[ResponseCache(Duration = 60)]
public IActionResult Contact()
{
   ViewData["Message"] = "Your contact page.";
   return View();
}

 Cache-Control: public,max-age=60

[ResponseCache(Duration = 60, Location = ResponseCacheLocation.Client)]

[ResponseCache(Location = ResponseCacheLocation.None, NoStore = true)]
public IActionResult Error()
{
   return View();
}

Cache-Control: no-store,no-cache
Pragma: no-cache

public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
    services.AddMvc(options =>
    {
        options.CacheProfiles.Add("PrivateCache",
            new CacheProfile
            {
                Duration = 60,
                Location = ResponseCacheLocation.Client
            }); 
    });

[ResponseCache(CacheProfileName = "PrivateCache")]

{
    "dependencies": {
      //same as before
      "Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.Memory": "1.0.0"
 },

public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
  services.AddMemoryCache();

[Route("DNT/[controller]")]
public class AboutController : Controller
{
    private readonly IMemoryCache _memoryCache;
 
    public AboutController(IMemoryCache memoryCache)
    {
        _memoryCache = memoryCache;
    }
 
    [Route("")]
    public ActionResult Hello()
    {
 
        string cacheKey = "my-cache-key";
        string greeting;
 
        if (!_memoryCache.TryGetValue(cacheKey, out greeting))
        {
             greeting = "Hello";
            // store in the cache
            _memoryCache.Set(cacheKey, greeting,
                new MemoryCacheEntryOptions()
                .SetAbsoluteExpiration(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(1)));
        }
 
        return Content($"{greeting} from DNT!");
    }

 new MemoryCacheEntryOptions()
  .SetSlidingExpiration(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5))

 new MemoryCacheEntryOptions()
  .SetSlidingExpiration(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5))
  .SetAbsoluteExpiration(TimeSpan.FromHours(1))

 new MemoryCacheEntryOptions()
  .SetPriority(CacheItemPriority.NeverRemove))

<cache expires-after="@TimeSpan.FromMinutes(10)">
    @Html.Partial("_WhatsNew")
    *last updated  @DateTime.Now.ToLongTimeString()
</cache>

<cache expires-after="@TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5)">
    <!--View Component or something that gets data from the database-->
    *last updated  @DateTime.Now.ToLongTimeString()
</cache>

<cache expires-on="@DateTime.Today.AddDays(1).AddTicks(-1)">
  <!--View Component or something that gets data from the database-->
 *last updated  @DateTime.Now.ToLongTimeString()
</cache>

<cache expires-sliding="@TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5)">
    <!--View Component or something that gets data from the database-->
    *last updated  @DateTime.Now.ToLongTimeString()
</cache>

<cache vary-by-user="true">
    <!--View Component or something that gets data from the database-->
    *last updated @DateTime.Now.ToLongTimeString()
</cache>

<cache vary-by-route="id">
    <!--View Component or something that gets data from the database-->
    *last updated  @DateTime.Now.ToLongTimeString()
</cache>

<cache vary-by-query="search">
    <!--View Component or something that gets data from the database-->
    *last updated  @DateTime.Now.ToLongTimeString()
</cache>

<cache vary-by-cookie="MyAppCookie">
    <!--View Component or something that gets data from the database-->
    *last updated  @DateTime.Now.ToLongTimeString()
</cache>

 <cache vary-by-header="User-Agent">
    <!--View Component or something that gets data from the database-->
    *last updated  @DateTime.Now.ToLongTimeString()
</cache>

<cache vary-by="@ViewBag.ProductId">
    <!--View Component or something that gets data from the database-->
    *last updated  @DateTime.Now.ToLongTimeString()
</cache>

 <cache vary-by-user="true" vary-by-route="id">
    <!--View Component or something that gets data from the database-->
    *last updated  @DateTime.Now.ToLongTimeString()
</cache>

<cache expires-sliding="@TimeSpan.FromMinutes(10)"
priority="@Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.Memory.CacheItemPriority.NeverRemove">
    <!--View Component or something that gets data from the database-->
    *last updated  @DateTime.Now.ToLongTimeString()
</cache>

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;

public class Startup
{
    public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app)
    {
        app.Use(async (context, next) =>
        {
            await context.Response.WriteAsync("<div>from middleware-1, inside app.Use, before next()</div>");
 
            await next();
 
            await context.Response.WriteAsync("<div>from middleware-1, inside app.Use, after next()</div>");
        });
 
        app.Run(async context =>
        {
            await context.Response.WriteAsync("<div>Inside middleware-2 defined using app.Run</div>");
        });
 
        app.Use(async (context, next) =>
        {
            await context.Response.WriteAsync("<div>from middleware-3, inside app.Use, before next()</div>");
 
            await next();
 
            await context.Response.WriteAsync("<div>from middleware-3, inside app.Use, after next()</div>");
        });

 public delegate Task RequestDelegate(HttpContext context);

app.Map("/dnt", appBuilder =>
{
    appBuilder.Run(async context =>
    {
        await context.Response.WriteAsync(@"<div>Inside Map(/dnt) --> Run</div>");
    });
});

app.MapWhen(context =>
{
    return context.Request.Query.ContainsKey("dnt");
},
appBuilder =>
{
    appBuilder.Run(async context =>
    {
        await context.Response.WriteAsync(@"<div>Inside MapWhen(?dnt) --> Run</div>");
    });
});

 http://localhost:7742/?dnt=true

using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
 
namespace Core1RtmEmptyTest.StartupCustomizations
{
    public class MyMiddleware1
    {
        private readonly RequestDelegate _next;
 
        public MyMiddleware1(RequestDelegate next)
        {
            _next = next;
        }
 
        public async Task Invoke(HttpContext context)
        {
                    context.Response.ContentType = "text/html";
                    context.Response.StatusCode = 200;
            await context.Response.WriteAsync("<div>Hello from MyMiddleware1.</div>");
            await _next.Invoke(context);
            await context.Response.WriteAsync("<div>End of action.</div>");
        }
    } 
}

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;

public static class MyMiddlewareExtensions
{
    public static IApplicationBuilder UseMyMiddleware(this IApplicationBuilder app)
    {
        app.UseMiddleware<MyMiddleware1>();
        return app;
    }
}

public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app)
{
    app.UseMyMiddleware();

Public Class User
{
        public string Id { get; set; }
        public string PhoneNumber { get; set; }
        public Dictionary<string, App> Apps { get; set; }
}
public class App
{
        public string FirstName { get; set; }
        public string LastName { get; set; }
        public string UserName { get; set; }
        public List<string> Roles { get; set; }
        public List<String> Messages { get; set; }
        public String AdressId { get; set; }
        public bool IsActive { get; set; } = true;
        [JsonIgnore]
        public string DisplayName => $"{FirstName} {LastName}";
}

services.AddSingleton<IDocumentStore>(serviceProvider =>
{
      var store = new DocumentStore()
      {
            Urls = new[] { "http://192.168.1.10:8080" },
            Database = "AccountingSystem",
      }.Initialize();
      return store;
});

services.AddScoped<IAsyncDocumentSession>(serviceProvider =>
{
      var store = serviceProvider.GetRequiredService<IDocumentStore>();
      return store.OpenAsyncSession();
});

_documentSession.Advanced.Patch<User, string>("Users/131-A",
      u => u.Apps["59"].RolesId
      , r => r.Add("Admin"));

private IList<int>? _idsList;
private IEnumerable<int>? _idsEnumerable;
private int[]? _idsArray;

[GlobalSetup]
public void Setup()
{
    _idsEnumerable = Enumerable.Range(0, 10000);
    _idsList = _idsEnumerable.ToList();
    _idsArray = _idsEnumerable.ToArray();
}

var list = _idsList ?? new List<int>();
if (list.Any() is false) { }

if (_idsList is null || _idsList.Any() is false) { }

if (_idsList == null || _idsList.Any() is false) { }

if (_idsList?.Any() is false) { }

if (_idsList is { Count: > 0 } is false) { }

if (_idsList?.Count == 0) { }

if (_idsList == null || _idsList.Count == 0) { }

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
  <PropertyGroup>
    <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
    <TargetFramework>net5.0</TargetFramework>
    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
    <TreatWarningsAsErrors>true</TreatWarningsAsErrors>
  </PropertyGroup>
  <ItemGroup>
    <PackageReference Include="BenchmarkDotNet" Version="0.12.1" />
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>

using BenchmarkDotNet.Running;

namespace AnyCountBenchmark
{
    public static class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
#if DEBUG
            System.Console.WriteLine("Please set the project's configuration to Release mode first.");
#else
            BenchmarkRunner.Run<Scenarios>();
#endif
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
using BenchmarkDotNet.Jobs;
using BenchmarkDotNet.Order;

namespace AnyCountBenchmark
{
    [SimpleJob(RuntimeMoniker.NetCoreApp50)]
    [Orderer(SummaryOrderPolicy.FastestToSlowest, MethodOrderPolicy.Declared)]
    [RankColumn]
    public class Scenarios
    {
        private IList<int>? _idsList;
        private IEnumerable<int>? _idsEnumerable;
        private int[]? _idsArray;

        [GlobalSetup]
        public void Setup()
        {
            _idsEnumerable = Enumerable.Range(0, 10000);
            _idsList = _idsEnumerable.ToList();
            _idsArray = _idsEnumerable.ToArray();
        }

        #region Any_With_Null_coalescing
        [Benchmark]
        public void List_Any_With_Null_coalescing()
        {
            var list = _idsList ?? new List<int>();
            if (list.Any() is false) { }
        }

        [Benchmark]
        public void Array_Any_With_Null_coalescing()
        {
            var array = _idsArray ?? Array.Empty<int>();
            if (array.Any() is false) { }
        }

        [Benchmark]
        public void Enumerable_Any_With_Null_coalescing()
        {
            var enumerable = _idsEnumerable ?? Enumerable.Empty<int>();
            if (enumerable.Any() is false) { }
        }
        #endregion

        #region Any_With_Is_Null_Check
        [Benchmark]
        public void List_Any_With_Is_Null_Check()
        {
            if (_idsList is null || _idsList.Any() is false) { }
        }

        [Benchmark]
        public void Array_Any_With_Is_Null_Check()
        {
            if (_idsArray is null || _idsArray.Any() is false) { }
        }

        [Benchmark]
        public void Enumerable_Any_With_Is_Null_Check()
        {
            if (_idsEnumerable is null || _idsEnumerable.Any() is false) { }
        }
        #endregion

        #region Any_Any_With_Null_Equality_Check
        [Benchmark]
        public void List_Any_With_Null_Equality_Check()
        {
            if (_idsList == null || _idsList.Any() is false) { }
        }

        [Benchmark]
        public void Array_Any_With_Null_Equality_Check()
        {
            if (_idsArray == null || _idsArray.Any() is false) { }
        }

        [Benchmark]
        public void Enumerable_Any_With_Null_Equality_Check()
        {
            if (_idsEnumerable == null || _idsEnumerable.Any() is false) { }
        }
        #endregion

        #region Any_With_Null_Conditional_Operator
        [Benchmark]
        public void List_Any_With_Null_Conditional_Operator()
        {
            if (_idsList?.Any() is false) { }
        }

        [Benchmark]
        public void Array_Any_With_Null_Conditional_Operator()
        {
            if (_idsArray?.Any() is false) { }
        }

        [Benchmark]
        public void Enumerable_Any_With_Null_Conditional_Operator()
        {
            if (_idsEnumerable?.Any() is false) { }
        }
        #endregion

        #region Count_With_Pattern_Matching
        [Benchmark]
        public void List_Count_With_Pattern_Matching()
        {
            if (_idsList is { Count: > 0 } is false) { }
        }

        [Benchmark]
        public void Array_Length_With_Pattern_Matching()
        {
            if (_idsArray is { Length: > 0 } is false) { }
        }

        [Benchmark]
        public void Enumerable_Count_With_Pattern_Matching()
        {
            var list = _idsEnumerable?.ToList();
            if (list is { Count: > 0 } is false) { }
        }
        #endregion

        #region Count_With_Null_Conditional_Operator
        [Benchmark]
        public void List_Count_With_Null_Conditional_Operator()
        {
            if (_idsList?.Count == 0) { }
        }

        [Benchmark]
        public void Array_Length_With_Null_Conditional_Operator()
        {
            if (_idsArray?.Length == 0) { }
        }

        [Benchmark]
        public void Enumerable_Count_With_Null_Conditional_Operator()
        {
            if (_idsEnumerable?.Count() == 0) { }
        }
        #endregion

        #region Count_With_Null_Equality_Check
        [Benchmark]
        public void List_Count_With_Null_Equality_Check()
        {
            if (_idsList == null || _idsList.Count == 0) { }
        }

        [Benchmark]
        public void Array_Length_With_Null_Equality_Check()
        {
            if (_idsArray == null || _idsArray.Length == 0) { }
        }

        [Benchmark]
        public void Enumerable_Count_With_Null_Equality_Check()
        {
            if (_idsEnumerable == null || _idsEnumerable.Count() == 0) { }
        }
        #endregion
    }
}

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

builder.Services.AddRateLimiter(options =>
{
    options.GlobalLimiter = PartitionedRateLimiter.Create<HttpContext, string>(httpContext =>
        RateLimitPartition.GetFixedWindowLimiter(
            partitionKey: httpContext.User.Identity?.Name ?? httpContext.Request.Headers.Host.ToString(),
            factory: partition => new FixedWindowRateLimiterOptions
            {
                AutoReplenishment = true,
                PermitLimit = 10,
                QueueLimit = 0,
                Window = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(1)
            }));
});

// ...

var app = builder.Build();

// ...

app.UseRouting();
app.UseRateLimiter();

app.MapGet("/", () => "Hello World!");

app.Run();

builder.Services.AddRateLimiter(options =>
{
    options.RejectionStatusCode = 429;

    // ...
});

builder.Services.AddRateLimiter(options =>
{
    options.OnRejected = async (context, token) =>
    {
        context.HttpContext.Response.StatusCode = 429;
        if (context.Lease.TryGetMetadata(MetadataName.RetryAfter, out var retryAfter))
        {
            await context.HttpContext.Response.WriteAsync(
                $"Too many requests. Please try again after {retryAfter.TotalMinutes} minute(s). " +
                $"Read more about our rate limits at https://example.org/docs/ratelimiting.", cancellationToken: token);
        }
        else
        {
            await context.HttpContext.Response.WriteAsync(
                "Too many requests. Please try again later. " +
                "Read more about our rate limits at https://example.org/docs/ratelimiting.", cancellationToken: token);
        }
    };

    // ...
});

context.HttpContext.RequestServices.GetService<ILoggerFactory>()?
                .CreateLogger("Microsoft.AspNetCore.RateLimitingMiddleware")
                .LogWarning("OnRejected: {RequestPath}", context.HttpContext.Request.Path);

builder.Services.AddRateLimiter(options =>
{
    options.GlobalLimiter = PartitionedRateLimiter.CreateChained(
        PartitionedRateLimiter.Create<HttpContext, string>(httpContext =>
            RateLimitPartition.GetFixedWindowLimiter(httpContext.ResolveClientIpAddress(), partition =>
                new FixedWindowRateLimiterOptions
                {
                    AutoReplenishment = true,
                    PermitLimit = 600,
                    Window = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(1)
                })),
        PartitionedRateLimiter.Create<HttpContext, string>(httpContext =>
            RateLimitPartition.GetFixedWindowLimiter(httpContext.ResolveClientIpAddress(), partition =>
                new FixedWindowRateLimiterOptions
                {
                    AutoReplenishment = true,
                    PermitLimit = 6000,
                    Window = TimeSpan.FromHours(1)
                })));

    // ...
});

PartitionedRateLimiter.Create<HttpContext, string>(httpContext =>
    RateLimitPartition.GetFixedWindowLimiter(httpContext.ResolveClientIpAddress(), partition =>
        new FixedWindowRateLimiterOptions
        {
            AutoReplenishment = true,
            PermitLimit = 10,
            QueueLimit = 6,
            QueueProcessingOrder = QueueProcessingOrder.OldestFirst,
            Window = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1)
        })));

public class ExampleRateLimiterPolicy : IRateLimiterPolicy<string>
{
    public RateLimitPartition<string> GetPartition(HttpContext httpContext)
    {
        if (httpContext.User.Identity?.IsAuthenticated == true)
        {
            return RateLimitPartition.GetFixedWindowLimiter(httpContext.User.Identity.Name!,
                partition => new FixedWindowRateLimiterOptions
                {
                    AutoReplenishment = true,
                    PermitLimit = 1_000,
                    Window = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(1),
                });
        }

        return RateLimitPartition.GetFixedWindowLimiter(httpContext.Request.Headers.Host.ToString(),
            partition => new FixedWindowRateLimiterOptions
            {
                AutoReplenishment = true,
                PermitLimit = 100,
                Window = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(1),
            });
    }

    public Func<OnRejectedContext, CancellationToken, ValueTask>? OnRejected { get; } =
        (context, _) =>
        {
            context.HttpContext.Response.StatusCode = 418; // I'm a 🫖
            return new ValueTask();
        };
}

options.AddPolicy<string, ExampleRateLimiterPolicy>("myPolicy");

builder.Services.AddRateLimiter(options =>
{
    options.AddFixedWindowLimiter("Api", options =>
    {
        options.AutoReplenishment = true;
        options.PermitLimit = 10;
        options.Window = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(1);
    });

    options.AddFixedWindowLimiter("Web", options =>
    {
        options.AutoReplenishment = true;
        options.PermitLimit = 10;
        options.Window = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(1);
    });

    // ...
});

options.AddPolicy("Api", httpContext =>
        RateLimitPartition.GetFixedWindowLimiter(httpContext.ResolveClientIpAddress(),
        partition => new FixedWindowRateLimiterOptions
        {
            AutoReplenishment = true,
            PermitLimit = 10,
            Window = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1)
        }));

// Endpoint
app.MapGet("/api/hello", () => "Hello World!").RequireRateLimiting("Api");

// Group
app.MapGroup("/api/orders").RequireRateLimiting("Api");

// Endpoint
app.MapGet("/api/hello", () => "Hello World!").DisableRateLimiting();

// Group
app.MapGroup("/api/orders").DisableRateLimiting();

[EnableRateLimiting("Api")]
public class Orders : Controller
{
    [DisableRateLimiting]
    public IActionResult Index()
    {
        return View();
    }

    [EnableRateLimiting("ApiListing")]
    public IActionResult List()
    {
        return View();
    }
}

app.UseConfiguredEndpoints(endpoints =>
{
    endpoints.MapRazorPages()
        .DisableRateLimiting();

    endpoints.MapControllers()
        .RequireRateLimiting("UserBasedRateLimiting");
});

namespace DNT.IDP
{
    public static class Config
    {
        public static List<TestUser> GetUsers()
        {
            return new List<TestUser>
            {
                new TestUser
                {
                    Username = "User 1",
                    // ...

                    Claims = new List<Claim>
                    {
    // ...
                        new Claim("subscriptionlevel", "PayingUser"),
                        new Claim("country", "ir")
                    }
                },
                new TestUser
                {
                    Username = "User 2",
// ...

                    Claims = new List<Claim>
                    {
    // ...
                        new Claim("subscriptionlevel", "FreeUser"),
                        new Claim("country", "be")
                    }
                }
            };
        }

namespace DNT.IDP
{
    public static class Config
    {
        // identity-related resources (scopes)
        public static IEnumerable<IdentityResource> GetIdentityResources()
        {
            return new List<IdentityResource>
            {
   // ...     
                new IdentityResource(
                    name: "country",
                    displayName: "The country you're living in",
                    claimTypes: new List<string> { "country" }),
                new IdentityResource(
                    name: "subscriptionlevel",
                    displayName: "Your subscription level",
                    claimTypes: new List<string> { "subscriptionlevel" })
            };
        }

namespace DNT.IDP
{
    public static class Config
    {
        public static IEnumerable<Client> GetClients()
        {
            return new List<Client>
            {
                new Client
                {
                    ClientName = "Image Gallery",
// ...
                    AllowedScopes =
                    {
    // ...
                        "country",
                        "subscriptionlevel"
                    }
// ...
                }
             };
        }
    }

options.Scope.Add("subscriptionlevel");
options.Scope.Add("country");

options.ClaimActions.MapUniqueJsonKey(claimType: "role", jsonKey: "role");
options.ClaimActions.MapUniqueJsonKey(claimType: "subscriptionlevel", jsonKey: "subscriptionlevel");
options.ClaimActions.MapUniqueJsonKey(claimType: "country", jsonKey: "country");

namespace ImageGallery.MvcClient.WebApp
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.AddAuthorization(options =>
            {
                options.AddPolicy(
                   name: "CanOrderFrame",
                   configurePolicy: policyBuilder =>
                    {
                        policyBuilder.RequireAuthenticatedUser();
                        policyBuilder.RequireClaim(claimType: "country", requiredValues: "ir");
                        policyBuilder.RequireClaim(claimType: "subscriptionlevel", requiredValues: "PayingUser");
                    });
            });

@if(User.IsInRole("PayingUser"))
{
  <li><a asp-area="" asp-controller="Gallery" asp-action="AddImage">Add an image</a></li>
  <li><a asp-area="" asp-controller="Gallery" asp-action="OrderFrame">Order a framed picture</a></li>
}

@using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization
@inject IAuthorizationService AuthorizationService

@if (User.IsInRole("PayingUser"))
{
  <li><a asp-area="" asp-controller="Gallery" asp-action="AddImage">Add an image</a></li>
}
@if ((await AuthorizationService.AuthorizeAsync(User, "CanOrderFrame")).Succeeded)
{
  <li><a asp-area="" asp-controller="Gallery" asp-action="OrderFrame">Order a framed picture</a></li>
}

namespace ImageGallery.MvcClient.WebApp.Controllers
{
    [Authorize]
    public class GalleryController : Controller
    {
        [Authorize(Policy = "CanOrderFrame")]
        public async Task<IActionResult> OrderFrame()
        {

using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Filters;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;

namespace ImageGallery.WebApi.Services
{
    public class MustOwnImageRequirement : IAuthorizationRequirement
    {
    }

    public class MustOwnImageHandler : AuthorizationHandler<MustOwnImageRequirement>
    {
        private readonly IImagesService _imagesService;
        private readonly ILogger<MustOwnImageHandler> _logger;

        public MustOwnImageHandler(
            IImagesService imagesService,
            ILogger<MustOwnImageHandler> logger)
        {
            _imagesService = imagesService;
            _logger = logger;
        }

        protected override async Task HandleRequirementAsync(
            AuthorizationHandlerContext context, MustOwnImageRequirement requirement)
        {
            var filterContext = context.Resource as AuthorizationFilterContext;
            if (filterContext == null)
            {
                context.Fail();
                return;
            }

            var imageId = filterContext.RouteData.Values["id"].ToString();
            if (!Guid.TryParse(imageId, out Guid imageIdAsGuid))
            {
                _logger.LogError($"`{imageId}` is not a Guid.");
                context.Fail();
                return;
            }

            var subClaim = context.User.Claims.FirstOrDefault(c => c.Type == "sub");
            if (subClaim == null)
            {
                _logger.LogError($"User.Claims don't have the `sub` claim.");
                context.Fail();
                return;
            }

            var ownerId = subClaim.Value;
            if (!await _imagesService.IsImageOwnerAsync(imageIdAsGuid, ownerId))
            {
                _logger.LogError($"`{ownerId}` is not the owner of `{imageIdAsGuid}` image.");
                context.Fail();
                return;
            }

            // all checks out
            context.Succeed(requirement);
        }
    }
}

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
  <ItemGroup>
    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore" Version="2.1.0" />
    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization" Version="2.1.1.0" />
    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Abstractions" Version="2.1.1.0" />
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>

public class MustOwnImageRequirement : IAuthorizationRequirement
{
}

namespace ImageGallery.WebApi.WebApp
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.AddAuthorization(authorizationOptions =>
            {
                authorizationOptions.AddPolicy(
                   name: "MustOwnImage",
                   configurePolicy: policyBuilder =>
                    {
                        policyBuilder.RequireAuthenticatedUser();
                        policyBuilder.AddRequirements(new MustOwnImageRequirement());
                    });
            });
            services.AddScoped<IAuthorizationHandler, MustOwnImageHandler>();

[Authorize(Policy ="MustOwnImage")]

namespace ImageGallery.WebApi.WebApp.Controllers
{
    [Route("api/images")]
    [Authorize]
    public class ImagesController : Controller
    {
        [HttpGet("{id}", Name = "GetImage")]
        [Authorize("MustOwnImage")]
        public async Task<IActionResult> GetImage(Guid id)
        {
        }

        [HttpDelete("{id}")]
        [Authorize("MustOwnImage")]
        public async Task<IActionResult> DeleteImage(Guid id)
        {
        }

        [HttpPut("{id}")]
        [Authorize("MustOwnImage")]
        public async Task<IActionResult> UpdateImage(Guid id, [FromBody] ImageForUpdateModel imageForUpdate)
        {
        }
    }
}

public class Category
{
    public int CategoryId { set; get; }
    public string CategoryName { set; get; }
 
    [JsonIgnore]
    public IList<Product> Products { set; get; }
}


public class Product
{
    public int ProductId { set; get; }
    public string ProductName { set; get; }
}

using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Web.Mvc;
using KendoUI12.Models;
using Newtonsoft.Json;
 
namespace KendoUI12.Controllers
{
 
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        public ActionResult Index()
        {
            return View(); // shows the page.
        }
 
        [HttpGet]
        public ActionResult GetCategories()
        {
            return new ContentResult
            {
                Content = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(CategoriesDataSource.Items),
                ContentType = "application/json",
                ContentEncoding = Encoding.UTF8
            };
        }
 
        [HttpGet]
        public ActionResult GetProducts(int categoryId)
        {
 
            var products = CategoriesDataSource.Items
                            .Where(category => category.CategoryId == categoryId)
                            .SelectMany(category => category.Products)
                            .ToList();
 
            return new ContentResult
            {
                Content = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(products),
                ContentType = "application/json",
                ContentEncoding = Encoding.UTF8
            };
        }
    }
}

<!--نحوه‌ی راست به چپ سازی -->
<div class="k-rtl k-header demo-section">
    <label for="categories">گروه‌ها: </label><input id="categories" style="width: 270px" />
    <label for="products">محصولات: </label><input id="products" disabled="disabled" style="width: 270px" />
</div>
 
@section JavaScript
{
    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(function () {
            $("#categories").kendoDropDownList({
                optionLabel: "انتخاب گروه...",
                dataTextField: "CategoryName",
                dataValueField: "CategoryId",
                dataSource: {
                    transport: {
                        read: {
                            url: "@Url.Action("GetCategories", "Home")",
                            dataType: "json",
                            contentType: 'application/json; charset=utf-8',
                            type: 'GET'
                        }
                    }
                }
            });
 
            $("#products").kendoDropDownList({
                autoBind: false, // won’t try and read from the DataSource when it first loads
                cascadeFrom: "categories", // the id of the DropDown you want to cascade from
                optionLabel: "انتخاب محصول...",
                dataTextField: "ProductName",
                dataValueField: "ProductId",
                dataSource: {
                    // When the serverFiltering is disabled, then the combobox will not make any additional requests to the server.
                    serverFiltering: true, // the DataSource will send filter values to the server
                    transport: {
                        read: {
                            url: "@Url.Action("GetProducts", "Home")",
                            dataType: "json",
                            contentType: 'application/json; charset=utf-8',
                            type: 'GET',
                            data: function () {
                                return { categoryId: $("#categories").val() };
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            });
        });
    </script>
 
    <style scoped>
        .demo-section {
            width: 100%;
            height: 100px;
        }
    </style>
}

let name: string;
name = "Vahid"; // OK
name = null; // OK
name = undefined;  // OK

let age: number;
age = 24; // OK
age = null; // OK
age = undefined;  // OK

{
    "compilerOptions": {
        "strictNullChecks": true
    }
}

 let foo: string = null; // Error! Type 'null' is not assignable to type 'string'.

Uncaught ReferenceError: foo is not defined
Uncaught TypeError: window.foo is not a function

// With strictNullChecks set to false
let d: Array<number> = [null, undefined, 10, 15]; //OK
let e: Array<string> = ["pie", null, ""];  //OK
 
 
// With strictNullChecks set to true
let d: Array<number> = [null, undefined, 10, 15]; // Error
let e: Array<string> = ["pie", null, ""]; // Error

{ 
    "compilerOptions": { 
        "strict": true  /* Enable all strict type-checking options. */ 
    } 
}

{ 
    "compilerOptions": { 
        "strict": true, 
        "noImplicitThis": false 
    } 
}

 let foo: string | null = null; // Okay!

let name: string | null;
name = "Vahid"; // OK
name = null; // OK
name = undefined;  // Error

let z = null;

testAssignedBeforeUseChecking() {
    let x: number;
    console.log(x);
}

 [ts] Variable 'x' is used before being assigned.

let z: number | undefined;
console.log(z);

method1(x?: number) {
}

method1(x?: number | undefined) {
}

  f(x: number): string {
    return x.toString();
  }

  testTypeGuards() {
    let x: number | null | undefined;
    if (x) {
      this.f(x);  // Ok, type of x is number here
    } else {
      this.f(x);  // Error, type of x is number? here
    }
  }

 Argument of type 'number | null | undefined' is not assignable to parameter of type 'number'.
Type 'undefined' is not assignable to type 'number'.

getLength(s: string | null) {
   return s ? s.length : 0;
}

isNumber(n: any): n is number { // type guard
   return typeof n === "number";
}

  usedMb(usedBytes?: number): number | undefined {
    return this.isNumber(usedBytes) ? (usedBytes / (1024 * 1024)) : undefined;
  }

  usedMb2(usedBytes?: number): number | undefined {
    return usedBytes ? (usedBytes / (1024 * 1024)) : undefined;
  }

  formatUsedMb(): string {
    //ERROR: TS2531: Object is possibly undefined
    return this.usedMb(123).toFixed(0).toString();
  }

  formatUsed(): string {
    const usedMb = this.usedMb(123);
    return usedMb ? usedMb.toFixed(0).toString() : "";
  }

export interface User {
  name: string;
  age?: number;
}

  printUserInfo(user: User) {
    if (user.age != null) {
      console.log(`${user.name}, ${user.age.toString()}`);
    }
  }

  printUserInfo(user: User) {
    console.log(`${user.name}, ${user.age.toString()}`);
  }

  printUserInfo(user: User) {
    console.log(`${user.name}, ${user.age!.toString()}`);
  }

 [tslint] Forbidden non null assertion (no-non-null-assertion)

 PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR

 PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR -Version 1.1.3

 <script src="Scripts/jquery-1.6.4.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script src="Scripts/jquery.signalR-1.1.3.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script src="signalr/hubs" type="text/javascript"></script>

using Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR;

namespace WebFormsSample03.Common
{
    public class ProgressHub : Hub
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// این متد استاتیک تعریف شده تا در برنامه به صورت مستقیم قابل استفاده باشد
        /// یا می‌شد اصلا این متد تعریف نشود و از همان دریافت زمینه هاب در کنترلر استفاده گردد
        /// </summary>        
        public static void UpdateProgressBar(int value, string connectionId)
        {
            var ctx = GlobalHost.ConnectionManager.GetHubContext<ProgressHub>();
            ctx.Clients.Client(connectionId).updateProgressBar(value); //فراخوانی یک متد در سمت کلاینت
        }
    }
}

using System.Threading;
using System.Web.Http;
using WebFormsSample03.Common;

namespace WebFormsSample03
{
    public class DownloadRequest
    {
        public string Url { set; get; }
        public string ConnectionId { set; get; }
    }

    public class DownloaderController : ApiController
    {
        public void Post([FromBody]DownloadRequest data)
        {
            //todo: start downloading the data.Url ....

            ProgressHub.UpdateProgressBar(10, data.ConnectionId);
            Thread.Sleep(2000);

            ProgressHub.UpdateProgressBar(40, data.ConnectionId);
            Thread.Sleep(3000);

            ProgressHub.UpdateProgressBar(64, data.ConnectionId);
            Thread.Sleep(2000);

            ProgressHub.UpdateProgressBar(77, data.ConnectionId);
            Thread.Sleep(2000);

            ProgressHub.UpdateProgressBar(92, data.ConnectionId);
            Thread.Sleep(3000);

            ProgressHub.UpdateProgressBar(99, data.ConnectionId);
            Thread.Sleep(2000);

            ProgressHub.UpdateProgressBar(100, data.ConnectionId);
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Web.Http;
using System.Web.Routing;

namespace WebFormsSample03
{
    public class Global : System.Web.HttpApplication
    {
        protected void Application_Start(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            // Register the default hubs route: ~/signalr
            RouteTable.Routes.MapHubs();

            RouteTable.Routes.MapHttpRoute(
                name: "DefaultApi",
                routeTemplate: "api/{controller}/{id}",
                defaults: new { id = RouteParameter.Optional }
            );
        }
    }
}

    <form id="form1" runat="server">
    <div>
    <input id="txtUrl" value="http://www.site.com/file.rar" type="text" />
        <input id="send" type="button" value="start download ..." />
        <br />
        <div id="bar" style="border: #000 1px solid; width:300px;"></div>
    </div>
    </form>
    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(function () {
            $.connection.hub.logging = true; //اطلاعات بیشتری را در جاوا اسکریپت کنسول مرورگر لاگ می‌کند
            var progressHub = $.connection.progressHub; //این نام مستعار پیشتر توسط ویژگی نام هاب تنظیم شده است
            progressHub.client.updateProgressBar = function (value) {
                //متدی که در اینجا تعریف شده دقیقا مطابق نام متد پویایی است که در هاب تعریف شده است
                //به این ترتیب سرور می‌تواند کلاینت را فراخوانی کند
                $("#bar").html(GaugeBar.generate(value));
            };
            $.connection.hub.start() // فاز اولیه ارتباط را آغاز می‌کند
            .done(function () {
                $("#send").click(function () {
                    $("#send").attr('disabled', 'disabled');
                    var myClientId = $.connection.hub.id;
                    // اکنون اتصال برقرار است به سرور
                    $.ajax({
                        type: "POST",
                        contentType: "application/json",
                        url: "/api/Downloader",
                        data: JSON.stringify({ Url: $("#txtUrl").val(), ConnectionId: myClientId })
                    }).success(function () {
                        $("#send").removeAttr('disabled');
                    }).fail(function () {
                        //                    
                    });
                });
            });
        });
    </script>