namespace DI04.Services
{
    public interface IAccounting
    {
        void CreateInvoice(int orderId, int count);
    }
}

namespace DI04.Services
{
    public interface ISales
    {
        bool ShippingAllowed(int orderId);
    }
}

namespace DI04.Services
{
    public interface IOrderHandler
    {
        void Handle(int orderId, int count);
    }
}

using System;

namespace DI04.Services
{
    public class Accounting : IAccounting
    {
        public Accounting()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Accounting ctor.");
        }

        public void CreateInvoice(int orderId, int count)
        {
            // ...
        }
    }
}

using System;

namespace DI04.Services
{
    public class Sales : ISales
    {
        public Sales()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Sales ctor.");
        }

        public bool ShippingAllowed(int orderId)
        {
            // فقط جهت آزمایش سیستم
            return false;
        }
    }
}

using System;

namespace DI04.Services
{
    public class OrderHandler : IOrderHandler
    {
        private readonly IAccounting _accounting;
        private readonly ISales _sales;
        public OrderHandler(IAccounting accounting, ISales sales)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("OrderHandler ctor.");
            _accounting = accounting;
            _sales = sales;
        }

        public void Handle(int orderId, int count)
        {
            if (_sales.ShippingAllowed(orderId))
            {
                _accounting.CreateInvoice(orderId, count);
            }
        }
    }
}

 private readonly Lazy<IAccounting> _accounting;

using System;

namespace DI04.Services
{
    public class OrderHandlerLazy : IOrderHandler
    {
        private readonly Lazy<IAccounting> _accounting;
        private readonly Lazy<ISales> _sales;
        public OrderHandlerLazy(Lazy<IAccounting> accounting, Lazy<ISales> sales)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("OrderHandlerLazy ctor.");
            _accounting = accounting;
            _sales = sales;
        }

        public void Handle(int orderId, int count)
        {
            if (_sales.Value.ShippingAllowed(orderId))
            {
                _accounting.Value.CreateInvoice(orderId, count);
            }
        }
    }
}

using System;
using DI04.Services;
using StructureMap;

namespace DI04
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            // تنظیمات اولیه برنامه که فقط یکبار باید در طول عمر برنامه انجام شود
            ObjectFactory.Initialize(x =>
            {
                x.For<IOrderHandler>().Use<OrderHandlerLazy>();

                // Lazy loading
                x.For<Lazy<IAccounting>>().Use(c => new Lazy<IAccounting>(c.GetInstance<Accounting>));
                x.For<Lazy<ISales>>().Use(c => new Lazy<ISales>(c.GetInstance<Sales>));
            });

            var orderHandler = ObjectFactory.GetInstance<IOrderHandler>();
            orderHandler.Handle(orderId: 1, count: 10);
        }
    }
}

OrderHandlerLazy ctor.
Sales ctor.

 x.For<IUnitOfWork>().HybridHttpOrThreadLocalScoped().Use<MyContext>();

 using (var container = ObjectFactory.Container.GetNestedContainer())
{
    var uow = container.GetInstance<IUnitOfWork>();

}

 new HybridLifecycle().FindCache(null).DisposeAndClear();

1. دسترسی سازنده کلاس Singleton را از نوع Private تعیین کنیم.
2. یک فیلد استاتیک از نوع کلاس Singleton تعریف کنیم.
3. یک خاصیت از نوع استاتیک فقط خواندنی (یعنی فقط get داشته باشد) تعریف کرده تا فیلد استاتیک را مقداردهی و Return کند. به جای پروپرتی میتوان از یک متد استاتیک نیز استفاده کرد.

public class SingletonClassCreator<T> where T:class , new()
    {
        private static T _singletoneInstance;
        private static readonly object Lock = new object();

        public static T SingletoneInstance
        {
            get
            {
                lock (Lock)
                {
                    if (_singletoneInstance == null)
                    {
                        _singletoneInstance = new T();                        
                    }
                }
                return _singletoneInstance;
            }            
        }

        private SingletonClassCreator()
        {            
        }
    }

• قبلا «مؤلفه 2» ارجاعی را به «مؤلفه 1» داده است؛ لذا امکان ارجاع معکوس را در این حالت، نداریم.
  
• «مؤلفه 1» باید بتواند مستقل از «مؤلفه 2» نیز توزیع شده و کار کند؛ لذا این نیاز برای زمانی است که «مؤلفه 2» برای توزیع در Component Model ما وجود داشته باشد.
  
• نمی‌خواهیم در آینده برای نیازهای مشابه در همان صفحه‌ی X، تغییر جدیدی را در «مؤلفه 1» داشته باشیم (اضافه کردن خصوصیت مورد نظر به مدل نمایشی یا اصطلاحا ویو-مدل متناظر با گرید در در زمان طراحی، جواب مساله نمی‌باشد)
• می‌‌خواهیم به یک طراحی با Loose Coupling (اتصال سست و ضعیف، وابستگی ضعیف) دست پیدا کنیم.

public interface IConvention
{
}

public interface IExtraColumnConvention<T> : IConvention
{
   string Name { get; }
 
   string Title { get; }
 
   void Populate(IEnumerable<T> list);
}

• استفاده از API Reflection موجود در فضای نام System.Reflection 
  
• کلاس TypeDescriptor 

/// <summary>
/// Use this provider when you need access ExtraProperties with TypeDescriptor.GetProperties(instance)
/// </summary>
public class ExtraPropertyTypeDescriptionProvider<T> : TypeDescriptionProvider where T : class
{
    private static readonly TypeDescriptionProvider Default =
        TypeDescriptor.GetProvider(typeof(T));

    public ExtraPropertyTypeDescriptionProvider() : base(Default)
    {
    }

    public override ICustomTypeDescriptor GetTypeDescriptor(Type instanceType, object instance)
    {
        var descriptor = base.GetTypeDescriptor(instanceType, instance);
        return instance == null ? descriptor : new ExtraPropertyCustomTypeDescriptor(descriptor, instance);
    }

    private sealed class ExtraPropertyCustomTypeDescriptor : CustomTypeDescriptor
    {
      //...
    }
}

public class Column4Convention : IExtraColumnConvention<Product>
{
   public string Name => "Column4";
 
   public string Title => "Column 4"
 
   public void Populate(IEnumerable<Product> list)
   {
      //TODO: forEach on list and set ExtraProperty
      // item.ExtraProperty(Name,value)
      // item.ExtraProperty(Name,(obj)=> value)
      // item.ExtraProperty(Name,(obj)=> value, (obj,value)=>)
   }
}

public class Column2Convention : IExtraColumnConvention<Product>
{
   public string Name => "Column2";
 
   public string Title => "Column 2"
 
   public void Populate(IEnumerable<Product> list)
   {
      //TODO: forEach on list and set ExtraProperty
   }
}

public class Column3Convention : IExtraColumnConvention<Product>
{
   public string Name => "Column3";
 
   public string Title => "Column 3"
 
   public void Populate(IEnumerable<Product> list)
   {
      //TODO: forEach on list and set ExtraProperty
   }
}

var products = _productService.PagedList(page:1, pageSize:10);
var columns = _provider.GetServices<IExtraColumnConvention<Product>>();
foreach(var column in columns)
{
  column.Populate(products);
}

namespace PluginsBase
{
    public interface IPlugin
    {
        string Name { get; }
        void Run();
    }
}

using PluginsBase;

namespace Plugin1
{
    public class Plugin1Main : IPlugin
    {
        public string Name
        {
            get { return "Test 1"; }
        }

        public void Run()
        {
            // todo: ...
        }
    }
}

 Copy "$(ProjectDir)$(OutDir)$(TargetName).*" "$(SolutionDir)WinFormsWithPluginSupport\bin\debug\Plugins"

 Copy "$(ProjectDir)$(OutDir)*.*" "$(SolutionDir)WinFormsWithPluginSupport\bin\debug\Plugins"

 PM> install-package structuremap

using System.IO;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using PluginsBase;
using StructureMap.Configuration.DSL;
using StructureMap.Graph;

namespace WinFormsWithPluginSupport.Core
{
    public class PluginsRegistry : Registry
    {
        public PluginsRegistry()
        {
            this.Scan(scanner =>
            {
                scanner.AssembliesFromPath(
                    path: Path.Combine(Application.StartupPath, "plugins"),
                    // یک اسمبلی نباید دوبار بارگذاری شود
                    assemblyFilter: assembly =>
                    {
                        return !assembly.FullName.Equals(typeof(IPlugin).Assembly.FullName);
                    });
                scanner.AddAllTypesOf<IPlugin>().NameBy(item => item.FullName);
            });
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Threading;
using StructureMap;

namespace WinFormsWithPluginSupport
{
    public static class IocConfig
    {
        private static readonly Lazy<Container> _containerBuilder =
            new Lazy<Container>(defaultContainer, LazyThreadSafetyMode.ExecutionAndPublication);

        public static IContainer Container
        {
            get { return _containerBuilder.Value; }
        }

        private static Container defaultContainer()
        {
            return new Container(x =>
            {
                x.AddRegistry<PluginsRegistry>();
            });
        }
    }
}

using System.Windows.Forms;
using StructureMap;

namespace WinFormsWithPluginSupport
{
    public partial class FrmMain : Form
    {
        private readonly IContainer _container;

        public FrmMain(IContainer container)
        {
            _container = container;
            InitializeComponent();
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace WinFormsWithPluginSupport
{
    static class Program
    {
        [STAThread]
        static void Main()
        {
            Application.EnableVisualStyles();
            Application.SetCompatibleTextRenderingDefault(false);
            Application.Run(IocConfig.Container.GetInstance<FrmMain>());
        }
    }
}

using System.Linq;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using PluginsBase;
using StructureMap;
using WinFormsWithPluginSupport.Core;

namespace WinFormsWithPluginSupport
{
    public partial class FrmMain : Form
    {
        private readonly IContainer _container;

        public FrmMain(IContainer container)
        {
            _container = container;
            InitializeComponent();
        }

        private void BtnRun_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)
        {
            var plugins = _container.GetAllInstances<IPlugin>().ToList();
            foreach (var plugin in plugins)
            {
                plugin.Run();
            }
        }

        private void BtnReload_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)
        {
            _container.EjectAllInstancesOf<IPlugin>();
            _container.Configure(x =>
                x.AddRegistry<PluginsRegistry>()
            );
        }
    }
}

var x;
var n = 12;
var obj = {};
var fn = function () { };
var a = new Array();

alert(typeof x);        // "undefined"
alert(typeof n);        // "number"
alert(typeof obj);     // "object"
alert(typeof fn);       // "function"
alert(typeof a);        // "object"

result = variable instanceof constructor

var a = new Array();
alert(a instanceof Array); // true
alert(a instanceof Object);   // true
alert(a instanceof Date); // false

var person = {
    name: "Meysam",
    age: 33,
    sayInfo: function () {
        alert(name + ":" + age);
    }
};

for (var i in person) 
    alert(i + " => " + person[i]);

     name => Meysam

    age => 33

    sayInfo => function() {
        alert(name + ":" + age);
    }

alert("name" in person); // true
alert("sayInfo" in person); // true
alert("birth" in person); // false

var person = {
    name: "Meysam",
    age: 33,
    sayInfo: function () {
        alert(name + ":" + age);
    }
};

alert("sayInfo" in person); // true
delete person.sayInfo;
alert("sayInfo" in person); // false

var obj = {};
var a = new Array();
var x = 10;

alert(obj.constructor);
alert(obj.constructor === Object);
alert(typeof obj.constructor);
alert(a.constructor);
alert(x.constructor);

    function Object() { [native code] }
    true
    function
    function Array() { [native code] }
    function Number() { [native code] }

    public class StructureMapControllerFactory : DefaultControllerFactory
    {
        protected override IController GetControllerInstance(RequestContext requestContext, Type controllerType)
        {
            if (controllerType == null)
                throw new InvalidOperationException(string.Format("Page not found: {0}", requestContext.HttpContext.Request.Url.AbsoluteUri.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)));
            return ObjectFactory.GetInstance(controllerType) as Controller;
        }
    }

   protected void Application_Start()
  {
     //Set current Controller factory as StructureMapControllerFactory  
     ControllerBuilder.Current.SetControllerFactory(new StructureMapControllerFactory());
  }

public partial class LoginController : Controller
{
    readonly IUsersService _usersService;
    public LoginController(IUsersService usersService)
    {
       _usersService = usersService;
    }

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web.Mvc;
using StructureMap;

namespace Prog
{
    public class StructureMapDependencyResolver : IDependencyResolver
    {
        public object GetService(Type serviceType)
        {
            if (serviceType.IsAbstract || serviceType.IsInterface || !serviceType.IsClass)
                return ObjectFactory.TryGetInstance(serviceType);
            return ObjectFactory.GetInstance(serviceType);
        }

        public IEnumerable<object> GetServices(Type serviceType)
        {
            return ObjectFactory.GetAllInstances(serviceType).Cast<object>();
        }
    }
}

protected void Application_Start()
{
   DependencyResolver.SetResolver(new StructureMapDependencyResolver());
}

public class Person
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public Gender Gender { get; set; }
    public string FirstName { get; set; }
    public string LastName { get; set; }
}

switch (person.Gender)
{
    case Gender.Male:
        if (IsMale(person.FirstName))
        {
            //Isvalid
        }
        break;
    case Gender.Female:
        if (IsFemale(person.FirstName))
        {
            //Isvalid
        }
        break;
}

var genderFuncs = new Dictionary<Gender, Func<string, bool>>
                {
                    {Gender.Male , (x) => IsMale(x)},
                    {Gender.Female , (x) => IsFemale(x)}
                };

public static bool IsMale(string name)
{
    //check...
    return true;
}
public static bool IsFemale(string name)
{
    //check...
    if (name == "Farzad")
    {
        return false;    
    }
    return true;
}

var dummyPerson = new List<Person>
                {
                    new Person
                        {Id = 1, Gender = Gender.Male, FirstName = "Mohammad", LastName = "Saheb"},
                    new Person
                        {Id = 2, Gender = Gender.Female, FirstName = "Farzad", LastName = "Mojidi"}
                };

foreach (var person in dummyPerson)
{
    bool isValid = genderFuncs[person.Gender].Invoke(person.FirstName);          
}

var query = context.Students.AsQueryable();
  if (searchByName)
  {
      query= query.FindStudentsByName(name);
  }
  if (orderByAge)
  {
      query = query.OrderByAge();
  }
  if (paging)
  {
     query =  query.SkipAndTake(skip, take);
  }
  return query.ToList();

var searchTypeFuncs = new Dictionary<SearchType, Func<IQueryable<Student>, string, IQueryable<Student>>>
                    {
                        {SearchType.FirstName, (x, y) => x.FindStudentsByName(y)},
                        {SearchType.LastName, (x, y) => x.FindStudentsByLastName(y)}
                    };

public static IList<Student> SearchStudents(IQueryable<Student> students, SearchType type, string keyword)
{
    var result = searchTypeFuncs[type].Invoke(students, keyword);
    return result.ToList();
}

 PM> Install-Package structuremap

namespace DI03.Services
{
    public interface IUsersService
    {
        string GetUserEmail(int userId);
    }
}


namespace DI03.Services
{
    public interface IEmailsService
    {
        void SendEmailToUser(int userId, string subject, string body);
    }
}

using System;

namespace DI03.Services
{
    public class UsersService : IUsersService
    {
        public UsersService()
        {
            //هدف صرفا نمایش وهله سازی خودکار این وابستگی است
            Console.WriteLine("UsersService ctor.");
        }

        public string GetUserEmail(int userId)
        {
            //برای مثال دریافت از بانک اطلاعاتی و بازگشت یک نمونه جهت آزمایش برنامه
            return "name@site.com";
        }
    }
}

using System;

namespace DI03.Services
{
    public class EmailsService: IEmailsService
    {
        private readonly IUsersService _usersService;
        public EmailsService(IUsersService usersService)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("EmailsService ctor.");
            _usersService = usersService;
        }

        public void SendEmailToUser(int userId, string subject, string body)
        {
            var email = _usersService.GetUserEmail(userId);
            Console.WriteLine("SendEmailTo({0})", email);
        }
    }
}

using DI03.Services;
using StructureMap;

namespace DI03
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            // تنظیمات اولیه برنامه که فقط یکبار باید در طول عمر برنامه انجام شود
            ObjectFactory.Initialize(x =>
            {
                x.For<IEmailsService>().Use<EmailsService>();
                x.For<IUsersService>().Use<UsersService>();
            });

            //نمونه‌ای از نحوه استفاده از تزریق وابستگی‌های خودکار
            var emailsService = ObjectFactory.GetInstance<IEmailsService>();
            emailsService.SendEmailToUser(userId: 1, subject: "Test", body: "Hello!");
        }
    }
}

UsersService ctor.
EmailsService ctor.
SendEmailTo(name@site.com)

using System;

namespace DI03.Services
{
    public class UsersService : IUsersService
    {
        private int _i;
        public UsersService()
        {
            //هدف صرفا نمایش وهله سازی خودکار این وابستگی است
            Console.WriteLine("UsersService ctor.");
        }

        public string GetUserEmail(int userId)
        {
            _i++;
            Console.WriteLine("i:{0}", _i);
            //برای مثال دریافت از بانک اطلاعاتی و بازگشت یک نمونه جهت آزمایش برنامه
            return "name@site.com";
        }
    }
}

 //نمونه‌ای از نحوه استفاده از تزریق وابستگی‌های خودکار
var emailsService1 = ObjectFactory.GetInstance<IEmailsService>();
emailsService1.SendEmailToUser(userId: 1, subject: "Test1", body: "Hello!");

var emailsService2 = ObjectFactory.GetInstance<IEmailsService>();
emailsService2.SendEmailToUser(userId: 1, subject: "Test2", body: "Hello!");

 UsersService ctor.
EmailsService ctor.
i:1
SendEmailTo(name@site.com)
UsersService ctor.
EmailsService ctor.
i:1
SendEmailTo(name@site.com)

// تنظیمات اولیه برنامه که فقط یکبار باید در طول عمر برنامه انجام شود
ObjectFactory.Initialize(x =>
{
   x.For<IEmailsService>().Use<EmailsService>();
   x.For<IUsersService>().Singleton().Use<UsersService>();
});

 UsersService ctor.
EmailsService ctor.
i:1
SendEmailTo(name@site.com)
EmailsService ctor.
i:2
SendEmailTo(name@site.com)

 Singleton()
HttpContextScoped()
HybridHttpOrThreadLocalScoped()

protected void Application_EndRequest(object sender, EventArgs e)  
{  
  ObjectFactory.ReleaseAndDisposeAllHttpScopedObjects();  
}

 // تنظیمات اولیه برنامه که فقط یکبار باید در طول عمر برنامه انجام شود
ObjectFactory.Initialize(x =>
{
   //x.For<IEmailsService>().Use<EmailsService>();
   //x.For<IUsersService>().Singleton().Use<UsersService>();  
   x.Scan(scan =>
   {
       scan.AssemblyContainingType<IEmailsService>();
       scan.WithDefaultConventions();
   });  
});