public class Person_BeforeCS8
    {
        [Required]
        public string FirstName { get; set; }  // NOT NULL

        public string MiddleName { get; set; } // NULL
    }

    public class Person_AfterCS8
    {
        public string FirstName { get; set; } = null!; // NOT NULL

        public string? MiddleName { get; set; } // NULL
    }

var parentPosts = db.Posts.Where(p => p.ParentPost.Id == postId).ToList();

var parentPosts = db.Posts.Where(p => p.ParentPost!.Id == postId).ToList();

        endpoints.MapGet("/api/authors", async (MinimalBlogDbContext ctx) =>
        {
            var authors = await ctx.Authors.ToListAsync();
            return authors;
        });

        endpoints.MapPost("/api/authors", async (MinimalBlogDbContext ctx, AuthorDto authorDto) =>
        {
            var author = new Author();
            author.FirstName = authorDto.FirstName;
            author.LastName = authorDto.LastName;
            author.Bio = authorDto.Bio;
            author.DateOfBirth = authorDto.DateOfBirth;

            ctx.Authors.Add(author);
            await ctx.SaveChangesAsync();

            return author;
        });

using MediatR;
using MinimalBlog.Domain.Model;

namespace MinimalBlog.Api.Features.Authors;

public class CreateAuthorCommand : IRequest<Author>
{
    public AuthorDto AuthorDto { get; set; } = default!;
}

public interface IRequest<out TResponse> : IBaseRequest

namespace MinimalBlog.Api.Features.Authors;

public class CreateAuthorCommandHandler : IRequestHandler<CreateAuthorCommand, Author>
{
    private readonly MinimalBlogDbContext _context;
    private readonly IMapper _mapper;

    public CreateAuthorCommandHandler(MinimalBlogDbContext context, IMapper mapper)
    {
        _context = context ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));
        _mapper = mapper ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(mapper));
    }

    public async Task<Author> Handle(CreateAuthorCommand request, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        if (request == null)
        {
            throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(request));
        }

        var toAdd = _mapper.Map<Author>(request.AuthorDto);
        _context.Authors.Add(toAdd);
        await _context.SaveChangesAsync(cancellationToken);
        return toAdd;
    }
}

public interface IRequestHandler<in TRequest, TResponse> where TRequest : IRequest<TResponse>

endpoints.MapPost("/api/authors", async (IMediator mediator, AuthorDto authorDto) =>
{
     var command = new CreateAuthorCommand { AuthorDto = authorDto };
     var author = await mediator.Send(command);
     return author;
});

endpoints.MapGet("/api/authors", async (IMediator mediator, CancellationToken ct) =>
        {
            var request = new GetAllAuthorsQuery();
            var authors = await mediator.Send(request, ct);
            return authors;
        });

public class Handler : IRequestHandler<Command>

public interface IRequestHandler<in TRequest> : IRequestHandler<TRequest, Unit> where TRequest : IRequest<Unit>

public async Task<Unit> Handle(Command request, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
   // ...
   return Unit.Value;
}

public class Command : IRequest

using MediatR;
using MinimalBlog.Domain.Model;

namespace MinimalBlog.Api.Features.Authors;

public class GetAllAuthorsQuery : IRequest<List<Author>>
{
}

namespace MinimalBlog.Api.Features.Authors;

public class GetAllAuthorsHandler : IRequestHandler<GetAllAuthorsQuery, List<Author>>
{
    private readonly MinimalBlogDbContext _context;

    public GetAllAuthorsHandler(MinimalBlogDbContext context)
    {
        _context = context ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));
    }

    public Task<List<Author>> Handle(GetAllAuthorsQuery request, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        return _context.Authors.ToListAsync(cancellationToken);
    }
}

endpoints.MapGet("/api/authors", async (IMediator mediator) =>
{
   var request = new GetAllAuthorsQuery();
   var authors = await mediator.Send(request);
   return authors;
});

public static class CreateAuthor
{
    public class Command : IRequest<AuthorGetDto>
    {
        // ...
    }

    public class Handler : IRequestHandler<Command, AuthorGetDto>
    {
       // ...
    }
}

var command = new CreateAuthor.Command { AuthorDto = authorDto };
var author = await mediator.Send(command, ct);

public static class GetAllAuthors
{
    public class Query : IRequest<List<AuthorGetDto>>
    {
       //...
    }

    public class Handler : IRequestHandler<Query, List<AuthorGetDto>>
    {
       //...
    }
}

using System.ComponentModel;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;

namespace jQueryMvcSample01.Models
{
    public class User
    {
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "(*)"), DisplayName("نام")]
        public string Name { set; get; }

        public PhoneInfo PhoneInfo { set; get; }
    }

    public class PhoneInfo
    {
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "(*)"), DisplayName("تلفن")]
        public string Phone { get; set; }

        [Required(ErrorMessage = "(*)"), DisplayName("پیش شماره")]
        public string Ext { get; set; }
    }
}

using System.Web.Mvc;
using jQueryMvcSample01.Models;
using jQueryMvcSample01.Security;

namespace jQueryMvcSample01.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        [HttpGet]
        public ActionResult Index()
        {
            return View(); //نمایش فرم
        }

        [HttpPost]
        [AjaxOnly] //فقط در حالت ای‌جکس قابل دسترسی باشد
        [ValidateAntiForgeryToken]
        public ActionResult Index(User user)
        {
            if (this.ModelState.IsValid)
            {
                // ذخیره سازی در بانک اطلاعاتی ...
                System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(3000);

                return Content("ok");//اعلام موفقیت آمیز بودن کار
            }

            return Content(null);//ارسال خطا
        }
    }
}

// <![CDATA[
(function ($) {
    $.fn.PostMvcFormAjax = function (options) {
        var defaults = {
            postUrl: '/',
            loginUrl: '/login',
            beforePostHandler: null,
            completeHandler: null,
            errorHandler: null
        };
        var options = $.extend(defaults, options);

        var validateForm = function (form) {
            //فعال سازی دستی اعتبار سنجی جی‌کوئری
            var val = form.validate();
            val.form();
            return val.valid();
        };

        return this.each(function () {
            var form = $(this);
            //اگر فرم اعتبار سنجی نشده، اطلاعات آن ارسال نشود
            if (!validateForm(form)) return;

            //در اینجا می‌توان مثلا دکمه‌ای را غیرفعال کرد
            if (options.beforePostHandler)
                options.beforePostHandler(this);

            //اطلاعات نباید کش شوند
            $.ajaxSetup({ cache: false });

            $.ajax({
                type: "POST",
                url: options.postUrl,
                data: form.serialize(), //تمام فیلدهای فرم منجمله آنتی فرجری توکن آن‌را ارسال می‌کند
                complete: function (xhr, status) {
                    var data = xhr.responseText;
                    if (xhr.status == 403) {
                        window.location = options.loginUrl; //در حالت لاگین نبودن شخص اجرا می‌شود
                    }
                    else if (status === 'error' || !data) {
                        if (options.errorHandler)
                            options.errorHandler(this);
                    }
                    else {
                        if (options.completeHandler)
                            options.completeHandler(this);
                    }
                }

            });
        });
    };
})(jQuery);
// ]]>

@model jQueryMvcSample01.Models.User
@{
    ViewBag.Title = "تعریف کاربر";
    var postUrl = Url.Action(actionName: "Index", controllerName: "Home");
}
@using (Html.BeginForm(actionName: "Index", controllerName: "Home",
                       method: FormMethod.Post,
                       htmlAttributes: new { id = "UserForm" }))
{
    @Html.ValidationSummary(true)
    @Html.AntiForgeryToken()

    <fieldset>
        <legend>تعریف کاربر</legend>
        <div class="editor-label">
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.Name)
        </div>
        <div class="editor-field">
            @Html.EditorFor(model => model.Name)
            @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Name)
        </div>
        <div class="editor-label">
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.PhoneInfo.Ext)
        </div>
        <div class="editor-field">
            @Html.EditorFor(model => model.PhoneInfo.Ext)
            @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.PhoneInfo.Ext)
        </div>
        <div class="editor-label">
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.PhoneInfo.Phone)
        </div>
        <div class="editor-field">
            @Html.EditorFor(model => model.PhoneInfo.Phone)
            @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.PhoneInfo.Phone)
        </div>
        <p>
            <input type="submit" id="btnSave" value="ارسال" />
        </p>
    </fieldset>
}
@section JavaScript
{
    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(document).ready(function () {
            $("#btnSave").click(function (event) {
                //جلوگیری از پست بک به سرور
                event.preventDefault();

                var button = $(this);

                $("#UserForm").PostMvcFormAjax({
                    postUrl: '@postUrl',
                    loginUrl: '/login',
                    beforePostHandler: function () {
                        //غیرفعال سازی دکمه ارسال
                        button.attr('disabled', 'disabled');
                        button.val("...");
                    },
                    completeHandler: function () {
                        //فعال سازی مجدد دکمه ارسال
                        alert('انجام شد');
                        button.removeAttr('disabled');
                        button.val("ارسال");
                    },
                    errorHandler: function () {
                        alert('خطایی رخ داده است');
                    }
                });
            });
        });
    </script>
}

 @Html.EditorFor(model => model.PhoneInfo.Phone)

<head>
    <title>@ViewBag.Title</title>    
    <link href="@Url.Content("Content/Site.css")" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
    <script src="@Url.Content("~/Scripts/jquery-1.9.1.min.js")" type="text/javascript"></script>
    <script src="@Url.Content("~/Scripts/jquery.validate.min.js")" type="text/javascript"></script>
    <script src="@Url.Content("~/Scripts/jquery.unobtrusive-ajax.min.js")" type="text/javascript"></script>
    <script src="@Url.Content("~/Scripts/jquery.validate.unobtrusive.min.js")" type="text/javascript"></script>
    <script src="@Url.Content("~/Scripts/jquery.PostMvcFormAjax.js")" type="text/javascript"></script>
    @RenderSection("JavaScript", required: false)
</head>

    public class BlogComment
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }

        public string Body { get; set; }

        public DateTime Date1 { get; set; }


        public virtual BlogComment Reply { get; set; }
        public int? ReplyId { get; set; }

        public virtual ICollection<BlogComment> Children { get; set; }
    }

    public class MyDBDataContext : DbContext
    {
        protected override void OnConfiguring(DbContextOptionsBuilder optionsBuilder)
        {
            optionsBuilder.UseSqlServer(@"Data Source=(local);Initial Catalog=testdb2;Integrated Security = true");
        }

        protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder modelBuilder)
        {
            modelBuilder.Entity<BlogComment>(entity =>
            {
                entity.HasIndex(e => e.ReplyId);

                entity.HasOne(d => d.Reply)
                    .WithMany(p => p.Children)
                    .HasForeignKey(d => d.ReplyId);
            });
        }

        public virtual DbSet<BlogComment> BlogComments { get; set; }
    }

   public virtual BlogComment Reply { get; set; }

   public int? ReplyId { get; set; }

 public virtual ICollection<BlogComment> Children { get; set; }

    public class BlogComment
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Body { get; set; }
        public DateTime Date1 { get; set; }

        [ForeignKey("ReplyId")]
        [InverseProperty("Children")]
        public virtual BlogComment Reply { get; set; }
        public int? ReplyId { get; set; }

        [InverseProperty("Reply")]
        public virtual ICollection<BlogComment> Children { get; set; }
    }

        protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder modelBuilder)
        {
            modelBuilder.Entity<BlogComment>(entity =>
            {
                entity.HasIndex(e => e.ReplyId);
            });
        }

var comment1 = new BlogComment { Body = "نظر من این است که" };
var comment12 = new BlogComment { Body = "پاسخی به نظر اول", Reply = comment1 };
var comment121 = new BlogComment { Body = "پاسخی به پاسخ به نظر اول", Reply = comment12 };

context.BlogComments.Add(comment121);

var comment2 = new BlogComment { Body = "نظر من این بود که" };
var comment22 = new BlogComment { Body = "پاسخی به نظر قبلی", Reply = comment2 };
var comment221 = new BlogComment { Body = "پاسخی به پاسخ به نظر من اول", Reply = comment22 };
context.BlogComments.Add(comment221);

context.SaveChanges();

var id = 1;
var childIds = new List<int>();
 
var connection = context.Database.GetDbConnection();
connection.Open();
var command = connection.CreateCommand();
command.CommandText =
    @"WITH Hierachy(ChildId, ParentId) AS (
                SELECT Id, ReplyId
                    FROM BlogComments
                UNION ALL
                SELECT h.ChildId, bc.ReplyId
                    FROM BlogComments bc
                    INNER JOIN Hierachy h ON bc.Id = h.ParentId
            )
 
            SELECT h.ChildId
                FROM Hierachy h
                WHERE h.ParentId = @Id";
command.Parameters.Add(new SqlParameter("id", id));
 
var reader = command.ExecuteReader();
while (reader.Read())
{
    var childId = (int)reader[0];
    childIds.Add(childId);
}
reader.Dispose();

 
var list = context.BlogComments
                .Where(blogComment => blogComment.Id == id ||
                                      childIds.Contains(blogComment.Id))
                .ToList();

exec sp_executesql N'WITH Hierachy(ChildId, ParentId) AS (
                            SELECT Id, ReplyId
                                FROM BlogComments
                            UNION ALL
                            SELECT h.ChildId, bc.ReplyId
                                FROM BlogComments bc
                                INNER JOIN Hierachy h ON bc.Id = h.ParentId
                        )

                        SELECT h.ChildId
                            FROM Hierachy h
                            WHERE h.ParentId = @Id',N'@id int',@id=1

 exec sp_executesql N'SELECT [blogComment].[Id], [blogComment].[Body], [blogComment].[Date1], [blogComment].[ReplyId]
FROM [BlogComments] AS [blogComment]
WHERE [blogComment].[Id] IN (@__id_0, 3, 5)',N'@__id_0 int',@__id_0=1

using System.Net;
using System.IO;
using System.Configuration; 


public class FtpHelper
{
public FtpHelper()
{
       //Default Value Set From Application 
         _hostname = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings.GetValues("FtpAddress")[0]; 
        _username = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings.GetValues("FtpUser")[0]; 
        _password = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings.GetValues("FtpPass")[0];  
}
    
    #region "Properties"
    private string _hostname;
    /// <summary>
    /// Hostname
    /// </summary>
    /// <value></value>
    /// <remarks>Hostname can be in either the full URL format
    /// ftp://ftp.myhost.com or just ftp.myhost.com
    /// </remarks>
    public string Hostname
    {
        get
        {
            if (_hostname.StartsWith("ftp://"))
            {
                return _hostname;
            }
            else
            {
                return "ftp://" + _hostname;
            }
        }
        set
        {
            _hostname = value;
        }
    }
    private string _username;
    /// <summary>
    /// Username property
    /// </summary>
    /// <value></value>
    /// <remarks>Can be left blank, in which case 'anonymous' is returned</remarks>
    public string Username
    {
        get
        {
            return (_username == "" ? "anonymous" : _username);
        }
        set
        {
            _username = value;
        }
    }
    private string _password;
    public string Password
    {
        get
        {
            return _password;
        }
        set
        {
            _password = value;
        }
    }


    #endregion
}

using System.Net;
using System.IO;
 

public static bool Upload(string fileUrl)
        {
            if (File.Exists(fileUrl))
            {
                FtpHelper ftpClient = new FtpHelper();
                string ftpUrl = ftpClient.Hostname + System.IO.Path.GetFileName(fileUrl);


                FtpWebRequest ftp = (FtpWebRequest)FtpWebRequest.Create(ftpUrl);
                ftp.Credentials = new NetworkCredential(ftpClient.Username, ftpClient.Password);

                ftp.KeepAlive = true;
                ftp.UseBinary = true;
                ftp.Timeout = 3600000;
                ftp.KeepAlive = true;
                ftp.Method = WebRequestMethods.Ftp.UploadFile;

                const int bufferLength = 102400;
                byte[] buffer = new byte[bufferLength];
                int readBytes = 0;

                //open file for reading
                using (FileStream fs = File.OpenRead(fileUrl))
                {
                    try
                    {
                        //open request to send
                        using (Stream rs = ftp.GetRequestStream())
                        {
                            do
                            {
                                readBytes = fs.Read(buffer, 0, bufferLength);
                                fs.Write(buffer, 0, readBytes);
                            } while (!(readBytes < bufferLength));
                            rs.Close();
                        }

                    }
                    catch (Exception)
                    {
                     //Optional Alert for Exeption To Application Layer
                       //throw (new ApplicationException("بارگذاری فایل با خطا  رو به رو شد"));
 
                    }
                    finally
                    {
                        //ensure file closed
                        //fs.Close();
                    }

                }

                ftp = null;
                return true;
            }
            return false;



        }

        /// <summary>
        /// دسترسی‌های مستقیم کاربر بدون وابستی به گروه‌های کاربری او
        /// </summary>
        public string DirectPermissions { get; set; }
        /// <summary>
        ///  ساختار اکس ام ال دسترسی‌های مستقیم کاربر بدون وابستی به گروه‌های کاربری او
        /// </summary>
        public XElement XmlDirectPermissions
        {
            get { return XElement.Parse(DirectPermissions); }
            set { DirectPermissions = value.ToString(); }
        }

var json = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(obj, new JsonSerializerSettings
{
   ContractResolver = new CamelCasePropertyNamesContractResolver()
});

using Newtonsoft.Json;

namespace JsonNetTests
{
    public enum Color
    {
        Red,
        Green,
        Blue,
        White
    }

    public class Item
    {
        public string Name { set; get; }
        public Color Color { set; get; }
    }

    public class EnumTests
    {
        public string GetJson()
        {
            var item = new Item
            {
                Name = "Item 1",
                Color = Color.Blue 
            };

            return JsonConvert.SerializeObject(item, Formatting.Indented);
        }
    }
}

{
  "Name": "Item 1",
  "Color": 2
}

  [JsonConverter(typeof(StringEnumConverter))]
  public Color Color { set; get; }

return JsonConvert.SerializeObject(item, new JsonSerializerSettings
{
   Formatting = Formatting.Indented,
   Converters = { new StringEnumConverter() }
});

   public class Category
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }

        public virtual ICollection<Product> Products { get; set; }

        public Category()
        {
            Products = new List<Product>();
        }
    }

    public class Product
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }

        public virtual Category Category { get; set; }
    }

using System.Collections.Generic;
using Newtonsoft.Json;
using Newtonsoft.Json.Converters;

namespace JsonNetTests
{
    public class SelfReferencingLoops
    {
        public string GetJson()
        {
            var category = new Category
            {
                Id = 1,
                Name = "Category 1"
            };
            var product = new Product
            {
                Id = 1,
                Name = "Product 1"
            };

            category.Products.Add(product);
            product.Category = category;

            return JsonConvert.SerializeObject(category, new JsonSerializerSettings
            {
                Formatting = Formatting.Indented,
                Converters = { new StringEnumConverter() }
            });
        }
    }
}

 An unhandled exception of type 'Newtonsoft.Json.JsonSerializationException' occurred in Newtonsoft.Json.dll
Additional information: Self referencing loop detected for property 'Category' with type 'JsonNetTests.Category'. Path 'Products[0]'.

return JsonConvert.SerializeObject(category, new JsonSerializerSettings
{
   Formatting = Formatting.Indented,
   ReferenceLoopHandling = ReferenceLoopHandling.Ignore,
   Converters = { new StringEnumConverter() }
});

return JsonConvert.SerializeObject(category, new JsonSerializerSettings
{
   Formatting = Formatting.Indented,
   PreserveReferencesHandling = PreserveReferencesHandling.Objects,
   Converters = { new StringEnumConverter() }
});

{
  "$id": "1",
  "Id": 1,
  "Name": "Category 1",
  "Products": [
    {
      "$id": "2",
      "Id": 1,
      "Name": "Product 1",
      "Category": {
        "$ref": "1"
      }
    }
  ]
}

 public class PreciousMetal
    {
        public string Name { get; set; }
        public float Price { get; set; }
        public DateTime UpdateTime { get; set; }
    }

<pricelist currency="usd">
  <price timestamp="1349347920" per="ozt" commodity="gold">1788.70</price>
  <price timestamp="1349347860" per="ozt" commodity="palladium">665.50</price>
  <price timestamp="1349347920" per="ozt" commodity="platinum">1701.25</price>
  <price timestamp="1349347920" per="ozt" commodity="silver">34.91</price>
</pricelist>

Mapper.CreateMap<XElement, PreciousMetal>().ForMember(des => des.Price,
                                                                  op =>
                                                                  op.MapFrom(src => src.Value));

public class UnixTimestampResolver : ValueResolver<XElement, DateTime>
    {
        protected override DateTime ResolveCore(XElement source)
        {
            var origin = new DateTime(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0);
            return origin.AddSeconds(Convert.ToDouble(source.Attribute("timestamp").Value));
        }
    }

public class EnglishPMetalToFarsiResolver : ValueResolver<XElement, string>
    {
        readonly Dictionary<string, string> _pMetaldic = new Dictionary<string, string>
                                                       {
                                                           {"gold", "طلا"},
                                                           {"palladium", "پالادیوم"},
                                                           {"platinum", "پلاتین "},
                                                           {"silver", "نقره"}
                                                       };
        protected override string ResolveCore(XElement source)
        {
            string pMetalFarsi;
            return _pMetaldic.TryGetValue(source.Attribute("commodity").Value, out pMetalFarsi) ? pMetalFarsi : string.Empty;
        }
    }

static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            //تعریف نگاشت‌ها Mapper.CreateMap<XElement, PreciousMetal>().ForMember(des => des.Name,
                                                                  op => op.ResolveUsing<EnglishPMetalToFarsiResolver>())
                .ForMember(des => des.Price,
                           op =>
                           op.MapFrom(src => src.Value))

                .ForMember(des => des.UpdateTime, op => op.ResolveUsing<UnixTimestampResolver>());

            Mapper.AssertConfigurationIsValid();

            //دریافت قیمت‌ها از منبع داده
            var doc = XDocument.Load("http://www.xmlcharts.com/cache/precious-metals.xml");
            var priceData = doc.Descendants("pricelist").Take(1).Elements("price");

            //فراخوانی نگاشت
            var preciousMetals = Mapper.Map<IEnumerable<XElement>, IList<PreciousMetal>>(priceData);


            foreach (var preciousMetal in preciousMetals)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(preciousMetal.Name + " " + preciousMetal.Price + " " + preciousMetal.UpdateTime.ToShortDateString());
            }

            Console.ReadLine();

        }