import React, { Component } from "react";


class LoginForm extends Component {
  render() {
    return <h1>Login</h1>;
  }
}

export default LoginForm;

import LoginForm from "./components/loginForm";
//...

function App() {
  return (
    <React.Fragment>
      <NavBar />
      <main className="container">
        <Switch>
          <Route path="/login" component={LoginForm} />
          <Route path="/movies/:id" component={MovieForm} />
          // ...
        </Switch>
      </main>
    </React.Fragment>
  );
}

<NavLink className="nav-item nav-link" to="/login">
   Login
</NavLink>

import React, { Component } from "react";


class LoginForm extends Component {
  render() {
    return (
      <form>
        <div className="form-group">
          <label htmlFor="username">Username</label>
          <input id="username" type="text" className="form-control" />
        </div>
        <div className="form-group">
          <label htmlFor="password">Password</label>
          <input id="password" type="password" className="form-control" />
        </div>
        <button className="btn btn-primary">Login</button>
      </form>
    );
  }
}

export default LoginForm;

class LoginForm extends Component {
  handleSubmit = e => {
    console.log("handleSubmit", e);
    e.preventDefault();

    // call the server
  };

  render() {
    return (
      <form onSubmit={this.handleSubmit}>
      //...

const username = document.getElementById("username").value;

class LoginForm extends Component {
  username = React.createRef();

<input
  ref={this.username}
  id="username"
  type="text"
  className="form-control"
/>

  handleSubmit = e => {
    e.preventDefault();

    // call the server
    const username = this.username.current.value;
    console.log("handleSubmit", username);
  };

class LoginForm extends Component {
  username = React.createRef();

  componentDidMount = () => {
    this.username.current.focus();
  };

<input
  autoFocus
  ref={this.username}
  id="username"
  type="text"
  className="form-control"
/>

class LoginForm extends Component {
  state = {
    account: { username: "", password: "" }
  };

<input 
  value={this.state.account.username}

<input 
  value={this.state.account.username}
  onChange={this.handleChange}

  handleChange = e => {
    const account = { ...this.state.account }; //cloning an object
    account.username = e.currentTarget.value;
    this.setState({ account });
  };

  handleChange = e => {
    const account = { ...this.state.account }; //cloning an object
    account[e.currentTarget.name] = e.currentTarget.value;
    this.setState({ account });
  };

<input
  id="password"
  name="password"
  value={this.state.account.password}
  onChange={this.handleChange}
  type="password"
  className="form-control"
/>

  handleChange = ({ currentTarget: input }) => {
    const account = { ...this.state.account }; //cloning an object
    account[input.name] = input.value;
    this.setState({ account });
  };

Warning: A component is changing an uncontrolled input of type text to be controlled.
Input elements should not switch from uncontrolled to controlled (or vice versa).
Decide between using a controlled or uncontrolled input element for the lifetime of the component.
More info: https://fb.me/react-controlled-components

Warning: `value` prop on `input` should not be null.
Consider using an empty string to clear the component or `undefined` for uncontrolled components.

import React from "react";

const Input = ({ name, label, value, onChange }) => {
  return (
    <div className="form-group">
      <label htmlFor={name}>{label}</label>
      <input
        value={value}
        onChange={onChange}
        id={name}
        name={name}
        type="text"
        className="form-control"
      />
    </div>
  );
};

export default Input;

import Input from "./common/input";

  render() {
    const { account } = this.state;
    return (
      <form onSubmit={this.handleSubmit}>
        <Input
          name="username"
          label="Username"
          value={account.username}
          onChange={this.handleChange}
        />
        <Input
          name="password"
          label="Password"
          value={account.password}
          onChange={this.handleChange}
        />
        <button className="btn btn-primary">Login</button>
      </form>
    );

using(var client = new HttpClient())
{
   // do something with http client
}

 Unable to connect to the remote server
System.Net.Sockets.SocketException: Only one usage of each socket address (protocol/network address/port) is normally permitted.

using (var client = new HttpClient())
{
       var result = await client.GetAsync("http://example.com/");
}

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
      using (var client = new HttpClient())
      {
            var result = await client.GetAsync("http://example.com/");
            Console.WriteLine(result.StatusCode);
      }
}

  TCP    192.168.1.6:13996      93.184.216.34:http     TIME_WAIT
  TCP    192.168.1.6:13997      93.184.216.34:http     TIME_WAIT
  TCP    192.168.1.6:13998      93.184.216.34:http     TIME_WAIT
  TCP    192.168.1.6:13999      93.184.216.34:http     TIME_WAIT
  TCP    192.168.1.6:14000      93.184.216.34:http     TIME_WAIT
  TCP    192.168.1.6:14001      93.184.216.34:http     TIME_WAIT
  TCP    192.168.1.6:14002      93.184.216.34:http     TIME_WAIT
  TCP    192.168.1.6:14003      93.184.216.34:http     TIME_WAIT
  TCP    192.168.1.6:14004      93.184.216.34:http     TIME_WAIT
  TCP    192.168.1.6:14005      93.184.216.34:http     TIME_WAIT

 [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters\TcpTimedWaitDelay]

CancelPendingRequests
DeleteAsync
GetAsync
GetByteArrayAsync
GetStreamAsync
GetStringAsync
PostAsync
PutAsync
SendAsync

BaseAddress
DefaultRequestHeaders
MaxResponseContentBufferSize
Timeout

var sp = ServicePointManager.FindServicePoint(new Uri("http://thisisasample.com"));
sp.ConnectionLeaseTimeout = 60*1000; //In milliseconds

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Net.Http;

namespace HttpClientTips
{
    public interface IHttpClientFactory : IDisposable
    {
        HttpClient GetOrCreate(
            Uri baseAddress,
            IDictionary<string, string> defaultRequestHeaders = null,
            TimeSpan? timeout = null,
            long? maxResponseContentBufferSize = null,
            HttpMessageHandler handler = null);
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Concurrent;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Threading;

namespace HttpClientTips
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Lifetime of this class should be set to `Singleton`.
    /// </summary>
    public class HttpClientFactory : IHttpClientFactory
    {
        // 'GetOrAdd' call on the dictionary is not thread safe and we might end up creating the HttpClient more than
        // once. To prevent this Lazy<> is used. In the worst case multiple Lazy<> objects are created for multiple
        // threads but only one of the objects succeeds in creating the HttpClient.
        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<Uri, Lazy<HttpClient>> _httpClients =
                         new ConcurrentDictionary<Uri, Lazy<HttpClient>>();
        private const int ConnectionLeaseTimeout = 60 * 1000; // 1 minute

        public HttpClientFactory()
        {
            // Default is 2 minutes: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.net.servicepointmanager.dnsrefreshtimeout(v=vs.110).aspx
            ServicePointManager.DnsRefreshTimeout = (int)TimeSpan.FromMinutes(1).TotalMilliseconds;
            // Increases the concurrent outbound connections
            ServicePointManager.DefaultConnectionLimit = 1024;
        }

        public HttpClient GetOrCreate(
           Uri baseAddress,
           IDictionary<string, string> defaultRequestHeaders = null,
           TimeSpan? timeout = null,
           long? maxResponseContentBufferSize = null,
           HttpMessageHandler handler = null)
        {
            return _httpClients.GetOrAdd(baseAddress,
                             uri => new Lazy<HttpClient>(() =>
                             {
                                 // Reusing a single HttpClient instance across a multi-threaded application means
                                 // you can't change the values of the stateful properties (which are not thread safe),
                                 // like BaseAddress, DefaultRequestHeaders, MaxResponseContentBufferSize and Timeout.
                                 // So you can only use them if they are constant across your application and need their own instance if being varied.
                                 var client = handler == null ? new HttpClient { BaseAddress = baseAddress } :
                                               new HttpClient(handler, disposeHandler: false) { BaseAddress = baseAddress };
                                 setRequestTimeout(timeout, client);
                                 setMaxResponseBufferSize(maxResponseContentBufferSize, client);
                                 setDefaultHeaders(defaultRequestHeaders, client);
                                 setConnectionLeaseTimeout(baseAddress, client);
                                 return client;
                             },
                             LazyThreadSafetyMode.ExecutionAndPublication)).Value;
        }

        public void Dispose()
        {
            foreach (var httpClient in _httpClients.Values)
            {
                httpClient.Value.Dispose();
            }
        }

        private static void setConnectionLeaseTimeout(Uri baseAddress, HttpClient client)
        {
            // This ensures connections are used efficiently but not indefinitely.
            client.DefaultRequestHeaders.ConnectionClose = false; // keeps the connection open -> more efficient use of the client
            ServicePointManager.FindServicePoint(baseAddress).ConnectionLeaseTimeout = ConnectionLeaseTimeout; // ensures connections are not used indefinitely.
        }

        private static void setDefaultHeaders(IDictionary<string, string> defaultRequestHeaders, HttpClient client)
        {
            if (defaultRequestHeaders == null)
            {
                return;
            }
            foreach (var item in defaultRequestHeaders)
            {
                client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add(item.Key, item.Value);
            }
        }

        private static void setMaxResponseBufferSize(long? maxResponseContentBufferSize, HttpClient client)
        {
            if (maxResponseContentBufferSize.HasValue)
            {
                client.MaxResponseContentBufferSize = maxResponseContentBufferSize.Value;
            }
        }

        private static void setRequestTimeout(TimeSpan? timeout, HttpClient client)
        {
            if (timeout.HasValue)
            {
                client.Timeout = timeout.Value;
            }
        }
    }
}

namespace HttpClientTips.Web
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.AddSingleton<IHttpClientFactory, HttpClientFactory>();
            services.AddMvc();
        }

namespace HttpClientTips.Web.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        private readonly IHttpClientFactory _httpClientFactory;
        public HomeController(IHttpClientFactory httpClientFactory)
        {
            _httpClientFactory = httpClientFactory;
        }

        public async Task<IActionResult> Index()
        {
            var host = new Uri("http://localhost:5000");
            var httpClient = _httpClientFactory.GetOrCreate(host);
            var responseMessage = await httpClient.GetAsync("home/about").ConfigureAwait(false);
            var responseContent = await responseMessage.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
            return Content(responseContent);
        }

    public class ProductService
    {
        public IEnumerable<Product> GetOrderedProducts()
        {
            using (var ctx = new Entites())
            {
                return ctx.Products.OrderBy(x => x.Name).ToList();
            }
        }
    }

• Using Entity Framework in integration tests
  
• How We Do Database Integration Tests With Entity Framework Migrations
  

    public class ProductService
    {
        private readonly IDbSet<Product> _products;
        private readonly IUnitOfWork _uow;
        public ProductService(IUnitOfWork uow)
        {
            _uow = uow;
            _products = _uow.Set<Product>();
        }
     public IEnumerable<Product> GetOrderedProducts()
        {
            return _products.OrderBy(x => x.Name).ToList();
        }
    }

   [TestFixture]
    public class ProductServiceTest
    {
        private readonly ProductService _productService;
        public ProductServiceTest()
        {
            IQueryable<Product> data = GetRoadNetworks().AsQueryable();
            var mockSet = new Mock<DbSet<Product>>();
            mockSet.As<IQueryable<Product>>().Setup(m => m.Provider).Returns(data.Provider);
            mockSet.As<IQueryable<Product>>().Setup(m => m.Expression).Returns(data.Expression);
            mockSet.As<IQueryable<Product>>().Setup(m => m.ElementType).Returns(data.ElementType);
            mockSet.As<IQueryable<Product>>().Setup(m => m.GetEnumerator()).Returns(data.GetEnumerator());
            var context = new Mock<Entites>();
            context.Setup(c => c.Products).Returns(mockSet.Object);
            context.Setup(m => m.Set<Product>()).Returns(mockSet.Object);
            _productService = new ProductService(context.Object);
        }
        private IEnumerable<Product> GetRoadNetworks()
        {
            return new List<Product>
            {
                new Product
                {
                    Id = 1,
                    Name = "A"
                },
                new Product
                {
                    Id = 2,
                    Name = "B"
                },
                new Product
                {
                    Id = 3,
                    Name = "C"
                }
            };
        }
        [Test]
        public void GetOrderedProductTest()
        {
            IEnumerable<Product> products = _productService.GetOrderedProducts();
            List<string> names = products.Select(x => x.Name).ToList();
            var expected = new List<string> {"A", "B", "C"};
            CollectionAssert.AreEqual(names, expected);
        }
    }