<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
  <PropertyGroup>
    <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
    <TargetFramework>netcoreapp3.0</TargetFramework>
    <LangVersion>8.0</LangVersion>
    <NullableContextOptions>enable</NullableContextOptions>
  </PropertyGroup>
</Project>

CS8632: The annotation for nullable reference types should only be used in code within a ‘#nullable’ context.
CS8627: A nullable type parameter must be known to be a value-type or non-nullable reference type. Consider adding a ‘class’, ‘struct’ or type constraint.

<PropertyGroup>
  <LangVersion>preview</LangVersion>
  <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
</PropertyGroup>

    public class Person
    {
        public string FirstName { get; set; }

        public string MiddleName { get; set; }

        public string LastName { get; set; }

        public Person(string first, string last) =>
            (FirstName, LastName) = (first, last);

        public Person(string first, string middle, string last) =>
            (FirstName, MiddleName, LastName) = (first, middle, last);

        public override string ToString() => $"{FirstName} {MiddleName} {LastName}";
    }

public string? MiddleName { get; set; }

    public static class NullableReferenceTypes
    {
        //#nullable enable // Toggle to enable

        public static string Exemplify()
        {
            var vahid = new Person("Vahid", "N");
            var length = GetLengthOfMiddleName(vahid);

            return $"{vahid.FirstName}'s middle name has {length} characters in it.";

            static int GetLengthOfMiddleName(Person person)
            {
                string middleName = person.MiddleName;
                return middleName.Length;
            }
        }
    }

var middleName = person.MiddleName;

static int GetLengthOfMiddleName(Person person)
{
   var middleName = person.MiddleName;
   return middleName?.Length ?? 0;
}

public static class NullableReferenceTypes
{
#nullable disable // Toggle to enable

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
  <PropertyGroup>
    <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
    <TargetFramework>netcoreapp3.0</TargetFramework>
    <LangVersion>8.0</LangVersion>
    <NullableContextOptions>enable</NullableContextOptions>
    <TreatWarningsAsErrors>true</TreatWarningsAsErrors>
  </PropertyGroup>
</Project>

<WarningsAsErrors>CS8600;CS8602;CS8603</WarningsAsErrors>

string name = null; // ERROR
string? name = null; // OK!

public class Person
{
    public Address? Address { get; set; };
    public string Country => Address?.Country;   // ERROR! 
}

public class Person
{
    public Address? Address { get; set; };
    public string? Country => Address?.Country;  // OK!
}

var node = this; // Initialize non-nullable variable
while (node != null)
{
   node = null; // ERROR!
}

Node? node = this;   // Initialize nullable variable
while (node != null) {
   node = null; // OK!
}

public class Person
{
   public string Name { get; set; } // ERROR!
}

public class Person
{
   public string? Name { get; set; }
}

public class Person
{
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public Person(string name) {
        Name = name ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(name));
    }
}
 

public class Person
{
   public string Name { get; set; } = string.Empty;
   // -or-
   public string Name { get; set; } = "";
}

String.Empty
Array.Empty<T>()
Enumerable.Empty<T>()

public class Person
{
   public Address Address { get; set; } = new Address();
}

using System;

namespace ActionFuncSamples
{
    public delegate int AddMethodDelegate(int a);
    public class DelegateSample
    {
        public void UseDelegate(AddMethodDelegate addMethod)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(addMethod(5));
        }
    }

    public class Helper
    {
        public int CustomAdd(int a)
        {
            return ++a;
        }
    }

    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Helper helper = new Helper();

            // .NET 1            
            AddMethodDelegate addMethod = new AddMethodDelegate(helper.CustomAdd);
            new DelegateSample().UseDelegate(addMethod);

            // .NET 2, anonymous delegates
            new DelegateSample().UseDelegate(delegate(int a) { return helper.CustomAdd(a); });

            // .NET 3.5
            new DelegateSample().UseDelegate(a => helper.CustomAdd(a));
        }
    }
}

Action<int> example1 = x => Console.WriteLine("Write {0}", x);
example1(5);

Func<int, string> example2 = x => string.Format("{0:n0}", x);
Console.WriteLine(example2(5000));

using System;

namespace ActionFuncSamples
{
    public interface ISchedule
    {
        void Run();
    }

    public class Runner
    {
        public void Exceute(ISchedule schedule)
        {
            schedule.Run();
        }
    }

    public class HelloSchedule : ISchedule
    {
        public void Run()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Just Run!");
        }
    }

    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            new Runner().Exceute(new HelloSchedule());
        }
    }
}

using System;

namespace ActionFuncSamples
{
    public class Schedule
    {
        public void Exceute(Action run)
        {
            run();
        }
    }

    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            new Schedule().Exceute(() => Console.WriteLine("Just Run!"));
        }
    }
}

    public static class LocalizationConfig
    {
        public static IMvcBuilder AddCustomLocalization(this IMvcBuilder mvcBuilder, IServiceCollection services)
        {
            mvcBuilder.AddDataAnnotationsLocalization(options =>
                    {
                        const string resourcesPath = "Resources";
                        string baseName = $"{resourcesPath}.{nameof(SharedResource)}";
                        var location = new AssemblyName(typeof(SharedResource).GetTypeInfo().Assembly.FullName).Name;

                        options.DataAnnotationLocalizerProvider = (type, factory) =>
                        {
                            // to use `SharedResource.fa.resx` file
                            return factory.Create(baseName, location);
                        };
                    });

            services.AddLocalization();
            services.AddScoped<IStringLocalizer>(provider =>
                            provider.GetRequiredService<IStringLocalizer<SharedResource>>());

            services.AddScoped<ISharedResourceService, SharedResourceService>();
            return mvcBuilder;
        }
    }

    public class Startup
    {
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.AddHttpContextAccessor();
            services.AddControllers().AddCustomLocalization(services);
        }

    public static class LocalizationConfig
    {
        public static IApplicationBuilder UseCustomRequestLocalization(this IApplicationBuilder app)
        {
            var requestLocalizationOptions = new RequestLocalizationOptions
            {
                DefaultRequestCulture = new RequestCulture(new CultureInfo("fa-IR")),
                SupportedCultures = new[]
                {
                    new CultureInfo("en-US"),
                    new CultureInfo("fa-IR")
                },
                SupportedUICultures = new[]
                {
                    new CultureInfo("en-US"),
                    new CultureInfo("fa-IR")
                }
            };
            app.UseRequestLocalization(requestLocalizationOptions);
            return app;
        }
    }

    public class Startup
    {
        public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IWebHostEnvironment env)
        {
            if (env.IsDevelopment())
            {
                app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
            }

            app.UseHttpsRedirection();

            app.UseCustomRequestLocalization();

            app.UseRouting();

            app.UseAuthorization();

            app.UseEndpoints(endpoints =>
            {
                endpoints.MapControllers();
            });
        }
    }

using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;

namespace Core3xSharedResource.Models.Account
{
    public class RegisterModel
    {
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "Please enter an email address")] // -->> from the shared resources
        [EmailAddress(ErrorMessage = "Please enter a valid email address")] // -->> from the shared resources
        public string Email { get; set; }
    }
}

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<root>
  <data name="&lt;b&gt;Hello&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt; {0}&lt;/i&gt;" xml:space="preserve">
    <value>&lt;b&gt;سلام&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt; {0}&lt;/i&gt;</value>
  </data>
  <data name="About Title" xml:space="preserve">
    <value>درباره</value>
  </data>
  <data name="DNT" xml:space="preserve">
    <value>.NET Tips</value>
  </data>
  <data name="SiteName" xml:space="preserve">
    <value>DNT</value>
  </data>
  <data name="Please enter an email address" xml:space="preserve">
    <value>لطفا ایمیلی را وارد کنید</value>
  </data>
  <data name="Please enter a valid email address" xml:space="preserve">
    <value>لطفا ایمیل معتبری را وارد کنید</value>
  </data>
</root>

using Core3xSharedResource.Models.Account;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Localization;

namespace Core3xSharedResource.WebApi.Controllers
{
    [ApiController]
    [Route("[controller]")]
    public class NormalIStringLocalizerController : ControllerBase
    {
        private readonly IStringLocalizer _localizer;

        public NormalIStringLocalizerController(IStringLocalizer localizer)
        {
            _localizer = localizer;
        }

        [HttpGet]
        public ActionResult<string> Get()
        {
            var localizedString = _localizer["About Title"];
            if (localizedString.ResourceNotFound)
            {
                return NotFound($"The localization resource with ID:`{localizedString.Name}` not found. SearchedLocation: `{localizedString.SearchedLocation}`.");
            }
            return localizedString.Value;
        }

        [HttpPost]
        public ActionResult<RegisterModel> Post(RegisterModel model)
        {
            return model;
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Localization;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;

namespace Core3xSharedResource.Services
{
    public interface ISharedResourceService
    {
        string this[string index] { get; }

        IEnumerable<LocalizedString> GetAllStrings(bool includeParentCultures);
        string GetString(string name, params object[] arguments);
        string GetString(string name);
    }

    public class SharedResourceService : ISharedResourceService
    {
        private readonly IStringLocalizer _sharedLocalizer;
        private readonly ILogger<SharedResourceService> _logger;
        private readonly IHttpContextAccessor _httpContextAccessor;

        public SharedResourceService(
            IStringLocalizer sharedHtmlLocalizer,
            IHttpContextAccessor httpContextAccessor,
            ILogger<SharedResourceService> logger
            )
        {
            _logger = logger ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(logger));
            _sharedLocalizer = sharedHtmlLocalizer ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(sharedHtmlLocalizer));
            _httpContextAccessor = httpContextAccessor ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(httpContextAccessor));
        }

        public IEnumerable<LocalizedString> GetAllStrings(bool includeParentCultures)
        {
            return _sharedLocalizer.GetAllStrings(includeParentCultures);
        }

        public string this[string index] => GetString(index);

        public string GetString(string name, params object[] arguments)
        {
            var result = _sharedLocalizer.GetString(name, arguments);
            logError(name, result);
            return result;
        }

        private void logError(string name, LocalizedString result)
        {
            if (result.ResourceNotFound)
            {
                var acceptLanguage = _httpContextAccessor?.HttpContext?.Request?.Headers["Accept-Language"];
                _logger.LogError($"The localization resource with Accept-Language:`{acceptLanguage}` & ID:`{name}` not found. SearchedLocation: `{result.SearchedLocation}`.");
            }
        }

        public string GetString(string name)
        {
            var result = _sharedLocalizer.GetString(name);
            logError(name, result);
            return result;
        }
    }
}

using System;

namespace AOP00
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Log.Debug("Program has started.");
            //.....
            try
            {

            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                Log.Error(ex);
                throw;
            }
            finally
            {
                //.....
                Log.Debug("Program has ended.");
            }
        }
    }
}

        public User GetUserById(int id)
        {
            if (Cache.ExistsFor(id))
            {
                return Cache[id];
            }
            else
            {
                var user = LoadFromDb(id);
                Cache.AddFor("User", id, user);
                return user;
            }
        }

public IEnumerable<Product> GetProducts()
{
    using (var stream = File.Read(Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "products.xml")))
    {
        var serializer = new XmlSerializer();
        return (IEnumerable<Product>)serializer.Deserialize(stream);
    }
}

public IEnumerable<Product> GetCachedProducts()
{
    var fullPath = Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "ProductCache.xml");
    if (!File.Exists(fullPath))
        return new Product[0];
         
    using (var stream = File.Read(fullPath))
    {
        var serializer = new XmlSerializer();
        return (IEnumerable<Product>)serializer.Deserialize(stream);
    }
}

IEnumerable<Product> GetProducts()

IEnumerable<Product> GetCachedProducts()

public class UserRepository : IUserRepository
{
    public IList<User> Search(string value)
    {
        try
        {
              return CreateConnectionAndACommandAndReturnAList("WHERE value=@value", Parameter.New("value", value));
        }
        catch (SqlException err)
        {
             var msg = String.Format("Ohh no!  Failed to search after users with '{0}' as search string", value);
             throw new DataSourceException(msg, err);
        }
    }
}

public void PrintName(string name)
{
     Console.WriteLine(name);
}

public void PrintName(string name)
{
    if (name == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("name");
     
     Console.WriteLine(name);
}

public void PrintName(string name)
{
    if (name == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("name");
    if (name.Length < 5 || name.Length > 10) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("name", name, "Name must be between 5 or 10 characters long");
    if (name.Any(x => !char.IsAlphaNumeric(x)) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("name", name, "May only contain alpha numerics");
     
     Console.WriteLine(name);
}

public User GetUser(int id)
{
}

var user = datasource.GetUser(userId);
if (user == null)
    throw new InvalidOperationException("Failed to find user: " + userId);
// actual logic here

public User GetUser(int id)
{
    if (id <= 0) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("id", id, "Valid ids are from 1 and above. Do you have a parsing error somewhere?");
    
    var user = db.Execute<User>("WHERE Id = ?", id);
    if (user == null)
        throw new EntityNotFoundException("Failed to find user with id " + id);
        
    return user;
}

try
{
    FutileAttemptToResist();
}
catch (BorgException err)
{
     _myDearLog.Error("I'm in da cube! Ohh no!", err);
    throw err;
}

try
{
    GreaseTinMan();
}
catch (InvalidOperationException err)
{
    throw new TooScaredLion("The Lion was not in the m00d", err); //<---- استثناء اصلی بهتر است به استثناء جدید پاس داده شود
}

try
{
   socket.Connect("somethingawful.com", 80);
}
catch (SocketException err)
{
    throw new InvalidOperationException("Socket failed", err);  
}

void IncreaseStatusForUser(int userId, int newStatus)
{
    try
    {
         var user  = _repository.Get(userId);
         if (user == null)
             throw new UpdateException(string.Format("Failed to find user #{0} when trying to increase status to {1}", userId, newStatus));
    
         user.Status = newStatus;
         _repository.Save(user);
    }
   catch (DataSourceException err)
   {
       var errMsg = string.Format("Failed to find modify user #{0} when trying to increase status to {1}", userId, newStatus);
        throw new UpdateException(errMsg, err);
   }

public NewException()
public NewException(string description )
public NewException(string description, Exception inner)
protected or private NewException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)

“The given key was not present in the dictionary.”

“The key ‘abrakadabra’ was not present in the dictionary.”

public class SampleException : Exception
{
    public SampleException(string description)
        : base(description)
    {
        if (description == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("description");
    }
 
    public SampleException(string description, Exception inner)
        : base(description, inner)
    {
        if (description == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("description");
        if (inner == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("inner");
    }
 
    public SampleException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
        : base(info, context)
    {
    }
}

public class HttpException : Exception
{
    System.Net.HttpStatusCode _statusCode;
     
    public HttpException(System.Net.HttpStatusCode statusCode, string description)
        : base(description)
    {
        if (description == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("description");
        _statusCode = statusCode;
    }
 
    public HttpException(System.Net.HttpStatusCode statusCode, string description, Exception inner)
        : base(description, inner)
    {
        if (description == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("description");
        if (inner == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("inner");
        _statusCode = statusCode;
    }
 
    public HttpException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
        : base(info, context)
    {
    }
     
    public System.Net.HttpStatusCode StatusCode { get; private set; }
 
}

public override string Message
{
        get { return base.Message + "\r\nStatus code: " + StatusCode; }
}

public class HttpException : Exception
{
    // [...]
 
    public HttpException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
        : base(info, context)
    {
        // this is new
        StatusCode = (HttpStatusCode) info.GetInt32("HttpStatusCode");
    }
 
    public HttpStatusCode StatusCode { get; private set; }
 
    public override string Message
    {
        get { return base.Message + "\r\nStatus code: " + StatusCode; }
    }
 
    // this is new
    public override void GetObjectData(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
    {
        base.GetObjectData(info, context);
        info.AddValue("HttpStatusCode", (int) StatusCode);
    }
}

throw new Exception("Unknown FaileType");
throw new Exception("Unecpected workingDirectory");

"Unecpected workingDirectory"

در مرحله‌ی بعد سه پکیج زیر را باید نصب کنیم :

- Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework

-   Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.OWIN

-  Microsoft.Owin.Host.SystemWeb

/// <summary>
/// Get an author by his/her id
/// </summary>
/// <param name="authorId">The id of the author you want to get</param>
/// <returns>An ActionResult of type Author</returns>
[HttpGet("{authorId}")]
public async Task<ActionResult<Author>> GetAuthor(Guid authorId)

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk.Web">
  <PropertyGroup>
    <TargetFramework>netcoreapp2.2</TargetFramework>
    <AspNetCoreHostingModel>InProcess</AspNetCoreHostingModel>
    <GenerateDocumentationFile>true</GenerateDocumentationFile>
  </PropertyGroup>

namespace OpenAPISwaggerDoc.Web
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.AddSwaggerGen(setupAction =>
            {
                setupAction.SwaggerDoc(
                    // ... 
                   );

                var xmlCommentsFile = $"{Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().GetName().Name}.xml";
                var xmlCommentsFullPath = Path.Combine(AppContext.BaseDirectory, xmlCommentsFile);
                setupAction.IncludeXmlComments(xmlCommentsFullPath);
            });
        }

using System;

namespace OpenAPISwaggerDoc.Models
{
    /// <summary>
    /// An author with Id, FirstName and LastName fields
    /// </summary>
    public class Author
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// The id of the author
        /// </summary>
        public Guid Id { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The first name of the author
        /// </summary>
        public string FirstName { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The last name of the author
        /// </summary>
        public string LastName { get; set; }
    }
}

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
  <PropertyGroup>
    <TargetFramework>netstandard2.0</TargetFramework>
    <GenerateDocumentationFile>true</GenerateDocumentationFile>
  </PropertyGroup>
</Project>

namespace OpenAPISwaggerDoc.Web
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.AddSwaggerGen(setupAction =>
            {
                setupAction.SwaggerDoc(
  // ...
                   );
                var xmlFiles = Directory.GetFiles(AppContext.BaseDirectory, "*.xml", SearchOption.TopDirectoryOnly).ToList();
                xmlFiles.ForEach(xmlFile => setupAction.IncludeXmlComments(xmlFile));
            });
        }

[HttpPut("{authorId}")]
public async Task<ActionResult<Author>> UpdateAuthor(Guid authorId, AuthorForUpdate authorForUpdate)

using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;

namespace OpenAPISwaggerDoc.Models
{
    /// <summary>
    /// An author for update with FirstName and LastName fields
    /// </summary>
    public class AuthorForUpdate
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// The first name of the author
        /// </summary>
        [Required]
        [MaxLength(150)]
        public string FirstName { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The last name of the author
        /// </summary>
        [Required]
        [MaxLength(150)]
        public string LastName { get; set; }
    }
}

[HttpPut("{authorId}")]
public async Task<ActionResult<Author>> UpdateAuthor(Guid authorId, AuthorForUpdate authorForUpdate)

[HttpPatch("{authorId}")]
public async Task<ActionResult<Author>> UpdateAuthor(
            Guid authorId,
            JsonPatchDocument<AuthorForUpdate> patchDocument)

/// <summary>
/// Partially update an author
/// </summary>
/// <param name="authorId">The id of the author you want to get</param>
/// <param name="patchDocument">The set of operations to apply to the author</param>
/// <returns>An ActionResult of type Author</returns>
/// <remarks>
/// Sample request (this request updates the author's first name) \
/// PATCH /authors/id \
/// [ \
///     { \
///       "op": "replace", \
///       "path": "/firstname", \
///       "value": "new first name" \
///       } \
/// ] \
/// </remarks>
[HttpPatch("{authorId}")]
public async Task<ActionResult<Author>> UpdateAuthor(
    Guid authorId,
    JsonPatchDocument<AuthorForUpdate> patchDocument)

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk.Web">
  <PropertyGroup>
    <TargetFramework>netcoreapp2.2</TargetFramework>
    <AspNetCoreHostingModel>InProcess</AspNetCoreHostingModel>

    <GenerateDocumentationFile>true</GenerateDocumentationFile>
    <TreatWarningsAsErrors>false</TreatWarningsAsErrors>
    <WarningsAsErrors>NU1605;</WarningsAsErrors>
    <NoWarn>1701;1702;1591</NoWarn>
  </PropertyGroup>