IEnumerable input = new object[] { "Apple", 33, "Sugar", 44, 'a', new DateTime()};
IEnumerable<string> query = input.OfType<string>();
foreach (var item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item);
}

 class Ingredient
  {
     public string Name { get; set; }
  }
  class DryIngredient : Ingredient
  {
     public int Grams { get; set; }
  }

  class WetIngredient : Ingredient
  {
     public int Millilitres { get; set; }
  }

IEnumerable<Ingredient> input = new Ingredient[]
{
   new DryIngredient { Name = "Flour" },
   new WetIngredient { Name = "Milk" },
   new WetIngredient { Name = "Water" }
};

IEnumerable<WetIngredient> query = input.OfType<WetIngredient>();
foreach (WetIngredient item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item.Name);
}

IEnumerable input = new object[]
{
   "Apple", 33, "Sugar", 44, 'a', new DateTime()
};

IEnumerable<string> query = input.Cast<string>();
foreach (string item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item);
}

IEnumerable input = new object[]{ "Apple", "Sugar", "Flour" };
IEnumerable<string> query =
from string i in input
select i;

foreach (var item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item);
}

class Recipe
{
   public int Id { get; set; }
   public string Name { get; set; }
   public int Rating { get; set; }
}

IEnumerable<Recipe> recipes = new[]
{
   new Recipe { Id = 1, Name = "Apple Pie", Rating = 5 },
   new Recipe { Id = 2, Name = "Cherry Pie", Rating = 2 },
   new Recipe { Id = 3, Name = "Beef Pie", Rating = 3 }
};

Dictionary<int, Recipe> dict = recipes.ToDictionary(x => x.Id);
foreach (KeyValuePair<int, Recipe> item in dict)
{
   Console.WriteLine($"Key={item.Key}, Recipe={item.Value}");
}

class Recipe
{
   public int Id { get; set; }
   public string Name { get; set; }
   public byte Rating { get; set; }
}

IEnumerable<Recipe> recipes = new[]
{
   new Recipe { Id = 1, Name = "Apple Pie", Rating = 5 },
   new Recipe { Id = 1, Name = "Banana Pie", Rating = 5 },
   new Recipe { Id = 2, Name = "Cherry Pie", Rating = 2 },
   new Recipe { Id = 3, Name = "Beef Pie", Rating = 3 }
};

ILookup<byte, Recipe> look = recipes.ToLookup(x => x.Rating);
foreach (IGrouping<byte, Recipe> ratingGroup in look)
{
   byte rating = ratingGroup.Key;
   Console.WriteLine($"Rating {rating}");
   foreach (var recipe in ratingGroup)
   {
      Console.WriteLine($" - {recipe.Name}");
   }
}

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.First();
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.First(x=>x.Calories==150);
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

 Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.First(x=>x.Calories==1500);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.FirstOrDefault(x=>x.Calories==1500);
Console.WriteLine(element==null);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.Last(x=>x.Calories==500);
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 }
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.Single();
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 500}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.Single(x => x.Calories == 150);
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

 Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 50}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.SingleOrDefault(x => x.Calories == 9999);
Console.WriteLine(element==null);

 Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 50}
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.ElementAt(2);
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 50}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.ElementAtOrDefault(5);
Console.WriteLine(element==null);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 50}
};

IEnumerable<Ingredient> query = ingredients.DefaultIfEmpty();
foreach (Ingredient item in query)
{
  Console.WriteLine(item.Name);
}

Ingredient[] ingredients = { };
IEnumerable<Ingredient> query = ingredients.DefaultIfEmpty();
foreach (Ingredient item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item == null);
}

namespace WpfViewModelLocator.ViewModels
{
    public class MainWindowViewModel
    {
        public string SomeText { set; get; }
        public MainWindowViewModel()
        {
            SomeText = "Data ...";
        }
    }
}

using WpfViewModelLocator.ViewModels;

namespace WpfViewModelLocator.ViewModelLocator
{
    public class ViewModelLocatorBase
    {
        public MainWindowViewModel MainWindowVm
        {
            get { return new MainWindowViewModel(); }
        }
    }
}

<Application x:Class="WpfViewModelLocator.App"
             xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
             xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
             xmlns:vml="clr-namespace:WpfViewModelLocator.ViewModelLocator"
             StartupUri="MainWindow.xaml">
    <Application.Resources>
        <vml:ViewModelLocatorBase x:Key="ViewModelLocatorBase" />
    </Application.Resources>
</Application>

<Window x:Class="WpfViewModelLocator.MainWindow"
        xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
        xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"        
        Title="MainWindow" Height="350" Width="525">
    <Grid DataContext="{Binding Path=MainWindowVm, Source={StaticResource ViewModelLocatorBase}}">
        <TextBlock Text="{Binding SomeText}" VerticalAlignment="Top" Margin="5" />
    </Grid>
</Window>

using System;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Linq;
using System.Windows.Data;

namespace WpfViewModelLocator.ViewModelLocator
{
    public class ViewModelLocatorBaseConverter : IValueConverter
    {
        public object Convert(object value, Type targetType, object parameter, CultureInfo culture)
        {
            //مقدار در اینجا همان مشخصات ویوو است
            if (value == null) return null;
            string viewTypeName = value.GetType().Name;

            //قرار داد ما است
            //ViewModel Name = ViewName + "ViewModel"
            string viewModelName = string.Concat(viewTypeName, "ViewModel");

            //یافتن اسمبلی که حاوی ویوو مدل ما است
            var asms = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies();
            var viewModelAsmName = "WpfViewModelLocator"; //نام پروژه مرتبط
            var viewModelAsm = asms.Where(x => x.FullName.Contains(viewModelAsmName)).First();

            //یافتن این کلاس ویوو مدل مرتبط
            var viewModelType = viewModelAsm.GetTypes().Where(x => x.FullName.Contains(viewModelName)).FirstOrDefault();
            if (viewModelType == null)
                throw new InvalidOperationException(string.Format("Could not find view model '{0}'", viewModelName));

            //وهله سازی خودکار آن
            return Activator.CreateInstance(viewModelType);
        }

        public object ConvertBack(object value, Type targetType, object parameter, CultureInfo culture)
        {
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }
    }
}

<Application x:Class="WpfViewModelLocator.App"
             xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
             xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
             xmlns:vml="clr-namespace:WpfViewModelLocator.ViewModelLocator"
             StartupUri="MainWindow.xaml">
    <Application.Resources>
        <vml:ViewModelLocatorBaseConverter x:Key="ViewModelLocatorBaseConverter" />
    </Application.Resources>
</Application>

<Window x:Class="WpfViewModelLocator.MainWindow"
        xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
        xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"                
        DataContext="{Binding RelativeSource={RelativeSource Self}, 
                              Converter={StaticResource ViewModelLocatorBaseConverter}}"
        Title="MainWindow" Height="350" Width="525">
    <Grid>
        <TextBlock Text="{Binding SomeText}" VerticalAlignment="Top" Margin="5" />
    </Grid>
</Window>

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;

public class Student
{
    public int Id { set; get; }
    public string Name { set; get; }

    //هر دانشجو چند ترم در دانشگاه خواهد بود
    public virtual ICollection<Semester> Semesters { set; get; }
    //هر دانشجو چندین واحد دارد
    public virtual ICollection<Unit> Units { set; get; }
}

public class Semester
{
    public int Id { set; get; }
    public string Name { set; get; }
    public int Average { set; get; }

    [ForeignKey("StudentId")]
    public virtual Student Student { set; get; }
    public int StudentId { set; get; }
}

public class Unit
{
    public int Id { set; get; }
    public string Name { set; get; }
    public string UnitType { set; get; }
    public int NumberOfUnits { set; get; }

    [ForeignKey("StudentId")]
    public virtual Student Student { set; get; }
    public int StudentId { set; get; }
}

    <script src="Scripts/angular.js"></script>
    <script src="Scripts/angular-cookies.js"></script>
    <script src="Scripts/angular-translate.js"></script>
    <script src="Scripts/angular-translate-storage-cookie.js"></script>
    
    <!-- for override loader methods in angular translate -->
    <script src="/src/service/loader-static-files.js"></script>

            // Register a loader for the static files
            // So, the module will search missing translation tables under the specified urls.
            // Those urls are [prefix][langKey][suffix].
            $translateProvider.useStaticFilesLoader({
                prefix: '/l10n/',
                suffix: '.json'
            });

angular.module('pascalprecht.translate')
.factory('$translateStaticFilesLoader', $translateStaticFilesLoader);
function $translateStaticFilesLoader($q, $http) {
    
  'use strict';

  return function (options) {

    if (!options || (!angular.isArray(options.files) && (!angular.isString(options.prefix) || !angular.isString(options.suffix)))) {
      throw new Error('Couldn\'t load static files, no files and prefix or suffix specified!');
    }

    if (!options.files) {
      options.files = [{
        prefix: options.prefix,
        suffix: options.suffix
      }];
    }

    var load = function (file) {
      if (!file || (!angular.isString(file.prefix) || !angular.isString(file.suffix))) {
        throw new Error('Couldn\'t load static file, no prefix or suffix specified!');
      }

      var deferred = $q.defer();

      $http(angular.extend({
        url: [
          file.prefix,
          options.key,
          file.suffix
        ].join(''),
        method: 'GET',
        params: ''
      }, options.$http)).success(function (data) {
        deferred.resolve(data);
      }).error(function () {
        deferred.reject(options.key);
      });

      return deferred.promise;
    };

    var deferred = $q.defer(),
        promises = [],
        length = options.files.length;

    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
      promises.push(load({
        prefix: options.files[i].prefix,
        key: options.key,
        suffix: options.files[i].suffix
      }));
    }

    $q.all(promises).then(function (data) {
      var length = data.length,
          mergedData = {};

      for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
        for (var key in data[i]) {
          mergedData[key] = data[i][key];
        }
      }

      deferred.resolve(mergedData);
    }, function (data) {
      deferred.reject(data);
    });

    return deferred.promise;
  };
}

$translateStaticFilesLoader.displayName = '$translateStaticFilesLoader';

  /**
   * @ngdoc function
   * @name pascalprecht.translate.$translateProvider#useStaticFilesLoader
   * @methodOf pascalprecht.translate.$translateProvider
   *
   * @description
   * Tells angular-translate to use `$translateStaticFilesLoader` extension service as loader.
   *
   * @param {Object=} options Optional configuration object
   */
  this.useStaticFilesLoader = function (options) {
    return this.useLoader('$translateStaticFilesLoader', options);
  };

    public static class ShadowProperty
    {
        public static readonly string CreatedAt = nameof(CreatedAt);
    }

    public class Student
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
    }

    public class StudentDto
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
        public DateTimeOffset Created { get; set; }
    }

    public class StudentMappingProfile : Profile
    {
        public StudentMappingProfile()
        {
            CreateMap<Student, StudentDto>()
                .ForMember(
                    dest => dest.Created,
                    opt => opt.MapFrom(src => EF.Property<DateTimeOffset>(src, ShadowProperty.CreatedAt))
                );
        }
    }

var students = context.Students.ProjectTo<StudentDto>(configuration: mapper.ConfigurationProvider).ToList();

private int n1, n2;

private void FirstCall()
{
  Service.GetRandomNumber(10, SecondCall);
}

private void SecondCall(int number)
{
  n1 = number;
  Service.GetRandomNumber(n1, ThirdCall);
}

private void ThirdCall(int number)
{
  n2 = number;
  // etc
}

private void FetchNumbers()
{
 int n1 = Service.GetRandomNumber(10);
 int n2 = Service.GetRandomNumber(n1);
}

private void FetchNumbers()
{
  int n1, n2;

  Service.GetRandomNumber(10, result =>
                                  {
                                      n1 = result;
                                      Service.GetRandomNumber(n1, secondResult =>
                                                                      {
                                                                          n2 = secondResult;
                                                                      });
                                  });
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading;

namespace CoroutinesSample
{
  class Program
  {
      static void printAll()
      {
          foreach (int x in integerList())
          {
              Console.WriteLine(x);
          }
      }

      static IEnumerable<int> integerList()
      {
          yield return 1;
          Thread.Sleep(1000);
          yield return 2;
          yield return 3;
      }

      static void Main()
      {
          printAll();
      }
  }
}

private bool MoveNext()
{
  switch (this.<>1__state)
  {
      case 0:
          this.<>1__state = -1;
          this.<>2__current = 1;
          this.<>1__state = 1;
          return true;

      case 1:
          this.<>1__state = -1;
          Thread.Sleep(0x3e8);
          this.<>2__current = 2;
          this.<>1__state = 2;
          return true;

      case 2:
          this.<>1__state = -1;
          this.<>2__current = 3;
          this.<>1__state = 3;
          return true;

      case 3:
          this.<>1__state = -1;
          break;
  }
  return false;
}