);
            <span>@ratingInfo</span>                
        }
        else
        {
            <span></span>
        }
    </span>
}

using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Web.UI;
using jQueryMvcSample03.DataSource;
using jQueryMvcSample03.Security;

namespace jQueryMvcSample03.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        public ActionResult Index()
        {
            var postsList = BlogPostDataSource.GetLatestBlogPosts(pageNumber: 0);
            return View(postsList); //نمایش صفحه اصلی
        }


        [HttpPost]
        [AjaxOnly]
        [OutputCache(Location = OutputCacheLocation.None, NoStore = true)]
        public ActionResult SaveRatings(int? postId, double? rating, string sectionType)
        {
            if (postId == null || rating == null || string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(sectionType))
                return Content(null); //اعلام بروز خطا

            if (!this.HttpContext.CanUserVoteBasedOnCookies(postId.Value, sectionType))
                return Content("nok"); //اعلام فقط یکبار مجاز هستید رای دهید

            switch (sectionType) //قسمت‌های مختلف سایت که در جداول مختلفی قرار دارند نیز می‌توانند گزینه امتیاز دهی داشته باشند
            {
                case "BlogPost":
                    //الان شماره مطلب و رای ارسالی را داریم که می‌توان نسبت به ذخیره آن اقدام کرد
                    //مثلا
                    //_blogPostsService.SaveRating(postId.Value, rating.Value);
                    break;

                //... سایر قسمت‌های دیگر سایت

                default:
                    return Content(null); //اعلام بروز خطا
            }

            return Content("ok"); //اعلام موفقیت آمیز بودن ثبت اطلاعات
        }

        [HttpGet]
        public ActionResult Post(int? id)
        {
            if (id == null)
                return Redirect("/");

            //todo: show the content here
            return Content("Post " + id.Value);
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Web;

namespace jQueryMvcSample03.Security
{
    public static class CookieHelper
    {
        public static bool CanUserVoteBasedOnCookies(this HttpContextBase httpContext, int postId, string sectionType)
        {
            string key = sectionType + "-" + postId;
            var value = httpContext.GetCookieValue(key);
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(value))
            {
                httpContext.AddCookie(key, key);
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }

        public static void AddCookie(this HttpContextBase httpContextBase, string cookieName, string value)
        {
            httpContextBase.AddCookie(cookieName, value, DateTime.Now.AddDays(30));
        }

        public static void AddCookie(this HttpContextBase httpContextBase, string cookieName, string value, DateTime expires)
        {
            var cookie = new HttpCookie(cookieName)
            {
                Expires = expires,
                Value = httpContextBase.Server.UrlEncode(value) // For Cookies and Unicode characters
            };
            httpContextBase.Response.Cookies.Add(cookie);
        }

        public static string GetCookieValue(this HttpContextBase httpContext, string cookieName)
        {
            var cookie = httpContext.Request.Cookies[cookieName];
            if (cookie == null)
                return string.Empty; //cookie doesn't exist

            // For Cookies and Unicode characters
            return httpContext.Server.UrlDecode(cookie.Value);
        }
    }
}

using jQueryMvcSample03.Models;

namespace jQueryMvcSample03.DataSource
{
    public interface IBlogPostsService
    {
        void SaveRating(int postId, double rating);
    }

    public class SampleService : IBlogPostsService
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// یک نمونه از متد ذخیره سازی اطلاعات پیشنهادی
        /// فقط برای ایده گرفتن
        /// بدیهی است محل قرارگیری اصلی آن در لایه سرویس برنامه شما خواهد بود
        /// </summary>
        public void SaveRating(int postId, double rating)
        {
            BlogPost post = null;
            //post = _blogCtx.Find(postId); // بر اساس شماره مطلب، مطلب یافت شده و فیلدهای آن تنظیم می‌شوند
            if (post == null) return;

            if (!post.Rating.TotalRaters.HasValue) post.Rating.TotalRaters = 0;
            if (!post.Rating.TotalRating.HasValue) post.Rating.TotalRating = 0;
            if (!post.Rating.AverageRating.HasValue) post.Rating.AverageRating = 0;

            post.Rating.TotalRaters++;
            post.Rating.TotalRating += rating;
            post.Rating.AverageRating = post.Rating.TotalRating / post.Rating.TotalRaters;

            // todo: call save changes at the end.
        }
    }
}

@using System.Text.RegularExpressions
@model IList<jQueryMvcSample03.Models.BlogPost>
<ul>
    @foreach (var item in Model)
    {
        <li>
            <fieldset>
            <legend>مطلب @item.Id</legend>
                <h5>
                    @Html.ActionLink(linkText: item.Title,
                                 actionName: "Post",
                                 controllerName: "Home",
                                 routeValues: new { id = item.Id },
                                 htmlAttributes: null)
                </h5>
                @item.Body
                <div class="post_rating">
                    @Html.Raw(Regex.Replace(@StarRatingHelper.AddStarRating(item.Id, item.Rating.AverageRating, item.Rating.TotalRaters, "BlogPost").ToHtmlString(), @">\s+<", "><"))
                </div>
            </fieldset>
        </li>
    }
</ul>

@model IList<jQueryMvcSample03.Models.BlogPost>
@{
    ViewBag.Title = "Index";
    var postInfoUrl = Url.Action(actionName: "SaveRatings", controllerName: "Home");
}
<h2>
    سیستم امتیاز دهی</h2>
@{ Html.RenderPartial("_ItemsList", Model); }
@section JavaScript
{
    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(document).ready(function () {
            $(".rating.stars.active").StarRating({
                ratingStarsSpan: '.rating.stars',
                postInfoUrl: '@postInfoUrl',
                loginUrl: '/login',
                errorHandler: function () {
                    alert('خطایی رخ داده است');
                },
                completeHandler: function () {
                    alert('با تشکر! رای شما با موفقیت ثبت شد');
                },
                onlyOneTimeHandler: function () {
                    alert('فقط یکبار می‌توانید به ازای هر مطلب رای دهید');
                }
            });
        });
    </script>
}

DateTime.Now.ToString()

01/11/2012 09:49:08 ق.ظ

11/1/2012 9:49:08 AM

DateTime.Now.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)

        public static DateTime? DateTimeTryParse(object data)
        {
            if (data == null)
                return null;

            if (data.GetType().Equals(typeof(DateTime)))
                return (DateTime)data;

            DateTime result;
            if (DateTime.TryParse((string)data, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, DateTimeStyles.None, out result))
                return result;

            return null;
        }

public static string GetSignalRContent()
{
    var resolver = new DefaultHubManager(new DefaultDependencyResolver());
    var proxy = new DefaultJavaScriptProxyGenerator(resolver, new NullJavaScriptMinifier());
    return proxy.GenerateProxy("/signalr");
}

public class CustomVirtualPathProvider : VirtualPathProvider
{
    public CustomActionVirtualPathProvider(VirtualPathProvider virtualPathProvider)
    {
        // Wrap an existing virtual path provider
        VirtualPathProvider = virtualPathProvider;
    }

    protected VirtualPathProvider VirtualPathProvider { get; set; }

    public override string CombineVirtualPaths(string basePath, string relativePath)
    {
        return VirtualPathProvider.CombineVirtualPaths(basePath, relativePath);
    }

    public override bool DirectoryExists(string virtualDir)
    {
        return VirtualPathProvider.DirectoryExists(virtualDir);
    }

    public override bool FileExists(string virtualPath)
    {
        if (virtualPath == "~/signalr/hubs")
        {
            return true;
        }

        return VirtualPathProvider.FileExists(virtualPath);
    }

    public override CacheDependency GetCacheDependency(string virtualPath, IEnumerable virtualPathDependencies, DateTime utcStart)
    {
        // BaseClass can't create a CacheDependency for your content, remove it
        // You could also add your own CacheDependency and aggregate it with the base dependency
        List<string> virtualPathDependenciesCopy = virtualPathDependencies.Cast<string>().ToList();
        virtualPathDependenciesCopy.Remove("~/signalr/hubs");

        return VirtualPathProvider.GetCacheDependency(virtualPath, virtualPathDependenciesCopy, utcStart);
    }

    public override string GetCacheKey(string virtualPath)
    {
        return VirtualPathProvider.GetCacheKey(virtualPath);
    }

    public override VirtualDirectory GetDirectory(string virtualDir)
    {
        return VirtualPathProvider.GetDirectory(virtualDir);
    }

    public override VirtualFile GetFile(string virtualPath)
    {
        if (virtualPath == "~/signalr/hubs")
        {
            return new CustomVirtualFile(virtualPath,
                new MemoryStream(Encoding.Default.GetBytes(GetSignalRContent())));
        }

        return VirtualPathProvider.GetFile(virtualPath);
    }

    public override string GetFileHash(string virtualPath, IEnumerable virtualPathDependencies)
    {
        return VirtualPathProvider.GetFileHash(virtualPath, virtualPathDependencies);
    }

    public override object InitializeLifetimeService()
    {
        return VirtualPathProvider.InitializeLifetimeService();
    }
}

public class CustomVirtualFile : VirtualFile
{
    public CustomVirtualFile (string virtualPath, Stream stream)
        : base(virtualPath)
    {
        Stream = stream;
    }

    public Stream Stream { get; private set; }

    public override Stream Open()
    {
         return Stream;
    }
}

    public override bool FileExists(string virtualPath)
    {
        if (virtualPath == "~/signalr/hubs")
        {
            return true;
        }

        return VirtualPathProvider.FileExists(virtualPath);
    }

    public override CacheDependency GetCacheDependency(string virtualPath, IEnumerable virtualPathDependencies, DateTime utcStart)
    {
        List<string> virtualPathDependenciesCopy = virtualPathDependencies.Cast<string>().ToList();
        virtualPathDependenciesCopy.Remove("~/signalr/hubs");

        return VirtualPathProvider.GetCacheDependency(virtualPath, virtualPathDependenciesCopy, utcStart);
    }

    public override VirtualFile GetFile(string virtualPath)
    {
        if (virtualPath == "~/signalr/hubs")
        {
            return new CustomVirtualFile(virtualPath,
                new MemoryStream(Encoding.Default.GetBytes(GetSignalRContent())));
        }

        return VirtualPathProvider.GetFile(virtualPath);
    }

public static void RegisterBundles(BundleCollection bundles)
{
    BundleTable.VirtualPathProvider =
        new CustomVirtualPathProvider(BundleTable.VirtualPathProvider);

    Bundle include = new Bundle("~/bundle")
        .Include("~/Content/static.js")
        .Include("~/signalr/hubs");

    bundles.Add(include);
}
 

public class Blog
{
  public int BlogId { get; set; }
  public string Url { get; set; }

  public List<Post> Posts { get; set; }
}

public class Post
{
  public int PostId { get; set; }
  public string Title { get; set; }
  public string Content { get; set; }

  public int BlogId { get; set; }
  public Blog Blog { get; set; }
}

    public class BloggingContext : DbContext
    {
        public BloggingContext()
        { }

        public BloggingContext(DbContextOptions options)
            : base(options)
        { }

        public DbSet<Blog> Blogs { get; set; }
        public DbSet<Post> Posts { get; set; }

        protected override void OnConfiguring(DbContextOptionsBuilder optionsBuilder)
        {
            if (!optionsBuilder.IsConfigured)
            {
                optionsBuilder.UseSqlServer(@"Server=(localdb)\mssqllocaldb;Database=Demo.Includes;Trusted_Connection=True;");
                optionsBuilder.ConfigureWarnings(warnings => warnings.Log(CoreEventId.IncludeIgnoredWarning));
                optionsBuilder.UseLoggerFactory(new LoggerFactory().AddConsole((message, logLevel) =>
                {
                    return true;
                    /*return logLevel == LogLevel.Debug &&
                           message.StartsWith("Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Database.Command");*/
                }));
            }
        }
    }

var blogs = context.Blogs
    .Include(blog => blog.Posts)
    .Select(blog => new
    {
       Id = blog.BlogId,
       Url = blog.Url
    })
    .ToList();

 warn: Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Query[100106]
The Include operation for navigation '[blog].Posts' is unnecessary and was ignored because the navigation is not reachable in the final query results. See https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=850303 for more information.

SELECT [blog].[BlogId] AS [Id], [blog].[Url]
FROM [Blogs] AS [blog]

 optionsBuilder.ConfigureWarnings(warnings => warnings.Throw(CoreEventId.IncludeIgnoredWarning));

public IEnumerable<Product> GetProducts()
{
    using (var stream = File.Read(Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "products.xml")))
    {
        var serializer = new XmlSerializer();
        return (IEnumerable<Product>)serializer.Deserialize(stream);
    }
}

public IEnumerable<Product> GetCachedProducts()
{
    var fullPath = Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "ProductCache.xml");
    if (!File.Exists(fullPath))
        return new Product[0];
         
    using (var stream = File.Read(fullPath))
    {
        var serializer = new XmlSerializer();
        return (IEnumerable<Product>)serializer.Deserialize(stream);
    }
}

IEnumerable<Product> GetProducts()

IEnumerable<Product> GetCachedProducts()

public class UserRepository : IUserRepository
{
    public IList<User> Search(string value)
    {
        try
        {
              return CreateConnectionAndACommandAndReturnAList("WHERE value=@value", Parameter.New("value", value));
        }
        catch (SqlException err)
        {
             var msg = String.Format("Ohh no!  Failed to search after users with '{0}' as search string", value);
             throw new DataSourceException(msg, err);
        }
    }
}

public void PrintName(string name)
{
     Console.WriteLine(name);
}

public void PrintName(string name)
{
    if (name == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("name");
     
     Console.WriteLine(name);
}

public void PrintName(string name)
{
    if (name == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("name");
    if (name.Length < 5 || name.Length > 10) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("name", name, "Name must be between 5 or 10 characters long");
    if (name.Any(x => !char.IsAlphaNumeric(x)) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("name", name, "May only contain alpha numerics");
     
     Console.WriteLine(name);
}

public User GetUser(int id)
{
}

var user = datasource.GetUser(userId);
if (user == null)
    throw new InvalidOperationException("Failed to find user: " + userId);
// actual logic here

public User GetUser(int id)
{
    if (id <= 0) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("id", id, "Valid ids are from 1 and above. Do you have a parsing error somewhere?");
    
    var user = db.Execute<User>("WHERE Id = ?", id);
    if (user == null)
        throw new EntityNotFoundException("Failed to find user with id " + id);
        
    return user;
}

try
{
    FutileAttemptToResist();
}
catch (BorgException err)
{
     _myDearLog.Error("I'm in da cube! Ohh no!", err);
    throw err;
}

try
{
    GreaseTinMan();
}
catch (InvalidOperationException err)
{
    throw new TooScaredLion("The Lion was not in the m00d", err); //<---- استثناء اصلی بهتر است به استثناء جدید پاس داده شود
}

try
{
   socket.Connect("somethingawful.com", 80);
}
catch (SocketException err)
{
    throw new InvalidOperationException("Socket failed", err);  
}

void IncreaseStatusForUser(int userId, int newStatus)
{
    try
    {
         var user  = _repository.Get(userId);
         if (user == null)
             throw new UpdateException(string.Format("Failed to find user #{0} when trying to increase status to {1}", userId, newStatus));
    
         user.Status = newStatus;
         _repository.Save(user);
    }
   catch (DataSourceException err)
   {
       var errMsg = string.Format("Failed to find modify user #{0} when trying to increase status to {1}", userId, newStatus);
        throw new UpdateException(errMsg, err);
   }

public NewException()
public NewException(string description )
public NewException(string description, Exception inner)
protected or private NewException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)

“The given key was not present in the dictionary.”

“The key ‘abrakadabra’ was not present in the dictionary.”

public class SampleException : Exception
{
    public SampleException(string description)
        : base(description)
    {
        if (description == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("description");
    }
 
    public SampleException(string description, Exception inner)
        : base(description, inner)
    {
        if (description == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("description");
        if (inner == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("inner");
    }
 
    public SampleException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
        : base(info, context)
    {
    }
}

public class HttpException : Exception
{
    System.Net.HttpStatusCode _statusCode;
     
    public HttpException(System.Net.HttpStatusCode statusCode, string description)
        : base(description)
    {
        if (description == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("description");
        _statusCode = statusCode;
    }
 
    public HttpException(System.Net.HttpStatusCode statusCode, string description, Exception inner)
        : base(description, inner)
    {
        if (description == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("description");
        if (inner == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("inner");
        _statusCode = statusCode;
    }
 
    public HttpException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
        : base(info, context)
    {
    }
     
    public System.Net.HttpStatusCode StatusCode { get; private set; }
 
}

public override string Message
{
        get { return base.Message + "\r\nStatus code: " + StatusCode; }
}

public class HttpException : Exception
{
    // [...]
 
    public HttpException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
        : base(info, context)
    {
        // this is new
        StatusCode = (HttpStatusCode) info.GetInt32("HttpStatusCode");
    }
 
    public HttpStatusCode StatusCode { get; private set; }
 
    public override string Message
    {
        get { return base.Message + "\r\nStatus code: " + StatusCode; }
    }
 
    // this is new
    public override void GetObjectData(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
    {
        base.GetObjectData(info, context);
        info.AddValue("HttpStatusCode", (int) StatusCode);
    }
}

throw new Exception("Unknown FaileType");
throw new Exception("Unecpected workingDirectory");

"Unecpected workingDirectory"

using System;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;

namespace EFGeneral
{
    public class User
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
    }

    public class MyContext : DbContext
    {
        public DbSet<User> Users { get; set; }
    }

    public class Configuration : DbMigrationsConfiguration<MyContext>
    {
        public Configuration()
        {
            AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;
            AutomaticMigrationDataLossAllowed = true;
        }

        protected override void Seed(MyContext context)
        {            
            for (int i = 0; i < 21000; i++)
            {
                context.Users.Add(new User { Name = "name " + i });
                if (i % 1000 == 0)
                    context.SaveChanges();
            }
            base.Seed(context);
        }
    }

    public class PerformanceHelper
    {
        public static string RunActionMeasurePerformance(Action action)
        {
            GC.Collect();
            long initMemUsage = Process.GetCurrentProcess().WorkingSet64;

            var stopwatch = new Stopwatch();
            stopwatch.Start();

            action();

            stopwatch.Stop();

            var currentMemUsage = Process.GetCurrentProcess().WorkingSet64;
            var memUsage = currentMemUsage - initMemUsage;
            if (memUsage < 0) memUsage = 0;

            return string.Format("Elapsed time: {0}, Memory Usage: {1:N2} KB", stopwatch.Elapsed, memUsage / 1024);
        }
    }

    public static class Test
    {
        public static void RunTests()
        {
            Database.SetInitializer(new MigrateDatabaseToLatestVersion<MyContext, Configuration>());
            StartDb();            

            for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("\nRun {0}", i + 1);

                var memUsage = PerformanceHelper.RunActionMeasurePerformance(() => LoadWithTracking());
                Console.WriteLine("LoadWithTracking:\n{0}", memUsage);

                memUsage = PerformanceHelper.RunActionMeasurePerformance(() => LoadWithoutTracking());
                Console.WriteLine("LoadWithoutTracking:\n{0}", memUsage);
            }
        }

        private static void StartDb()
        {
            using (var ctx = new MyContext())
            {
                var user = ctx.Users.Find(1);
                if (user != null)
                {
                    // keep the object in memory
                }
            }
        }

        private static void LoadWithTracking()
        {
            using (var ctx = new MyContext())
            {
                var list = ctx.Users.ToList();
                if (list.Any())
                {
                    // keep the list in memory
                }
            }
        }

        private static void LoadWithoutTracking()
        {
            using (var ctx = new MyContext())
            {
                var list = ctx.Users.AsNoTracking().ToList();
                if (list.Any())
                {
                    // keep the list in memory
                }
            }
        }
    }
}