public class Category
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }

        public string Title { get; set; }
    }

 public class CategoryMap : EntityTypeConfiguration<Entity.Category>
    {
        public CategoryMap()
        {
            ToTable( "Category" );

            HasKey( _field => _field.Id );

            Property( _field => _field.Title )
            .IsRequired();            
        }
    }

using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Data.Entity.Infrastructure;

namespace DataAccess
{
    public interface IUnitOfWork
    {
        DbSet<TEntity> Set<TEntity>() where TEntity : class;
        DbEntityEntry<TEntity> Entry<TEntity>() where TEntity : class;
        void SaveChanges();     
        void Dispose();
    }
}

[InheritedExport( typeof( IUnitOfWork ) )]
    public class DatabaseContext : DbContext, IUnitOfWork
    {
        private DbTransaction transaction = null;

        public DatabaseContext()           
        {
            this.Configuration.AutoDetectChangesEnabled = false;
            this.Configuration.LazyLoadingEnabled = true;
        }

        protected override void OnModelCreating( DbModelBuilder modelBuilder )
        {
            modelBuilder.Conventions.Remove<PluralizingTableNameConvention>();

            modelBuilder.AddFormAssembly( Assembly.GetAssembly( typeof( Entity.Map.CategoryMap ) ) );
        }

        public DbEntityEntry<TEntity> Entry<TEntity>() where TEntity : class
        {
            return this.Entry<TEntity>();
        }      
    }

 public static class ModelBuilderExtension
    {
        public static void AddFormAssembly( this DbModelBuilder modelBuilder, Assembly assembly )
        {
            Array.ForEach<Type>( assembly.GetTypes().Where( type => type.BaseType != null && type.BaseType.IsGenericType && type.BaseType.GetGenericTypeDefinition() == typeof( EntityTypeConfiguration<> ) ).ToArray(), delegate( Type type )
            {
                dynamic instance = Activator.CreateInstance( type );
                modelBuilder.Configurations.Add( instance );
            } );
        }
    }

public class BusinessBase<TEntity> where TEntity : class
    {        
        public BusinessBase( IUnitOfWork unitOfWork )
        {
            this.UnitOfWork = unitOfWork;
        }

        [Import]
        public IUnitOfWork UnitOfWork
        {
            get;
            private set;
        }

        public virtual IEnumerable<TEntity> GetAll()
        {
            return UnitOfWork.Set<TEntity>().AsNoTracking();
        }

        public virtual void Add( TEntity entity )
        {
            try
            {             
                UnitOfWork.Set<TEntity>().Add( entity );
                UnitOfWork.SaveChanges();
            }
            catch
            {              
                throw;
            }
            finally
            {
                UnitOfWork.Dispose();
            }
        }
    }

 public class Category : BusinessBase<Entity.Category>
    {      
        [ImportingConstructor]
        public Category( [Import( typeof( IUnitOfWork ) )] IUnitOfWork unitOfWork )
            : base( unitOfWork )
        {
        }
    }

public class Plugin
    {        
        public void Run()
        {
            AggregateCatalog catalog = new AggregateCatalog();

            Container = new CompositionContainer( catalog );

            CompositionBatch batch = new CompositionBatch();

            catalog.Catalogs.Add( new AssemblyCatalog( Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly() ) );

            batch.AddPart( this );

            Container.Compose( batch );
        }

        public CompositionContainer Container 
        {
            get; 
            private set;
        }
    }

  class Program
    {
        static void Main( string[] args )
        {
            Plugin plugin = new Plugin();
            plugin.Run();

            Category category = new Category(plugin.Container.GetExportedValue<IUnitOfWork>());
            category.GetAll().ToList().ForEach( _record => Console.Write( _record.Title ) );
        }
    }

namespace AngularTemplateDrivenFormsLab.Models
{
    public class Product
    {
        public int ProductId { set; get; }
        public string ProductName { set; get; }
        public decimal Price { set; get; }
        public bool IsAvailable { set; get; }
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace AngularTemplateDrivenFormsLab.Models
{
    public static class ProductDataSource
    {
        private static readonly IList<Product> _cachedItems;
        static ProductDataSource()
        {
            _cachedItems = createProductsDataSource();
        }

        public static IList<Product> LatestProducts
        {
            get { return _cachedItems; }
        }

        private static IList<Product> createProductsDataSource()
        {
            var list = new List<Product>();
            for (var i = 0; i < 1500; i++)
            {
                list.Add(new Product
                {
                    ProductId = i + 1,
                    ProductName = "نام " + (i + 1),
                    IsAvailable = (i % 2 == 0),
                    Price = 1000 + i
                });
            }
            return list;
        }
    }
}

 http://localhost:5000/api/Product/GetPagedProducts?sortBy=productId&isAscending=true&page=2&pageSize=7

    public interface IPagedQueryModel
    {
        string SortBy { get; set; }
        bool IsAscending { get; set; }
        int Page { get; set; }
        int PageSize { get; set; }
    }

    public class ProductQueryViewModel : IPagedQueryModel
    {
        // ... other properties ...

        public string SortBy { get; set; }
        public bool IsAscending { get; set; }
        public int Page { get; set; }
        public int PageSize { get; set; }
    }

    public static class IQueryableExtensions
    {
        public static IQueryable<T> ApplyPaging<T>(
          this IQueryable<T> query, IPagedQueryModel model)
        {
            if (model.Page <= 0)
            {
                model.Page = 1;
            }

            if (model.PageSize <= 0)
            {
                model.PageSize = 10;
            }

            return query.Skip((model.Page - 1) * model.PageSize).Take(model.PageSize);
        }
    }

 http://localhost:5000/api/Product/GetPagedProducts?sortBy=productId&isAscending=true&page=2&pageSize=7

if(model.SortBy == "f1")
{
   query = !model.IsAscending ? query.OrderByDescending(x => x.F1) : query.OrderBy(x => x.F1);
}

namespace AngularTemplateDrivenFormsLab.Utils
{
    public static class IQueryableExtensions
    {
        public static IQueryable<T> ApplyOrdering<T>(
          this IQueryable<T> query,
          IPagedQueryModel model,
          IDictionary<string, Expression<Func<T, object>>> columnsMap)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(model.SortBy) || !columnsMap.ContainsKey(model.SortBy))
            {
                return query;
            }

            if (model.IsAscending)
            {
                return query.OrderBy(columnsMap[model.SortBy]);
            }
            else
            {
                return query.OrderByDescending(columnsMap[model.SortBy]);
            }
        }
    }
}

var columnsMap = new Dictionary<string, Expression<Func<Product, object>>>()
            {
                ["productId"] = p => p.ProductId,
                ["productName"] = p => p.ProductName,
                ["isAvailable"] = p => p.IsAvailable,
                ["price"] = p => p.Price
            };
query = query.ApplyOrdering(queryModel, columnsMap);

using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace AngularTemplateDrivenFormsLab.Models
{
    public class PagedQueryResult<T>
    {
        public int TotalItems { get; set; }
        public IEnumerable<T> Items { get; set; }
    }
}

    [Route("api/[controller]")]
    public class ProductController : Controller
    {
        [HttpGet("[action]")]
        public PagedQueryResult<Product> GetPagedProducts(ProductQueryViewModel queryModel)
        {
            var pagedResult = new PagedQueryResult<Product>();

            var query = ProductDataSource.LatestProducts
                                         .AsQueryable();

            //TODO: Apply Filtering ... .where(p => p....) ...

            var columnsMap = new Dictionary<string, Expression<Func<Product, object>>>()
            {
                ["productId"] = p => p.ProductId,
                ["productName"] = p => p.ProductName,
                ["isAvailable"] = p => p.IsAvailable,
                ["price"] = p => p.Price
            };
            query = query.ApplyOrdering(queryModel, columnsMap);

            pagedResult.TotalItems = query.Count();
            query = query.ApplyPaging(queryModel);
            pagedResult.Items = query.ToList();
            return pagedResult;
        }
    }

 public PagedQueryResult<Product> GetPagedProducts(ProductQueryViewModel queryModel)

 var query = ProductDataSource.LatestProducts
  .AsQueryable();

//TODO: Apply Filtering ... .where(p => p....) ...

var columnsMap = new Dictionary<string, Expression<Func<Product, object>>>()
            {
                ["productId"] = p => p.ProductId,
                ["productName"] = p => p.ProductName,
                ["isAvailable"] = p => p.IsAvailable,
                ["price"] = p => p.Price
            };
query = query.ApplyOrdering(queryModel, columnsMap);

var pagedResult = new PagedQueryResult<Product>();
pagedResult.TotalItems = query.Count();
query = query.ApplyPaging(queryModel);
pagedResult.Items = query.ToList();
return pagedResult;

private static void updateBrightnessContrast(Mat src, Mat modifiedSrc, int brightness, int contrast)
{
    brightness = brightness - 100;
    contrast = contrast - 100;
 
    double alpha, beta;
    if (contrast > 0)
    {
        double delta = 127f * contrast / 100f;
        alpha = 255f / (255f - delta * 2);
        beta = alpha * (brightness - delta);
    }
    else
    {
        double delta = -128f * contrast / 100;
        alpha = (256f - delta * 2) / 255f;
        beta = alpha * brightness + delta;
    }
    src.ConvertTo(modifiedSrc, MatType.CV_8UC3, alpha, beta);
}

using (var src = new Mat(@"..\..\Images\Penguin.Png", LoadMode.AnyDepth | LoadMode.AnyColor))
{
    using (var sourceWindow = new Window("Source", image: src,
           flags: WindowMode.AutoSize | WindowMode.FreeRatio))
    {
        using (var histogramWindow = new Window("Histogram",
               flags: WindowMode.AutoSize | WindowMode.FreeRatio))
        {
            var brightness = 100;
            var contrast = 100;
 
            var brightnessTrackbar = sourceWindow.CreateTrackbar(
                    name: "Brightness", value: brightness, max: 200,
                    callback: pos =>
                    {
                        brightness = pos;
                        updateImageCalculateHistogram(sourceWindow, histogramWindow, src, brightness, contrast);
                    });
 
            var contrastTrackbar = sourceWindow.CreateTrackbar(
                name: "Contrast", value: contrast, max: 200,
                callback: pos =>
                {
                    contrast = pos;
                    updateImageCalculateHistogram(sourceWindow, histogramWindow, src, brightness, contrast);
                });
 
 
            brightnessTrackbar.Callback.DynamicInvoke(brightness);
            contrastTrackbar.Callback.DynamicInvoke(contrast);
 
            Cv2.WaitKey();
        }
    }
}

private static void calculateHistogram1(Window histogramWindow, Mat src, Mat modifiedSrc)
{
    const int histogramSize = 64;
    int[] dimensions = { histogramSize }; // Histogram size for each dimension
    Rangef[] ranges = { new Rangef(0, histogramSize) }; // min/max
 
    using (var histogram = new Mat())
    {
        Cv2.CalcHist(
            images: new[] { modifiedSrc },
            channels: new[] { 0 },
            mask: null,
            hist: histogram,
            dims: 1,
            histSize: dimensions,
            ranges: ranges);
 
        using (var histogramImage = (Mat)(Mat.Ones(rows: src.Rows, cols: src.Cols, type: MatType.CV_8U) * 255))
        {
            // Scales and draws histogram
 
            Cv2.Normalize(histogram, histogram, 0, histogramImage.Rows, NormType.MinMax);
            var binW = Cv.Round((double)histogramImage.Cols / histogramSize);
 
            var color = Scalar.All(100);
 
            for (var i = 0; i < histogramSize; i++)
            {
                Cv2.Rectangle(histogramImage,
                    new Point(i * binW, histogramImage.Rows),
                    new Point((i + 1) * binW, histogramImage.Rows - Cv.Round(histogram.Get<float>(i))),
                    color,
                    -1);
            }
 
            histogramWindow.Image = histogramImage;
        }
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;

namespace ConditionalWeakTableSamples
{
    public static class AttachedProperties
    {
        public static ConditionalWeakTable<object,
            Dictionary<string, object>> ObjectCache = new ConditionalWeakTable<object,
                Dictionary<string, object>>();

        public static void SetValue<T>(this T obj, string name, object value) where T : class
        {
            var properties = ObjectCache.GetOrCreateValue(obj);

            if (properties.ContainsKey(name))
                properties[name] = value;
            else
                properties.Add(name, value);
        }

        public static T GetValue<T>(this object obj, string name)
        {
            Dictionary<string, object> properties;
            if (ObjectCache.TryGetValue(obj, out properties) && properties.ContainsKey(name))
                return (T)properties[name];
            return default(T);
        }

        public static object GetValue(this object obj, string name)
        {
            return obj.GetValue<object>(name);
        }
    }
}

    public static class ISecurityPrincipalExtension
    {
        public static bool Disclaimer(this IPrincipal principal)
        {
            return principal.GetValue<bool>("Disclaimer");
        }

        public static void SetDisclaimer(this IPrincipal principal, bool value)
        {
            principal.SetValue("Disclaimer", value);
        }
    }

using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;

namespace ConditionalWeakTableSamples
{
    public static class PropertyExtensions
    {
        private class ExtraPropertyHolder
        {
            public bool IsDirty { get; set; }
        }

        private static readonly ConditionalWeakTable<object, ExtraPropertyHolder> _isDirtyTable
                = new ConditionalWeakTable<object, ExtraPropertyHolder>();

        public static bool IsDirty(this object @this)
        {
            return _isDirtyTable.GetOrCreateValue(@this).IsDirty;
        }

        public static void SetIsDirty(this object @this, bool isDirty)
        {
            _isDirtyTable.GetOrCreateValue(@this).IsDirty = isDirty;
        }
    }
}

public void Closed(DbConnection connection, DbConnectionInterceptionContext interceptionContext)
{
}

using System;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;

namespace ConditionalWeakTableSamples
{
    public static class UniqueIdExtensions
    {
        static readonly ConditionalWeakTable<object, string> _idTable = 
                                    new ConditionalWeakTable<object, string>();

        public static string GetUniqueId(this object obj)
        {
            return _idTable.GetValue(obj, o => Guid.NewGuid().ToString());
        }

        public static string GetUniqueId(this object obj, string key)
        {
            return _idTable.GetValue(obj, o => key);
        }
    }
}

public IEnumerable<Product> GetProducts()
{
    using (var stream = File.Read(Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "products.xml")))
    {
        var serializer = new XmlSerializer();
        return (IEnumerable<Product>)serializer.Deserialize(stream);
    }
}

public IEnumerable<Product> GetCachedProducts()
{
    var fullPath = Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "ProductCache.xml");
    if (!File.Exists(fullPath))
        return new Product[0];
         
    using (var stream = File.Read(fullPath))
    {
        var serializer = new XmlSerializer();
        return (IEnumerable<Product>)serializer.Deserialize(stream);
    }
}

IEnumerable<Product> GetProducts()

IEnumerable<Product> GetCachedProducts()

public class UserRepository : IUserRepository
{
    public IList<User> Search(string value)
    {
        try
        {
              return CreateConnectionAndACommandAndReturnAList("WHERE value=@value", Parameter.New("value", value));
        }
        catch (SqlException err)
        {
             var msg = String.Format("Ohh no!  Failed to search after users with '{0}' as search string", value);
             throw new DataSourceException(msg, err);
        }
    }
}

public void PrintName(string name)
{
     Console.WriteLine(name);
}

public void PrintName(string name)
{
    if (name == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("name");
     
     Console.WriteLine(name);
}

public void PrintName(string name)
{
    if (name == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("name");
    if (name.Length < 5 || name.Length > 10) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("name", name, "Name must be between 5 or 10 characters long");
    if (name.Any(x => !char.IsAlphaNumeric(x)) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("name", name, "May only contain alpha numerics");
     
     Console.WriteLine(name);
}

public User GetUser(int id)
{
}

var user = datasource.GetUser(userId);
if (user == null)
    throw new InvalidOperationException("Failed to find user: " + userId);
// actual logic here

public User GetUser(int id)
{
    if (id <= 0) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("id", id, "Valid ids are from 1 and above. Do you have a parsing error somewhere?");
    
    var user = db.Execute<User>("WHERE Id = ?", id);
    if (user == null)
        throw new EntityNotFoundException("Failed to find user with id " + id);
        
    return user;
}

try
{
    FutileAttemptToResist();
}
catch (BorgException err)
{
     _myDearLog.Error("I'm in da cube! Ohh no!", err);
    throw err;
}

try
{
    GreaseTinMan();
}
catch (InvalidOperationException err)
{
    throw new TooScaredLion("The Lion was not in the m00d", err); //<---- استثناء اصلی بهتر است به استثناء جدید پاس داده شود
}

try
{
   socket.Connect("somethingawful.com", 80);
}
catch (SocketException err)
{
    throw new InvalidOperationException("Socket failed", err);  
}

void IncreaseStatusForUser(int userId, int newStatus)
{
    try
    {
         var user  = _repository.Get(userId);
         if (user == null)
             throw new UpdateException(string.Format("Failed to find user #{0} when trying to increase status to {1}", userId, newStatus));
    
         user.Status = newStatus;
         _repository.Save(user);
    }
   catch (DataSourceException err)
   {
       var errMsg = string.Format("Failed to find modify user #{0} when trying to increase status to {1}", userId, newStatus);
        throw new UpdateException(errMsg, err);
   }

public NewException()
public NewException(string description )
public NewException(string description, Exception inner)
protected or private NewException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)

“The given key was not present in the dictionary.”

“The key ‘abrakadabra’ was not present in the dictionary.”

public class SampleException : Exception
{
    public SampleException(string description)
        : base(description)
    {
        if (description == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("description");
    }
 
    public SampleException(string description, Exception inner)
        : base(description, inner)
    {
        if (description == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("description");
        if (inner == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("inner");
    }
 
    public SampleException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
        : base(info, context)
    {
    }
}

public class HttpException : Exception
{
    System.Net.HttpStatusCode _statusCode;
     
    public HttpException(System.Net.HttpStatusCode statusCode, string description)
        : base(description)
    {
        if (description == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("description");
        _statusCode = statusCode;
    }
 
    public HttpException(System.Net.HttpStatusCode statusCode, string description, Exception inner)
        : base(description, inner)
    {
        if (description == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("description");
        if (inner == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("inner");
        _statusCode = statusCode;
    }
 
    public HttpException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
        : base(info, context)
    {
    }
     
    public System.Net.HttpStatusCode StatusCode { get; private set; }
 
}

public override string Message
{
        get { return base.Message + "\r\nStatus code: " + StatusCode; }
}

public class HttpException : Exception
{
    // [...]
 
    public HttpException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
        : base(info, context)
    {
        // this is new
        StatusCode = (HttpStatusCode) info.GetInt32("HttpStatusCode");
    }
 
    public HttpStatusCode StatusCode { get; private set; }
 
    public override string Message
    {
        get { return base.Message + "\r\nStatus code: " + StatusCode; }
    }
 
    // this is new
    public override void GetObjectData(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
    {
        base.GetObjectData(info, context);
        info.AddValue("HttpStatusCode", (int) StatusCode);
    }
}

throw new Exception("Unknown FaileType");
throw new Exception("Unecpected workingDirectory");

"Unecpected workingDirectory"

    <div class="btn-group" data-toggle="buttons-radio">
        <button class="btn" type="button">بلی</button>
        <button class="btn" type="button">خیر</button>
    </div>

using System.ComponentModel;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;

namespace Mvc4TwitterBootStrapTest.Models
{
    public class User
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }

        [DisplayName("نام")]
        [Required(ErrorMessage="لطفا نام را تکمیل کنید")]
        public string Name { set; get; }

        [DisplayName("نام خانوادگی")]
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "لطفا نام خانوادگی را تکمیل کنید")]
        public string LastName { set; get; }

        [DisplayName("فعال است؟")]
        [UIHint("BootstrapBoolean")]
        public bool? IsActive { set; get; }
    }
}

@model bool?
@{  
    var yesIsSelected = Model.HasValue && Model.Value ? "active" : null;
    var noIsSelected = Model.HasValue && !Model.Value ? "active" : null;
    var isIndeterminate = !Model.HasValue ? "active" : null;
    var htmlField = ViewData.TemplateInfo.HtmlFieldPrefix;   
}
@Html.HiddenFor(model => model)
<div class="btn-group" data-toggle="buttons-radio">
    <button type="button" class="btn btn-info @yesIsSelected bool-@htmlField" onclick="$('#@htmlField').val(true);">
        بلی</button>
    <button type="button" class="btn btn-info @noIsSelected bool-@htmlField" onclick="$('#@htmlField').val(false);">
        خیر</button>
    @if (ViewData.ModelMetadata.IsNullableValueType)
    {
        <button type="button" class="btn btn-info @isIndeterminate bool-@htmlField" onclick="$('#@htmlField').val('');">
            نامشخص</button> 
    }
</div>

@model bool?
@if (Model.HasValue)
{
    if (Model.Value)
    {
    <span class="label label-success">بلی</span> 
    }
    else
    {
    <span class="label label-important">خیر</span> 
    }
}
else
{ 
    <span class="label label-inverse">نامشخص</span> 
}

<meta name="fragment" content="!">
<base href="/">

http://www.example.com/user/123?_escaped_fragment_=

DynamicModuleUtility.RegisterModule(typeof(Prerender.io.PrerenderModule));

using System.Runtime.Serialization;

namespace AOP03.DataContracts
{
    [DataContract]
    public class User
    {
        [DataMember]
        public int Id { set; get; }

        [DataMember]
        public string Name { set; get; }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Runtime.Serialization;
using PostSharp.Aspects;
using PostSharp.Extensibility;
using PostSharp.Reflection;

namespace AOP03
{
    [Serializable]
    //این ویژگی تنها نیاز است به کلاس‌ها اعمال شود
    [MulticastAttributeUsage(MulticastTargets.Class)]
    public class DataContractAspect : TypeLevelAspect, IAspectProvider
    {
        public IEnumerable<AspectInstance> ProvideAspects(object targetElement)
        {
            var targetType = (Type)targetElement; //همان نوعی است که ویژگی جاری به آن اعمال خواهد شد

            //این سطر معادل است با درخواست تولید ویژگی دیتاکانترکت
            var introduceDataContractAspect = new CustomAttributeIntroductionAspect(
                new ObjectConstruction(typeof(DataContractAttribute).GetConstructor(Type.EmptyTypes)));

            //این سطر معادل است با درخواست تولید ویژگی دیتاممبر
            var introduceDataMemberAspect = new CustomAttributeIntroductionAspect(
                new ObjectConstruction(typeof(DataMemberAttribute).GetConstructor(Type.EmptyTypes)));

            //در اینجا کار اعمال ویژگی دیتاکانترکت به کلاسی که به عنوان پارامتر متد جاری
            //دریافت شده انجام خواهد شد
            yield return new AspectInstance(targetType, introduceDataContractAspect);

            //مرحله بعد کار اعمال ویژگی دیتاممبر به خواص کلاس است
            foreach (var property in targetType.GetProperties(BindingFlags.Public |
                                                          BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly |
                                                          BindingFlags.Instance))
            {
                if (property.CanWrite)
                    yield return new AspectInstance(property, introduceDataMemberAspect);
            }
        }
    }
}

 [assembly: DataContractAspect(AttributeTargetTypes = "AOP03.DataContracts.*")]