public class Book
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }

        public string Title { get; set; }

        public string ISBN { get; set; }
    }

public interface IBookRepository
    {
        IList<Book> GetBooks();
    }

 [Export( typeof( IBookRepository ) )]
    public class BookRepository
    {
        public IList<Book> GetBooks()
        {
            List<Book> listOfBooks = new List<Book>( 3 );
            listOfBooks.AddRange( new Book[] 
            {
                new Book(){Id=1 , Title="Book1"},
                new Book(){Id=2 , Title="Book2"},
                new Book(){Id=3 , Title="Book3"},
            } );
            return listOfBooks;
        }
    }

 [Export]
    [PartCreationPolicy( CreationPolicy.NonShared )]
    public class BookController : Controller
    {
        [Import( typeof( IBookRepository ) )]        
        BookRepository bookRepository;

        public BookController()
        {
        }

        public ActionResult Index()
        {
            return View( this.bookRepository.GetBooks() );
        }        
    }

public class MEFControllerFactory : DefaultControllerFactory
    {
        private readonly CompositionContainer _compositionContainer;

        public MEFControllerFactory( CompositionContainer compositionContainer )
        {
            _compositionContainer = compositionContainer;
        }

        protected override IController GetControllerInstance( RequestContext requestContext, Type controllerType )
        {
            var export = _compositionContainer.GetExports( controllerType, null, null ).SingleOrDefault();

            IController result;

            if ( export != null )
            {
                result = export.Value as IController;
            }
            else
            {
                result = base.GetControllerInstance( requestContext, controllerType );
                _compositionContainer.ComposeParts( result );
            } 
        }
    }

public class MefDependencyResolver : IDependencyResolver
    {
        private readonly CompositionContainer _container;

        public MefDependencyResolver( CompositionContainer container )
        {
            _container = container;
        }

        public IDependencyScope BeginScope()
        {
            return this;
        }

        public object GetService( Type serviceType )
        {
            var export = _container.GetExports( serviceType, null, null ).SingleOrDefault();

            return null != export ? export.Value : null;
        }

        public IEnumerable<object> GetServices( Type serviceType )
        {
            var exports = _container.GetExports( serviceType, null, null );
            var createdObjects = new List<object>();

            if ( exports.Any() )
            {
                foreach ( var export in exports )
                {
                    createdObjects.Add( export.Value );
                }
            }

            return createdObjects;
        }

        public void Dispose()
        {
          
        }
    }

public class Plugin
    {
        public void Setup()
        {           
            var container = new CompositionContainer( new DirectoryCatalog( HostingEnvironment.MapPath( "~/bin" ) ) );

            CompositionBatch batch = new CompositionBatch();

            batch.AddPart( this );

            ControllerBuilder.Current.SetControllerFactory( new MEFControllerFactory( container ) );
            
            System.Web.Http.GlobalConfiguration.Configuration.DependencyResolver = new MefDependencyResolver( container );

            container.Compose( batch );
        }
    }

var container = new CompositionContainer( new AssemblyCatalog( Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly() ) );

ControllerBuilder.Current.SetControllerFactory( new MEFControllerFactory( container ) );

System.Web.Http.GlobalConfiguration.Configuration.DependencyResolver = new MefDependencyResolver( container );

protected void Application_Start()
        {
            Plugin myPlugin = new Plugin();
            myPlugin.Setup();

            AreaRegistration.RegisterAllAreas();
            
            RegisterRoutes( RouteTable.Routes );
        }

        public static void RegisterRoutes( RouteCollection routes )
        {
            routes.IgnoreRoute( "{resource}.axd/{*pathInfo}" );        

            routes.MapRoute(
                "Default", // Route name
                "{controller}/{action}/{id}", // URL with parameters
                new { controller = "Book", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional } // Parameter defaults
            );          
        }

    public class Project
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public string Name { set; get; }

        public virtual ICollection<ProjectIssue> ProjectIssues { set; get; }
    }

    public class ProjectIssue
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public string Body { set; get; }

        [ForeignKey("ProjectStatusId")]
        public virtual ProjectIssueStatus ProjectIssueStatus { set; get; }
        public int ProjectStatusId { set; get; }

        [ForeignKey("ProjectId")]
        public virtual Project Project { set; get; }
        public int ProjectId { set; get; }
    }

    public class ProjectIssueStatus
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public string Name { set; get; }

        public virtual ICollection<ProjectIssue> ProjectIssues { set; get; }
    }

    public class MyContext : DbContext
    {
        public DbSet<ProjectIssueStatus> ProjectStatus { get; set; }
        public DbSet<ProjectIssue> ProjectIssues { get; set; }
        public DbSet<Project> Projects { get; set; }
    }

    public class Configuration : DbMigrationsConfiguration<MyContext>
    {
        public Configuration()
        {
            AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;
            AutomaticMigrationDataLossAllowed = true;
        }

        protected override void Seed(MyContext context)
        {
            var project1 = new Project { Name = "پروژه جدید" };
            context.Projects.Add(project1);

            var stat1 = new ProjectIssueStatus { Name = "درحال انجام" };
            var stat2 = new ProjectIssueStatus { Name = "انجام شد" };
            context.ProjectStatus.Add(stat1);
            context.ProjectStatus.Add(stat2);

            var issue1 = new ProjectIssue
            {
                Body = "تغییر قلم گزارش",
                ProjectIssueStatus = stat1,
                Project = project1
            };
            var issue2 = new ProjectIssue
            {
                Body = "تغییر لوگوی گزارش",
                ProjectIssueStatus = stat1,
                Project = project1
            };
            context.ProjectIssues.Add(issue1);
            context.ProjectIssues.Add(issue2);

            base.Seed(context);
        }
    }

    public static class Test
    {
        public static void RunTests()
        {
            Database.SetInitializer(new MigrateDatabaseToLatestVersion<MyContext, Configuration>());

            using (var ctx = new MyContext())
            {
                var projectId = 1;
                var list = ctx.ProjectStatus.Select(x => new
                                                    {
                                                        Id = x.Id,
                                                        Name = x.Name,
                                                        Count = x.ProjectIssues.Count(p => p.ProjectId == projectId)
                                                    }).ToList();
                foreach (var item in list)
                    Console.WriteLine("{0}:{1}",item.Name, item.Count);                
            }
        }
    }

SELECT [Project1].[Id] AS [Id],
       [Project1].[Name] AS [Name],
       [Project1].[C1] AS [C1]
FROM   (
           SELECT [Extent1].[Id] AS [Id],
                  [Extent1].[Name] AS [Name],
                  (
                      SELECT COUNT(1) AS [A1]
                      FROM   [dbo].[ProjectIssues] AS [Extent2]
                      WHERE  ([Extent1].[Id] = [Extent2].[ProjectStatusId])
                             AND ([Extent2].[ProjectId] = 1 /*@p__linq__0*/)
                  ) AS [C1]
           FROM   [dbo].[ProjectIssueStatus] AS [Extent1]
       ) AS [Project1]

[HandleError]
public class HomeController : Controller
{
    public ActionResult Index()
    {
        //throw exception for demo
        throw new Exception("This is unhandled exception");
            
        return View();
    }

    public ActionResult About()
    {
        return View();
    }

    public ActionResult Contact()
    {
        return View();
    }        
}

[AuthorizationFilterA(Order=2)]
[AuthorizationFilterB(Order=1)]
public ActionResult Index()
{          
    return View();
}

public enum FilterScope
{
    First = 0,
    Global = 10,
    Controller = 20,
    Action = 30,
    Last = 100,
}

// Called when an exception occurs
void OnException(ExceptionContext filterContext)

class CustomErrorHandler : FilterAttribute, IExceptionFilter
{
    public override void IExceptionFilter.OnException(ExceptionContext filterContext)
    {
        Log(filterContext.Exception);

        base.OnException(filterContext);
    }

    private void Log(Exception exception)
    {
        //log exception here..
    }
}

public class LogAttribute : ActionFilterAttribute
{
    public override void OnActionExecuted(ActionExecutedContext filterContext)
    {
        Log("OnActionExecuted", filterContext.RouteData); 
    }

    public override void OnActionExecuting(ActionExecutingContext filterContext)
    {
        Log("OnActionExecuting", filterContext.RouteData);      
    }

    public override void OnResultExecuted(ResultExecutedContext filterContext)
    {
        Log("OnResultExecuted", filterContext.RouteData);      
    }

    public override void OnResultExecuting(ResultExecutingContext filterContext)
    {
        Log("OnResultExecuting ", filterContext.RouteData);      
    }

    private void Log(string methodName, RouteData routeData)
    {
        var controllerName = routeData.Values["controller"];
        var actionName = routeData.Values["action"];
        var message = String.Format("{0}- controller:{1} action:{2}", methodName, 
                                                                    controllerName, 
                                                                    actionName);
        Debug.WriteLine(message);
    }
}

class CustomErrorHandler : HandleErrorAttribute
{
    public override void OnException(ExceptionContext filterContext)
    {
        Log(filterContext.Exception);

        base.OnException(filterContext);
    }

    private void Log(Exception exception)
    {
        //log exception here..
    }
}

[HandleError]
public class HomeController : Controller

public class HomeController : Controller
{
    [HandleError]
    public ActionResult Index()
    {
        return View();
    }
}

using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;

namespace Models;

public record OrderPlace
{
    public Address BillingAddress { get; set; } = new();
    public Address ShippingAddress { get; set; } = new();
}

public class Address
{
    [Required] public string Name { get; set; } = default!;
    public string? AddressLine1 { get; set; }
    public string? AddressLine2 { get; set; }
    public string? City { get; set; }
    [Required] public string PostCode { get; set; } = default!;
}

@inherits Editor<Models.Address>

<div>
    <label>Name</label>
    <InputText @bind-Value="Value.Name"/>
</div>
<div>
    <label>Address 1</label>
    <InputText @bind-Value="Value.AddressLine1"/>
</div>
<div>
    <label>Address 2</label>
    <InputText @bind-Value="Value.AddressLine2"/>
</div>
<div>
    <label>City</label>
    <InputText @bind-Value="Value.City"/>
</div>
<div>
    <label>Post Code</label>
    <InputText @bind-Value="Value.PostCode"/>
</div>

@page "/checkout"

@using Models
@if (!_submitted && PlaceModel != null)
{
    <EditForm Model="PlaceModel" method="post" OnValidSubmit="SubmitOrder" FormName="checkout">
        <DataAnnotationsValidator/>

        <h4>Bill To:</h4>
        <AddressEntry @bind-Value="PlaceModel.BillingAddress"/>

        <h4>Ship To:</h4>
        <AddressEntry @bind-Value="PlaceModel.ShippingAddress"/>

        <button type="submit">Submit</button>
        <ValidationSummary/>
    </EditForm>
}

@if (_submitted && PlaceModel != null)
{
    <div>
        <h2>Order Summary</h2>

        <h3>Shipping To:</h3>
        <dl>
            <dt>Name</dt>
            <dd>@PlaceModel.BillingAddress.Name</dd>
            <dt>Address 1</dt>
            <dd>@PlaceModel.BillingAddress.AddressLine1</dd>
            <dt>Address 2</dt>
            <dd>@PlaceModel.BillingAddress.AddressLine2</dd>
            <dt>City</dt>
            <dd>@PlaceModel.BillingAddress.City</dd>
            <dt>Post Code</dt>
            <dd>@PlaceModel.BillingAddress.PostCode</dd>
        </dl>
    </div>
}

@code {
    bool _submitted;

    [SupplyParameterFromForm]
    public OrderPlace? PlaceModel { get; set; }

    protected override void OnInitialized()
    {
        PlaceModel ??= GetOrderPlace();
    }

    private void SubmitOrder()
    {
        _submitted = true;
    }

    private static OrderPlace GetOrderPlace() =>
        new()
        {
            BillingAddress = new Address
                             {
                                 PostCode = "12345",
                                 Name = "Test 1",
                             },
            ShippingAddress = new Address
                              {
                                  PostCode = "67890",
                                  Name = "Test 2",
                              },
        };

}

<form method="post">
   <input type="hidden" name="_handler" value="checkout" />
   <input type="hidden" name="__RequestVerificationToken" value="CfDxxx" />
.
.
.
   <button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>

<EditForm Model="PlaceModel" method="post" OnValidSubmit="SubmitOrder" FormName="checkout">

[SupplyParameterFromForm]
public OrderPlace? PlaceModel { get; set; }

@page "/checkout"

<FormMappingScope Name="store-checkout">
    <CheckoutForm />
</FormMappingScope>

<form method="post">
   <input type="hidden" name="_handler" value="[store-checkout]checkout" />
   <input type="hidden" name="__RequestVerificationToken" value="CfDxxxxx" />
.
.
.
   <button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>

<form method="post" @onsubmit="SaveData" @formname="MyFormName">
    <AntiforgeryToken />

    <InputText @bind-Value="Name" />

    <button>Submit</button>
</form>

@page "/"

<form method="GET">
    <input type="text" name="q"/>
    <button type="submit">Search</button>
</form>


@code {
    [SupplyParameterFromQuery(Name="q")]
    public string SearchTerm { get; set; }
    
    protected override async Task OnInitializedAsync()
    {
       // do something with the search term
    }
}

<button class="nav-link border-0" @onclick="BeginSignOut">Log out</button>

<EditForm Context="ctx" FormName="LogoutForm" method="post" Model="@Foo" OnValidSubmit="BeginSignOut">
     <button type="submit" class="nav-link border-0">Log out</button>
</EditForm>

@code{
    [SupplyParameterFromForm(Name = "LogoutForm")]
    public string? Foo {  get; set; }

    protected override void OnInitialized() => Foo = "";

    async Task BeginSignOut()
    {
        // TODO: SignOutAsync();
        // TODO: NavigateTo("/authentication/logout");
    }
}

<EditForm Model="PlaceModel" method="post" OnValidSubmit="SubmitOrder" FormName="checkout" Enhance>

using System;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;

namespace EFGeneral
{
    public class User
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
    }

    public class MyContext : DbContext
    {
        public DbSet<User> Users { get; set; }
    }

    public class Configuration : DbMigrationsConfiguration<MyContext>
    {
        public Configuration()
        {
            AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;
            AutomaticMigrationDataLossAllowed = true;
        }

        protected override void Seed(MyContext context)
        {            
            for (int i = 0; i < 21000; i++)
            {
                context.Users.Add(new User { Name = "name " + i });
                if (i % 1000 == 0)
                    context.SaveChanges();
            }
            base.Seed(context);
        }
    }

    public class PerformanceHelper
    {
        public static string RunActionMeasurePerformance(Action action)
        {
            GC.Collect();
            long initMemUsage = Process.GetCurrentProcess().WorkingSet64;

            var stopwatch = new Stopwatch();
            stopwatch.Start();

            action();

            stopwatch.Stop();

            var currentMemUsage = Process.GetCurrentProcess().WorkingSet64;
            var memUsage = currentMemUsage - initMemUsage;
            if (memUsage < 0) memUsage = 0;

            return string.Format("Elapsed time: {0}, Memory Usage: {1:N2} KB", stopwatch.Elapsed, memUsage / 1024);
        }
    }

    public static class Test
    {
        public static void RunTests()
        {
            Database.SetInitializer(new MigrateDatabaseToLatestVersion<MyContext, Configuration>());
            StartDb();            

            for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("\nRun {0}", i + 1);

                var memUsage = PerformanceHelper.RunActionMeasurePerformance(() => LoadWithTracking());
                Console.WriteLine("LoadWithTracking:\n{0}", memUsage);

                memUsage = PerformanceHelper.RunActionMeasurePerformance(() => LoadWithoutTracking());
                Console.WriteLine("LoadWithoutTracking:\n{0}", memUsage);
            }
        }

        private static void StartDb()
        {
            using (var ctx = new MyContext())
            {
                var user = ctx.Users.Find(1);
                if (user != null)
                {
                    // keep the object in memory
                }
            }
        }

        private static void LoadWithTracking()
        {
            using (var ctx = new MyContext())
            {
                var list = ctx.Users.ToList();
                if (list.Any())
                {
                    // keep the list in memory
                }
            }
        }

        private static void LoadWithoutTracking()
        {
            using (var ctx = new MyContext())
            {
                var list = ctx.Users.AsNoTracking().ToList();
                if (list.Any())
                {
                    // keep the list in memory
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

<link href="/Content/myCSS?v=LBa4VrARIJBApHOXLQoCWVPKu_c6QBb4D7npv-dq5TA1" rel="stylesheet"/>
<script src="/Scripts/js?v=rk-l3czPS8KW6usEOpK8aIglVqPOVEKWoSXV4N-5N2Q1"></script>