// cardCatalog.d.ts
declare module "CardCatalog"{
   export function printCard(callNumber: string): void;
}

 // app.ts
/// <reference path="cardCatalog.d.ts" />
import * as catalog from "CardCatalog";

npm init -f
npm install lodash --save

declare module "lodash" {
   export = _;
}

 /// <reference path="lodash.d.ts" />

 import * as _ from "lodash";

 let snakeCaseTitle = _.snakeCase("test this");
console.log(snakeCaseTitle);

 npm install tsd -g

 D:\Prog\1395\VSCodeTypeScript>tsd install lodash --save

 [ERR!] Error: connect ECONNREFUSED 10.10.34.36:443

 /// <reference path="./typings/tsd.d.ts" />

 npm install typings --global

 typings install lodash --ambient --save

 typings ERR! caused by Unable to connect to "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/DefinitelyTyped/DefinitelyTyped/299b5caa22876ef27dc8e9a5b7fd7bf93457b6f4/lodash/lodash-3.10.d.ts"
typings ERR! caused by connect ECONNREFUSED 10.10.34.36:443

 /// <reference path="./typings/main.d.ts" />

    public class EfRolesService : IRolesService
    {
        readonly IUnitOfWork _uow;
        readonly IDbSet<Role> _roles;
        public EfRolesService(IUnitOfWork uow)
        {
            _uow = uow;
            _roles = _uow.Set<Role>();
        }

        public IList<Role> FindUserRoles(int userId)
        {
            var query = from role in _roles
                        from user in role.Users
                        where user.Id == userId
                        select role;

            return query.OrderBy(x => x.Name).ToList();
        }

        public string[] GetRolesForUser(int userId)
        {
            var roles = FindUserRoles(userId);
            if (roles == null || !roles.Any())
            {
                return new string[] { };
            }

            return roles.Select(x => x.Name).ToArray();
        }

        public bool IsUserInRole(int userId, string roleName)
        {
            var query = from role in _roles
                        where role.Name == roleName
                        from user in role.Users
                        where user.Id == userId
                        select role;
            var userRole = query.FirstOrDefault();
            return userRole != null;
        }
    }

    public class CustomRoleProvider : RoleProvider
    {
        public override bool IsUserInRole(string username, string roleName)
        {
            // Since the role provider, in this case the CustomRoleProvider is instantiated by 
            // the ASP.NET framework the best solution is to use the service locator pattern. 
            // The service locator pattern is normally considered to be an anti-pattern but 
            // sometimes you have to be pragmatic and accept the limitation on the framework 
            // that is being used (in this case the ASP.NET framework).

            var rolesService = ObjectFactory.GetInstance<IRolesService>();
            return rolesService.IsUserInRole(username.ToInt(), roleName);
        }

        public override string[] GetRolesForUser(string username)
        {
            var rolesService = ObjectFactory.GetInstance<IRolesService>();
            return rolesService.GetRolesForUser(username.ToInt());
        }
// مابقی نیازی نیست پیاده سازی شوند

var mockIdentityVerifier = new Mock<IIdentityVerifier>(MockBehavior.Strict);

Test method Loans.Tests.LoanApplicationProcessorShould.Accept threw exception:
Moq.MockException: IIdentityVerifier.Initialize() invocation failed with mock behavior Strict.
All invocations on the mock must have a corresponding setup.

mockIdentityVerifier.Setup(x => x.Initialize());

try
{
    _creditScorer.CalculateScore(application.Applicant.Name, application.Applicant.Address);
}
catch
{
    return application.IsAccepted;
}
 

mockCreditScorer.Setup(x =>
                    x.CalculateScore(It.IsAny<string>(), It.IsAny<string>()))
                .Throws(new InvalidOperationException("Test Exception"));

Assert.IsFalse(application.IsAccepted);

using System;

namespace Loans.Models
{
    public class CreditScoreResultArgs : EventArgs
    {
        public int Score { get; set; }
    }
}

public interface ICreditScorer
{
   event EventHandler<CreditScoreResultArgs> ResultAvailable;

mockCreditScorer.Raise(x => x.ResultAvailable += null, new CreditScoreResultArgs());

mockCreditScorer.Setup(x =>
                x.CalculateScore(It.IsAny<string>(), It.IsAny<string>()))
                .Raises(x => x.ResultAvailable += null, new CreditScoreResultArgs());

namespace Loans.Tests
{
    [TestClass]
    public class LoanApplicationProcessorShould
    {        
        [TestMethod]
        public void AcceptUsingPartialMock()
        {
            var product = new LoanProduct {Id = 99, ProductName = "Loan", InterestRate = 5.25m};
            var amount = new LoanAmount {CurrencyCode = "Rial", Principal = 2_000_000_0};
            var applicant =
                new Applicant {Id = 1, Name = "User 1", Age = 25, Address = "This place", Salary = 1_500_000_0};
            var application = new LoanApplication {Id = 42, Product = product, Amount = amount, Applicant = applicant};

            var mockIdentityVerifier = new Mock<IdentityVerifierServiceGateway>();

            mockIdentityVerifier.Setup(x => x.CallService(applicant.Name, applicant.Age, applicant.Address))
                .Returns(true);

            var mockCreditScorer = new Mock<ICreditScorer>();
            mockCreditScorer.Setup(x => x.ScoreResult.ScoreValue.Score).Returns(110_000);

            var sut = new LoanApplicationProcessor(mockIdentityVerifier.Object, mockCreditScorer.Object);
            sut.Process(application);

            Assert.IsTrue(application.IsAccepted);
        }
    }
}

public virtual bool CallService(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress)

public bool Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress)
{
    Connect();
    var isValidIdentity = CallService(applicantName, applicantAge, applicantAddress);
    LastCheckTime = DateTime.Now;
    Disconnect();

    return isValidIdentity;
}

public bool Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress)
{
    Connect();
    var isValidIdentity = CallService(applicantName, applicantAge, applicantAddress);
    LastCheckTime = GetCurrentTime();
    Disconnect();

    return isValidIdentity;
}

public virtual DateTime GetCurrentTime()
{
    return DateTime.Now;
}

var expectedTime = new DateTime(2000, 1, 1);
mockIdentityVerifier.Setup(x => x.GetCurrentTime())
    .Returns(expectedTime);
// ...
Assert.AreEqual(expectedTime, mockIdentityVerifier.Object.LastCheckTime);

mockIdentityVerifier.Protected().Setup<bool>(
        "CallService",applicant.Name, applicant.Age, applicant.Address)
    .Returns(true);

var expectedTime = new DateTime(2000, 1, 1);
mockIdentityVerifier.Protected().Setup<DateTime>("GetCurrentTime")
    .Returns(expectedTime);

interface IIdentityVerifierServiceGatewayProtectedMembers
{
   DateTime GetCurrentTime();
   bool CallService(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress);
}

mockIdentityVerifier.Protected()
    .As<IIdentityVerifierServiceGatewayProtectedMembers>()
    .Setup(x => x.CallService(It.IsAny<string>(),
        It.IsAny<int>(),
        It.IsAny<string>()))
    .Returns(true);

var expectedTime = new DateTime(2000, 1, 1);
mockIdentityVerifier.Protected()
    .As<IIdentityVerifierServiceGatewayProtectedMembers>()
    .Setup(x => x.GetCurrentTime())
    .Returns(expectedTime);

using System;

namespace Loans.Services.Contracts
{
    public interface INowProvider
    {
        DateTime GetNow();
    }
}

    public class IdentityVerifierServiceGateway : IIdentityVerifier
    {
        private readonly INowProvider _nowProvider;
        
        public DateTime LastCheckTime { get; private set; }

        public IdentityVerifierServiceGateway(INowProvider nowProvider)
        {
            _nowProvider = nowProvider;
        }

        public bool Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress)
        {
            Connect();
            var isValidIdentity = CallService(applicantName, applicantAge, applicantAddress);
            LastCheckTime = _nowProvider.GetNow();
            // ...

var mockNowProvider = new Mock<INowProvider>();
mockNowProvider.Setup(x => x.GetNow()).Returns(expectedTime);

var mockIdentityVerifier =  new Mock<IdentityVerifierServiceGateway>(mockNowProvider.Object);

<h2>About Ember Blog</h2>

<p>Bla bla bla!</p>

<button class="btn btn-primary" {{action 'showRealName' }}>more info</button>

Blogger.AboutController = Ember.Controller.extend({
  actions: {
   showRealName: function () {
    alert("You clicked at showRealName of AboutController.");
   }
  }
});

 <script src="Scripts/Controllers/about.js" type="text/javascript"></script>

<h1>Contact</h1>
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-md-6">
   <p>
    Want to get in touch?
    <ul>
      <li>{{#link-to 'phone'}}Phone{{/link-to}}</li>
      <li>{{#link-to 'email'}}Email{{/link-to}}</li>
    </ul>
   </p>
 
   <p>
    Or, click here to send a secret message:
   </p>
   <button class="btn btn-primary" {{action 'sendMessage' }}>Send message</button>
  </div>
  <div class="col-md-6">
   {{outlet}}
  </div>
</div>

Blogger.ContactController = Ember.Controller.extend({
  actions: {
   sendMessage: function () {
    var message = prompt('Type your message here:');
   }
  }
});

 <script src="Scripts/Controllers/contact.js" type="text/javascript"></script>

<h2>About Ember Blog</h2>
<p>Bla bla bla!</p>
<button class="btn btn-primary" {{action 'showRealName' }}>more info</button>
 
{{#if isAuthorShowing}}
<button class="btn btn-warning" {{action 'hideAuthor' }}>Hide Image</button>
<p><img src="Content/images/ember-productivity-sm.png"></p>
{{else}}
<button class="btn btn-info" {{action 'showAuthor' }}>Show Image</button>
{{/if}}

Blogger.AboutController = Ember.Controller.extend({
  isAuthorShowing: false,
  actions: {
   showRealName: function () {
    alert("You clicked at showRealName of AboutController.");
   },
   showAuthor: function () {
    this.set('isAuthorShowing', true);
   },
   hideAuthor: function () {
    this.set('isAuthorShowing', false);
   }
  }
});

<h1>Contact</h1>
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-md-6">
   <p>
    Want to get in touch?
    <ul>
      <li>{{#link-to 'phone'}}Phone{{/link-to}}</li>
      <li>{{#link-to 'email'}}Email{{/link-to}}</li>
    </ul>
   </p>
   {{#if messageSent}}
   <p>
    Thank you. Your message has been sent.
    Your confirmation number is {{confirmationNumber}}.
   </p>
   {{else}}
   <p>
    Or, click here to send a secret message:
   </p>
   <button class="btn btn-primary" {{action 'sendMessage' }}>Send message</button>
   {{/if}}
  </div>
  <div class="col-md-6">
   {{outlet}}
  </div>
</div>

Blogger.ContactController = Ember.Controller.extend({
  messageSent: false,
  actions: {
   sendMessage: function () {
    var message = prompt('Type your message here:');
    if (message) {
      this.set('confirmationNumber', Math.round(Math.random() * 100000));
      this.set('messageSent', true);
    }
   }
  }
});

اکنون به پوشه‌ی Views بروید و فایل Index.cshtml را به این صورت تغییر دهید:

namespace AspNetCoreDependencyInjection.Helpers
{
    public class GuidProvider
    {
        private readonly Guid _serviceGuid;

        public GuidProvider()
        {
            _serviceGuid = Guid.NewGuid();
        }

        public Guid GetNewGuid() => Guid.NewGuid();

        public string GetGuidAsFormatedString(string prefix = "") => getFormatedGuid(_serviceGuid, prefix);

        private string getFormatedGuid(Guid guid, string prefix = "")
        {
            var guidString = guid.GetHashCode().ToString("x");
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(prefix) == false)
                guidString = new StringBuilder($"{prefix}-").Append(guidString).ToString();
            return guidString;
        }
    }
}

حالا درون کنترل HomeController، این تغییرات را انجام می‌دهیم:

private readonly ILogger<HomeController> _logger;
private readonly MessageServiceAA _messageService;
private readonly GuidProvider _ guidProvider;

public HomeController(ILogger<HomeController> logger)
{
            _logger = logger;
            _messageService = new MessageServiceAA();
            _guidProvider = new GuidProvider();
}

public IActionResult Index()
{
            var model = new HomeViewModel()
            {
                Id = _ guidProvider.GetGuidAsFormatedString(),
                Message = _messageService.Message(),
                DateTime = DateTime.Now,
            };
            return View(model);
}

همانطور که می‌بینید، در کد بالا، کنترلر HomeController، به دو شیء از کلاس‌ها و یا سرویس‌های GuidProvider و MessageServiceAA به صورت مستقیم وابسته شده‌است و با هر تغییری در هر کدام از این سرویسها، باید دوباره کامپایل شود. علاوه بر این اگر بخواهیم پیاده سازی‌های مختلفی را برای هر کدام از این موارد، ارائه دهیم، به مشکل بر می‌خوریم. خب بیاید تغییراتی را در کد بالا بدهیم تا مشکلات ذکر شده را حل کنیم.

برای این منظور پوشه‌ای را به نام Services می‌سازیم و اینترفیسی را به نام IMessageBrokerA ایجاد می‌کنیم و سپس کاری می‌کنیم که MessageServiceAA از این اینترفیس ارث بری کند:

namespace AspNetCoreDependencyInjection.Services
{
    public interface IMessageServiceA
    {
        string Message();
    }
}

و حالا می‌خواهیم با استفاده از تزریق وابستگی، وابستگی کنترلر HomeController را از کلاس MessageBrokerAA لغو کرده و آن را به اینترفیس IMessageBrokerA (انتزاع) وابسته کنیم. در اینجا ما از تکنیک تزریق درون سازنده یا Constructor Injection استفاده می‌کنیم.

تزریق درون سازنده

• IServiceCollection : برای ثبت سرویس‌ها
• IServiceProvider : برای واکشی سرویس‌ها

• ConfigureServices : برای پیکربندی و ثبت سرویس‌های درونی DI Container استفاده می‌شود.
• Configure : برای تنظیمات pipeline میان افزارها ( Middlewares ) بکار می‌رود.

public class Startup
    {
        public Startup(IConfiguration configuration)
        {
            Configuration = configuration;
        }

        public IConfiguration Configuration { get; }

        // This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to add services to the container.
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.AddControllersWithViews();
        }

        // This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to configure the HTTP request pipeline.
        public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IWebHostEnvironment env)
        {
            //  کدها جهت خوانایی بیشتر مخفی شده اند
        }
    }

همانطورکه می‌بینید، متد ConfigureService پارامتر IServiceCollection را می‌گیرد که به وسیله‌ی WebHost در زمان اجرای برنامه، مقدار دهی می‌شود.

تعداد زیادی Extension method برای IServiceCollection وجود دارند که برای پشتیبانی از ثبت کردن سرویس‌های مختلف در سناریوهای گوناگون به کار می‌روند. در اینجا ما از نسخه‌ی 3.1 چارچوب ASP.NET Core استفاده می‌کنیم. برای همین هم برای ثبت سرویس‌های پیش فرض فریمورک MVC از متد توسعه‌ی services.AddControllersWithViews()    استفاده می‌کنیم.  متد توسعه‌ی AddControllersWithViews() سرویس‌هایی را که معمولا در فریم ورک MVC استفاده می‌شوند، درون IServiceCollection ثبت می‌کند. در نسخه‌های قبلی چارچوب ASP.NET Core،  مانند نسخه‌های 2.1 و 2.2 برای این کار از متد توسعه‌ی AddMvc() استفاده می‌شد.

در Microsoft Dependency Injection Container ، معمولا  ترتیب ثبت سرویس‌ها مهم نیست.

خب، اولین سرویس اختصاصی برنامه‌ی خودمان را با چرخه‌ی حیات Transient و زیر سرویس پیشین، به شکل زیر ثبت می‌کنیم :

        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.AddControllersWithViews();
            services.AddTransient<IMessageServiceA, MessageServiceAA>();
        }

public static IServiceCollection AddTransient<TService, TImplementation>(this IServiceCollection services)

در اینجا وقتی ما برای IMessageServiceA ، پیاده سازی MessageServiceA را ثبت می‌کنیم، از این به بعد DI Container، هر زمانیکه در لیست پارامترهای سازنده‌ی یک کلاس، IMessageServiceA را مشاهده کند، بررسی می‌کند که چه کلاسی به عنوانی پیاده سازی این اینترفیس ثبت شده‌است، سپس از آن نمونه سازی می‌کند و درون سازنده‌ی مورد نظر تزریق می‌کند. خب، حالا برنامه را دوباره اجرا کنید؛ می‌بینید که برنامه اجرا می‌شود.

namespace DNT.IDP
{
    public static class Config
    {
        public static IEnumerable<Client> GetClients()
        {
            return new List<Client>
            {
                new Client
                {
                    ClientName = "Image Gallery",
                    // IdentityTokenLifetime = ... // defaults to 300 seconds / 5 minutes
                    // AuthorizationCodeLifetime = ... // defaults to 300 seconds / 5 minutes
                    // AccessTokenLifetime = ... // defaults to 3600 seconds / 1 hour
                }
             };
        }
    }
}

namespace DNT.IDP
{
    public static class Config
    {
        public static IEnumerable<Client> GetClients()
        {
            return new List<Client>
            {
                new Client
                {
                    ClientName = "Image Gallery",
                    // IdentityTokenLifetime = ... // defaults to 300 seconds / 5 minutes
                    // AuthorizationCodeLifetime = ... // defaults to 300 seconds / 5 minutes
                    // AccessTokenLifetime = ... // defaults to 3600 seconds / 1 hour
                    AllowOfflineAccess = true,
                    // AbsoluteRefreshTokenLifetime = ... // Defaults to 2592000 seconds / 30 days
                    // RefreshTokenExpiration = TokenExpiration.Sliding
                    UpdateAccessTokenClaimsOnRefresh = true,
                    // ...
                }
             };
        }
    }
}

options.Scope.Add("offline_access");

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Net.Http.Headers;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using IdentityModel.Client;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Protocols.OpenIdConnect;

namespace ImageGallery.MvcClient.Services
{
    public interface IImageGalleryHttpClient
    {
        Task<HttpClient> GetHttpClientAsync();
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// A typed HttpClient.
    /// </summary>
    public class ImageGalleryHttpClient : IImageGalleryHttpClient
    {
        private readonly HttpClient _httpClient;
        private readonly IConfiguration _configuration;
        private readonly IHttpContextAccessor _httpContextAccessor;
        private readonly ILogger<ImageGalleryHttpClient> _logger;

        public ImageGalleryHttpClient(
            HttpClient httpClient,
            IConfiguration configuration,
            IHttpContextAccessor httpContextAccessor,
            ILogger<ImageGalleryHttpClient> logger)
        {
            _httpClient = httpClient;
            _configuration = configuration;
            _httpContextAccessor = httpContextAccessor;
            _logger = logger;
        }

        public async Task<HttpClient> GetHttpClientAsync()
        {
            var accessToken = string.Empty;

            var currentContext = _httpContextAccessor.HttpContext;
            var expires_at = await currentContext.GetTokenAsync("expires_at");
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(expires_at)
                || ((DateTime.Parse(expires_at).AddSeconds(-60)).ToUniversalTime() < DateTime.UtcNow))
            {
                accessToken = await RenewTokens();
            }
            else
            {
                accessToken = await currentContext.GetTokenAsync(OpenIdConnectParameterNames.AccessToken);
            }

            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(accessToken))
            {
                _logger.LogInformation($"Using Access Token: {accessToken}");
                _httpClient.SetBearerToken(accessToken);
            }

            _httpClient.BaseAddress = new Uri(_configuration["WebApiBaseAddress"]);
            _httpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Clear();
            _httpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue("application/json"));

            return _httpClient;
        }

        private async Task<string> RenewTokens()
        {
            // get the current HttpContext to access the tokens
            var currentContext = _httpContextAccessor.HttpContext;

            // get the metadata
            var discoveryClient = new DiscoveryClient(_configuration["IDPBaseAddress"]);
            var metaDataResponse = await discoveryClient.GetAsync();

            // create a new token client to get new tokens
            var tokenClient = new TokenClient(
                metaDataResponse.TokenEndpoint,
                _configuration["ClientId"],
                _configuration["ClientSecret"]);

            // get the saved refresh token
            var currentRefreshToken = await currentContext.GetTokenAsync(OpenIdConnectParameterNames.RefreshToken);

            // refresh the tokens
            var tokenResult = await tokenClient.RequestRefreshTokenAsync(currentRefreshToken);
            if (tokenResult.IsError)
            {
                throw new Exception("Problem encountered while refreshing tokens.", tokenResult.Exception);
            }

            // update the tokens & expiration value
            var updatedTokens = new List<AuthenticationToken>();
            updatedTokens.Add(new AuthenticationToken
            {
                Name = OpenIdConnectParameterNames.IdToken,
                Value = tokenResult.IdentityToken
            });
            updatedTokens.Add(new AuthenticationToken
            {
                Name = OpenIdConnectParameterNames.AccessToken,
                Value = tokenResult.AccessToken
            });
            updatedTokens.Add(new AuthenticationToken
            {
                Name = OpenIdConnectParameterNames.RefreshToken,
                Value = tokenResult.RefreshToken
            });

            var expiresAt = DateTime.UtcNow + TimeSpan.FromSeconds(tokenResult.ExpiresIn);
            updatedTokens.Add(new AuthenticationToken
            {
                Name = "expires_at",
                Value = expiresAt.ToString("o", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)
            });

            // get authenticate result, containing the current principal & properties
            var currentAuthenticateResult = await currentContext.AuthenticateAsync("Cookies");

            // store the updated tokens
            currentAuthenticateResult.Properties.StoreTokens(updatedTokens);

            // sign in
            await currentContext.SignInAsync("Cookies",
             currentAuthenticateResult.Principal, currentAuthenticateResult.Properties);

            // return the new access token
            return tokenResult.AccessToken;
        }
    }
}

namespace DNT.IDP
{
    public static class Config
    {
        public static IEnumerable<Client> GetClients()
        {
            return new List<Client>
            {
                new Client
                {
                    ClientName = "Image Gallery",
// ...
                    AccessTokenType = AccessTokenType.Reference
                }
             };
        }
    }
}

namespace DNT.IDP
{
    public static class Config
    {
        // api-related resources (scopes)
        public static IEnumerable<ApiResource> GetApiResources()
        {
            return new List<ApiResource>
            {
                new ApiResource(
                    name: "imagegalleryapi",
                    displayName: "Image Gallery API",
                    claimTypes: new List<string> {"role" })
                {
                  ApiSecrets = { new Secret("apisecret".Sha256()) }
                }
            };
        }

namespace ImageGallery.WebApi.WebApp
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.AddAuthentication(defaultScheme: IdentityServerAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme)
               .AddIdentityServerAuthentication(options =>
               {
                   options.Authority = Configuration["IDPBaseAddress"];
                   options.ApiName = "imagegalleryapi";
                   options.ApiSecret = "apisecret";
               });

namespace ImageGallery.MvcClient.WebApp.Controllers
{
    [Authorize]
    public class GalleryController : Controller
    {
        public async Task Logout()
        {
            await revokeTokens();
            // Clears the  local cookie ("Cookies" must match the name of the scheme)
            await HttpContext.SignOutAsync("Cookies");
            await HttpContext.SignOutAsync("oidc");
        }

        private async Task revokeTokens()
        {
            var discoveryClient = new DiscoveryClient(_configuration["IDPBaseAddress"]);
            var metaDataResponse = await discoveryClient.GetAsync();
            var tokenRevocationClient = new TokenRevocationClient(
                metaDataResponse.RevocationEndpoint,
                _configuration["ClientId"],
                _configuration["ClientSecret"]
            );

            var accessToken = await HttpContext.GetTokenAsync(OpenIdConnectParameterNames.AccessToken);
            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(accessToken))
            {
                var response = await tokenRevocationClient.RevokeAccessTokenAsync(accessToken);
                if (response.IsError)
                {
                    throw new Exception("Problem accessing the TokenRevocation endpoint.", response.Exception);
                }
            }

            var refreshToken = await HttpContext.GetTokenAsync(OpenIdConnectParameterNames.RefreshToken);
            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(refreshToken))
            {
                var response = await tokenRevocationClient.RevokeRefreshTokenAsync(refreshToken);
                if (response.IsError)
                {
                    throw new Exception("Problem accessing the TokenRevocation endpoint.", response.Exception);
                }
            }
        }

    public class Bill
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public string Name { set; get; }

        public virtual ICollection<Transaction> Transactions { set; get; }
    }

    public class Transaction
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public DateTime AddDate { set; get; }
        public int Amount { set; get; }

        [ForeignKey("BillId")]
        public virtual Bill Bill { set; get; }
        public int BillId { set; get; }
    }

    public class MyContext : DbContext
    {
        public DbSet<Bill> Bills { get; set; }
        public DbSet<Transaction> Transactions { get; set; }
    }

    public class Configuration : DbMigrationsConfiguration<MyContext>
    {
        public Configuration()
        {
            AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;
            AutomaticMigrationDataLossAllowed = true;
        }

        protected override void Seed(MyContext context)
        {
            var bill1 = new Bill { Name = "bill-1" };
            context.Bills.Add(bill1);

            for (int i = 0; i < 11; i++)
            {
                context.Transactions.Add(new Transaction
                {
                    AddDate = DateTime.Now.AddDays(-i),
                    Amount = 1000000000 + i,
                    Bill = bill1
                });
            }
            base.Seed(context);
        }
    }

    public static class Test
    {
        public static void RunTests()
        {
            Database.SetInitializer(new MigrateDatabaseToLatestVersion<MyContext, Configuration>());
            using (var context = new MyContext())
            {
                var sum = context.Transactions.Sum(x => x.Amount);
                Console.WriteLine(sum);
            }
        }
    }

SELECT 
         [GroupBy1].[A1] AS [C1]
         FROM ( SELECT 
                    SUM([Extent1].[Amount]) AS [A1]
                    FROM [dbo].[Transactions] AS [Extent1]
                    )  AS [GroupBy1]

 Arithmetic overflow error converting expression to data type int.

var sum2 = context.Transactions.Sum(x => (Int64)x.Amount);

SELECT 
      [GroupBy1].[A1] AS [C1]
         FROM ( SELECT 
                    SUM( CAST( [Extent1].[Amount] AS bigint)) AS [A1]
                    FROM [dbo].[Transactions] AS [Extent1]
               )  AS [GroupBy1]                  

var date = DateTime.Now.AddDays(10);
var sum3 = context.Transactions
                  .Where(x => x.AddDate > date)  
                  .Sum(x => (Int64)x.Amount);               

SELECT 
     [GroupBy1].[A1] AS [C1]
        FROM ( SELECT 
                    SUM( CAST( [Extent1].[Amount] AS bigint)) AS [A1]
                    FROM [dbo].[Transactions] AS [Extent1]
                    WHERE [Extent1].[AddDate] > @p__linq__0
              )  AS [GroupBy1]

The cast to value type 'Int64' failed because the materialized value is null.
Either the result type's generic parameter or the query must use a nullable type.

var date = DateTime.Now.AddDays(10);
var sum3 = context.Transactions
                  .Where(x => x.AddDate > date)
                  .Sum(x => (Int64?)x.Amount) ?? 0;

 var sum4 = context.Bills.First().Transactions.Sum(x => (Int64?)x.Amount) ?? 0;

SELECT 
     [Extent1].[Id] AS [Id], 
     [Extent1].[AddDate] AS [AddDate], 
     [Extent1].[Amount] AS [Amount], 
     [Extent1].[BillId] AS [BillId]
   FROM [dbo].[Transactions] AS [Extent1]
   WHERE [Extent1].[BillId] = @EntityKeyValue1

var entry = context.Bills.First();
var sum5 = context.Entry(entry).Collection(x => x.Transactions).Query().Sum(x => (Int64?)x.Amount) ?? 0;

SELECT 
    [GroupBy1].[A1] AS [C1]
     FROM ( SELECT 
               SUM( CAST( [Extent1].[Amount] AS bigint)) AS [A1]
                   FROM [dbo].[Transactions] AS [Extent1]
                    WHERE [Extent1].[BillId] = @EntityKeyValue1
            )  AS [GroupBy1]                  

let outer = 'I am so eccentric!'
{
  let inner = 'I play with neighbors in my block and the sewers'
  {
    let innermost = 'I only play with neighbors in my block'
  }
  // accessing innermost here would throw
}
// accessing inner here would throw
// accessing innermost here would throw

{
  let _nested = 'secret'
  function nested () {
    return _nested
  }
}
console.log(nested())

var nested;
{
  let _nested = 'secret'
  nested = function () {
    return _nested
  }
}
console.log(nested())
// <- 'secret'

doWork = function()
{
   const value = 10;
   value = 11;
   return value;
}

const items = { people: ['you', 'me'] }
items.people.push('test')
console.log(items)

let x = 10;
{
   let x = 3;
   console.log(x);
}
console.log(x);