public class Parent
    {
        public string Name { get; set; }
        public int X { get; set; }
        public int Y { get; set; }
        public Parent()
        {
            X = Y = 0;
        }
        public virtual void Move()
        {
            X += 5;
            Y += 5;
        }
        public void Shoot() { }
        public virtual void Pass() { } 
    }
    public class Child1 : Parent
    {
        public override void Move()
        {
            X += 10;
            Y += 10;
        }
    }
    public class Child2 : Parent
    {
        public override void Move()
        {
            X += 20;
            Y += 20;
        }
    }
    public enum State
    {
        Start,
        Move,
        Shoot,
        Pass
    }
    public class Creator
    {
        public static Parent GetInstance(bool? condition)
        {
            if (condition == null)
            {
                return new Parent();
            }
            if (condition == true)
            {
                return new Child1();
            }
            else
            {
                return new Child2();
            }
        }
    }
    public class Context
    {
        public void SetState(ref State s)
        {
            s = State.Move;
        }
        public void Main()
        {
            State state =State.Start;
            
            // در مورد نوع این شیء چیزی نمیدانیم و وابسته به شرایط نوع آن متغیر است
            // در حقیقت شیء کلاس فرزند را جای شیء کلاس والد  قرار می‌دهیم و نه بالعکس

            Parent obj = Creator.GetInstance(null);
            
            // منطق برنامه وضعیت را تغییر می‌دهد
            SetState(ref state);

            // قواعد کلی و عمومی که بدون در نظر گرفتن کلاس (نوع) شیء بر آن اعمال می‌شود
            switch (state)
            {
                case State.Move:
                    obj.Move();
                    break;
                case State.Shoot:
                    obj.Shoot();
                    break;
                case State.Pass:
                    obj.Pass();
                    break;
                default:
                    break;
            }           
        }
    }

Child1 obj = Creator.GetInstance(null);

 public interface IHuman
    {
        void Move();
        void Eat();
        void LevelUp();
        void FireBullet();
    }
    public class Player : IHuman
    {
        public void Eat() { }
        public void FireBullet() { }
        public void LevelUp() { }
        public void Move() { }
    }
    public class Enemy : IHuman
    {
        public void Eat() { }
        public void FireBullet() { }
        public void LevelUp() { }
        public void Move() { }
    }
    public class Citizen : IHuman
    {
        public void Eat() { }
        public void FireBullet() { }
        public void LevelUp() { }
        public void Move() { }
    }

public interface IMovable { void Move(); }
    public interface IEatable { void Eat(); }
    public interface IPlayer { void LevelUp(); }
    public interface IShooter { void FireBullet(); }
    public class PlayerBetter : IPlayer, IMovable, IEatable, IShooter
    {
        public void Eat() { }
        public void FireBullet() { }
        public void LevelUp() { }
        public void Move() { }
    }
    public class EnemyBetter : IMovable, IShooter
    {
        public void FireBullet() { }
        public void Move() { }
    }
    public class CitizenBetter : IMovable
    {
        public void Move() { }
    }

public class Controller
    {
        public Service Service { get; set; }
        public Controller()
        {
            // کنترلر باید نحوه نمونه گیری را بداند (ورودی‌های لازم) و این از وظایف آن خارج است
            Service = new Service(1);
        }
        public void DoWork()
        {
            Service.RunService();
        }
    }

    public class Service
    {
        public int State { get; set; }
        public Service(int s)
        {
            State = s;
        }
        public void RunService() { }
    }

public class ControllerBetter
    {
        // ارجاع به واسط باعث انعطاف و کاهش وابستگی شده است
        public IService Service { get; set; }
        public ControllerBetter(IService service)
        {
            // یک کلاس دیگر وظیفه ارسال سرویس به سازنده کلاس کنترلر را دارد 
            // و مسئولیت نمونه گیری را از دوش کنترلر برداشته است
            Service = service;
        }
        public void DoWork()
        {
            Service.RunService();
        }
    }
    // کاهش وابستگی با تعریف واسط و تغییر وابستگی مستقیم بین کنترلر و سرویس
    public interface IService
    {
        void RunService();
    }
    // وابستگی جزییات به انتزاع
    public class ServiceBetter : IService
    {
        public int State { get; set; }
        public ServiceBetter(int s)
        {
            State = s;
        }
        public void RunService() { }
    }

public IEnumerable<Product> GetProducts()
{
    using (var stream = File.Read(Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "products.xml")))
    {
        var serializer = new XmlSerializer();
        return (IEnumerable<Product>)serializer.Deserialize(stream);
    }
}

public IEnumerable<Product> GetCachedProducts()
{
    var fullPath = Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "ProductCache.xml");
    if (!File.Exists(fullPath))
        return new Product[0];
         
    using (var stream = File.Read(fullPath))
    {
        var serializer = new XmlSerializer();
        return (IEnumerable<Product>)serializer.Deserialize(stream);
    }
}

IEnumerable<Product> GetProducts()

IEnumerable<Product> GetCachedProducts()

public class UserRepository : IUserRepository
{
    public IList<User> Search(string value)
    {
        try
        {
              return CreateConnectionAndACommandAndReturnAList("WHERE value=@value", Parameter.New("value", value));
        }
        catch (SqlException err)
        {
             var msg = String.Format("Ohh no!  Failed to search after users with '{0}' as search string", value);
             throw new DataSourceException(msg, err);
        }
    }
}

public void PrintName(string name)
{
     Console.WriteLine(name);
}

public void PrintName(string name)
{
    if (name == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("name");
     
     Console.WriteLine(name);
}

public void PrintName(string name)
{
    if (name == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("name");
    if (name.Length < 5 || name.Length > 10) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("name", name, "Name must be between 5 or 10 characters long");
    if (name.Any(x => !char.IsAlphaNumeric(x)) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("name", name, "May only contain alpha numerics");
     
     Console.WriteLine(name);
}

public User GetUser(int id)
{
}

var user = datasource.GetUser(userId);
if (user == null)
    throw new InvalidOperationException("Failed to find user: " + userId);
// actual logic here

public User GetUser(int id)
{
    if (id <= 0) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("id", id, "Valid ids are from 1 and above. Do you have a parsing error somewhere?");
    
    var user = db.Execute<User>("WHERE Id = ?", id);
    if (user == null)
        throw new EntityNotFoundException("Failed to find user with id " + id);
        
    return user;
}

try
{
    FutileAttemptToResist();
}
catch (BorgException err)
{
     _myDearLog.Error("I'm in da cube! Ohh no!", err);
    throw err;
}

try
{
    GreaseTinMan();
}
catch (InvalidOperationException err)
{
    throw new TooScaredLion("The Lion was not in the m00d", err); //<---- استثناء اصلی بهتر است به استثناء جدید پاس داده شود
}

try
{
   socket.Connect("somethingawful.com", 80);
}
catch (SocketException err)
{
    throw new InvalidOperationException("Socket failed", err);  
}

void IncreaseStatusForUser(int userId, int newStatus)
{
    try
    {
         var user  = _repository.Get(userId);
         if (user == null)
             throw new UpdateException(string.Format("Failed to find user #{0} when trying to increase status to {1}", userId, newStatus));
    
         user.Status = newStatus;
         _repository.Save(user);
    }
   catch (DataSourceException err)
   {
       var errMsg = string.Format("Failed to find modify user #{0} when trying to increase status to {1}", userId, newStatus);
        throw new UpdateException(errMsg, err);
   }

public NewException()
public NewException(string description )
public NewException(string description, Exception inner)
protected or private NewException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)

“The given key was not present in the dictionary.”

“The key ‘abrakadabra’ was not present in the dictionary.”

public class SampleException : Exception
{
    public SampleException(string description)
        : base(description)
    {
        if (description == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("description");
    }
 
    public SampleException(string description, Exception inner)
        : base(description, inner)
    {
        if (description == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("description");
        if (inner == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("inner");
    }
 
    public SampleException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
        : base(info, context)
    {
    }
}

public class HttpException : Exception
{
    System.Net.HttpStatusCode _statusCode;
     
    public HttpException(System.Net.HttpStatusCode statusCode, string description)
        : base(description)
    {
        if (description == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("description");
        _statusCode = statusCode;
    }
 
    public HttpException(System.Net.HttpStatusCode statusCode, string description, Exception inner)
        : base(description, inner)
    {
        if (description == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("description");
        if (inner == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("inner");
        _statusCode = statusCode;
    }
 
    public HttpException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
        : base(info, context)
    {
    }
     
    public System.Net.HttpStatusCode StatusCode { get; private set; }
 
}

public override string Message
{
        get { return base.Message + "\r\nStatus code: " + StatusCode; }
}

public class HttpException : Exception
{
    // [...]
 
    public HttpException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
        : base(info, context)
    {
        // this is new
        StatusCode = (HttpStatusCode) info.GetInt32("HttpStatusCode");
    }
 
    public HttpStatusCode StatusCode { get; private set; }
 
    public override string Message
    {
        get { return base.Message + "\r\nStatus code: " + StatusCode; }
    }
 
    // this is new
    public override void GetObjectData(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
    {
        base.GetObjectData(info, context);
        info.AddValue("HttpStatusCode", (int) StatusCode);
    }
}

throw new Exception("Unknown FaileType");
throw new Exception("Unecpected workingDirectory");

"Unecpected workingDirectory"

  <connectionStrings>
    <clear />
    <add name="Sample07Context" connectionString="Data Source=(local);Initial Catalog=TestDbIoC;Integrated Security = true" providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" />
    <add name="Database2012" connectionString="Data Source=(local);Initial Catalog=testdb2012;Integrated Security = true" providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" />
  </connectionStrings>

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Linq;
using EF_Sample07.DomainClasses;
 
namespace EF_Sample07.DataLayer.Context
{
    public class Sample07Context : DbContext, IUnitOfWork
    {
        public DbSet<Category> Categories { set; get; }
        public DbSet<Product> Products { set; get; }
 
        /// <summary>
        /// It looks for a connection string named Sample07Context in the web.config file.
        /// </summary>
        public Sample07Context()
            : base("Sample07Context")
        {
        }
 
        /// <summary>
        /// To change the connection string at runtime. See the SmObjectFactory class for more info.
        /// </summary>
        public Sample07Context(string connectionString)
            : base(connectionString)
        {
            //Note: defaultConnectionFactory in the web.config file should be set.
        }
 
 
        public void SetConnectionString(string connectionString)
        {
            this.Database.Connection.ConnectionString = connectionString;
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Web;
using EF_Sample07.DataLayer.Context;
using EF_Sample07.ServiceLayer;
using StructureMap;
using StructureMap.Web;
using StructureMap.Web.Pipeline;
 
namespace EF_Sample07.IoCConfig
{
    public static class SmObjectFactory
    {
        private static readonly Lazy<Container> _containerBuilder =
            new Lazy<Container>(defaultContainer, LazyThreadSafetyMode.ExecutionAndPublication);
 
        public static IContainer Container
        {
            get { return _containerBuilder.Value; }
        }
 
        public static void HttpContextDisposeAndClearAll()
        {
            HttpContextLifecycle.DisposeAndClearAll();
        }
 
        private static Container defaultContainer()
        {
            return new Container(ioc =>
            {
                // session manager setup
                ioc.For<ISessionProvider>().Use<DefaultWebSessionProvider>();
                ioc.For<HttpSessionStateBase>()
                   .Use(ctx => new HttpSessionStateWrapper(HttpContext.Current.Session));
 
                ioc.For<IUnitOfWork>()
                   .HybridHttpOrThreadLocalScoped()
                   .Use<Sample07Context>()
                    // Remove these 2 lines if you want to use a connection string named Sample07Context, defined in the web.config file.
                   .Ctor<string>("connectionString")
                   .Is(ctx => getCurrentConnectionString(ctx));
 
                ioc.For<ICategoryService>().Use<EfCategoryService>();
                ioc.For<IProductService>().Use<EfProductService>();
 
                ioc.For<ICategoryService>().Use<EfCategoryService>();
                ioc.For<IProductService>().Use<EfProductService>();
 
                ioc.Policies.SetAllProperties(properties =>
                {
                    properties.OfType<IUnitOfWork>();
                    properties.OfType<ICategoryService>();
                    properties.OfType<IProductService>();
                    properties.OfType<ISessionProvider>();
                });
            });
        }
 
        private static string getCurrentConnectionString(IContext ctx)
        {
            if (HttpContext.Current != null)
            {
                // this is a web application
                var sessionProvider = ctx.GetInstance<ISessionProvider>();
                var connectionString = sessionProvider.Get<string>("CurrentConnectionString");
                if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(connectionString))
                {
                    // It's a default connectionString.
                    connectionString = "Database2012";
                    // this session value should be set during the login phase
                    sessionProvider.Store("CurrentConnectionStringName", connectionString);
                }
 
                return connectionString;
            }
            else
            {
                // this is a desktop application, so you can store this value in a global static variable.
                return "Database2012";
            }
        }
    }
}

 sessionProvider.Store("CurrentConnectionString", "Sample07Context");
uow.SetConnectionString(WebConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings[_sessionProvider.Get<string>("CurrentConnectionString")].ConnectionString);

using System;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Web;
using EF_Sample07.DataLayer.Context;
using EF_Sample07.IoCConfig;
 
namespace EF_Sample07.WebFormsAppSample
{
    public class Global : HttpApplication
    {
        void Application_Start(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            initDatabases();
        }
 
        private static void initDatabases()
        {
            // defined in web.config
            string[] connectionStringNames =
            {
                "Sample07Context",
                "Database2012"
            };
 
            foreach (var connectionStringName in connectionStringNames)
            {
                Database.SetInitializer(
                    new MigrateDatabaseToLatestVersion<Sample07Context, Configuration>(connectionStringName));
 
                using (var ctx = new Sample07Context(connectionStringName))
                {
                    ctx.Database.Initialize(force: true);
                }
            }
        }
 
        void Application_EndRequest(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            SmObjectFactory.HttpContextDisposeAndClearAll();
        } 
    }
}