public interface IBackgroundTaskQueue : ISingletonDependency
{
    void QueueBackgroundWorkItem(Func<CancellationToken, IServiceProvider, Task> workItem);

    Task<Func<CancellationToken, IServiceProvider, Task>> DequeueAsync(
        CancellationToken cancellationToken);
}

internal class BackgroundTaskQueue : IBackgroundTaskQueue
{
    private readonly ConcurrentQueue<Func<CancellationToken, IServiceProvider, Task>> _workItems =
        new ConcurrentQueue<Func<CancellationToken, IServiceProvider, Task>>();

    private readonly SemaphoreSlim _signal = new SemaphoreSlim(0);

    public void QueueBackgroundWorkItem(
        Func<CancellationToken, IServiceProvider, Task> workItem)
    {
        if (workItem == null)
        {
            throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(workItem));
        }

        _workItems.Enqueue(workItem);
        _signal.Release();
    }

    public async Task<Func<CancellationToken, IServiceProvider, Task>> DequeueAsync(
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        await _signal.WaitAsync(cancellationToken);
        _workItems.TryDequeue(out var workItem);

        return workItem;
    }
}

public class QueuedHostedService : BackgroundService
{
    private readonly IServiceScopeFactory _factory;
    private readonly ILogger _logger;
    private readonly IBackgroundTaskQueue _queue;

    public QueuedHostedService(
        IBackgroundTaskQueue queue,
        IServiceScopeFactory factory,
        ILoggerFactory loggerFactory)
    {
        _factory = factory ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(factory));
        _queue = queue ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(queue));
        _logger = loggerFactory.CreateLogger<QueuedHostedService>();
    }


    protected override async Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)

    {
        _logger.LogInformation("Queued Hosted Service is starting.");

        while (!cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
        {
            var workItem = await _queue.DequeueAsync(cancellationToken);

            try
            {
                using (var scope = _factory.CreateScope())
                {
                    await workItem(cancellationToken, scope.ServiceProvider);
                }
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                _logger.LogError(ex,
                    $"Error occurred executing {nameof(workItem)}.");
            }
        }

        _logger.LogInformation("Queued Hosted Service is stopping.");
    }
}

public class InvoiceService : IInvoiceService
{
   private readonly IBackgroundTaskQueue _queue;
   
   public InvoiceService(IBackgroundTaskQueue queue)
   {
     _queue = queue ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(queue));
   }
   
   public Print(InvoiceModel model)
   {
      _queue.QueueBackgroundWorkItem((token, provider)=>
      {
      //todo: print
      return Task.Task.CompletedTask;
      })
   }
}

var result = 
    from product in dbContext.Products
    where product.Category.Name == "Toys"
    where product.Price >= 2.50
    select product.Name;

var result = dbContext.Products
    .Where(p => p.Category.Name == "Toys" && p.Price >= 250)
    .Select(p => p.Name);

در پرس و چو‌های بالا فیلد‌های مورد نیاز در قسمت Select در زمان Compile شناخته شده هستند . اما گاهی ممکن است فیلد‌های مورد نیاز در زمان اجرا مشخص شوند.

به عنوان مثال یک گزارش ساز پویا که کاربر مشخص می‌کند چه ستون هایی در خروجی نمایش داده شوند یا یک جستجوی پیشرفته که ستون‌های خروجی به اختیار کاربر در زمان اجرا مشخص می‌شوند. 

این مدل را در نظر داشته باشید :

    public class Student
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
        public string Field1 { get; set; }
        public string Field2 { get; set; }
        public string Field3 { get; set; }


        public static IEnumerable<Student> GetStudentSource()
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
            {
                yield return new Student
                                 {
                                     Id = i,
                                     Name = "Name " + i,
                                     Field1 = "Field1 " + i,
                                     Field2 = "Field2 " + i,
                                     Field3 = "Field3 " + i
                                 };
            }
        }
    }

ستون‌های کلاس Student  را در رابط کاربری برنامه جهت انتخاب به کاربر نمایش می‌دهیم. سپس کاربر یک یا چند ستون را انتخاب می‌کند که قسمت Select  کوئری برنامه باید  بر اساس فیلد‌های مورد نظر کاربر مشخص شود.

یکی از روش هایی که می‌توان از آن بهره برد استفاده از کتاب خانه Dynamic LINQ معرفی شده در اینجا می باشد.

این کتابخانه جهت سهولت در نصب به کمک NuGet در این آدرس قرار دارد.

فرض بر این است که فیلد‌های انتخاب شده توسط کاربر با "," از یکدیگر جدا شده اند. 

    public class Program
    {
        private static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            System.Console.WriteLine("Specify the desired fields : ");
            string fields = System.Console.ReadLine();
            IEnumerable<Student> students = Student.GetStudentSource();
            IQueryable output = students.AsQueryable().Select(string.Format("new({0})", fields));
            foreach (object item in output)
            {
                System.Console.WriteLine(item);
            }
          
            System.Console.ReadKey();
        }
  
    }

همانطور که در عکس ذیل مشاهده می‌کنید پس از اجرای برنامه ، فیلد‌های انتخاب شده توسط کاربر از منبع داده‌ی دریافت شده و در خروجی نمایش داده شده اند.

این روش مزایا و معایب خودش را دارد ، به عنوان مثال خروجی یک لیست از شیء Student  نیست یا این Select  فقط برای روی یک شیء IQueryable  قابل انجام است.

روش دیگری که می‌توان از آن بهره جست استفاده از یک متد کمکی جهت تولید پویای عبارت Lambda  ورودی Select  می باشد :  

    public  class SelectBuilder <T>
    {
        public static Func<T, T> CreateNewStatement(string fields)
        {
            // input parameter "o"
            var xParameter = Expression.Parameter(typeof(T), "o");


            // new statement "new T()"
            var xNew = Expression.New(typeof(T));

            // create initializers
            var bindings = fields.Split(',').Select(o => o.Trim())
                .Select(o =>
                {

                    // property "Field1"
                    var property = typeof(T).GetProperty(o);

                    // original value "o.Field1"
                    var xOriginal = Expression.Property(xParameter, property);

                    // set value "Field1 = o.Field1"
                    return Expression.Bind(property, xOriginal);
                }
            ).ToList();

            // initialization "new T { Field1 = o.Field1, Field2 = o.Field2 }"
            var xInit = Expression.MemberInit(xNew, bindings);

            // expression "o => new T { Field1 = o.Field1, Field2 = o.Field2 }"
            var lambda = Expression.Lambda<Func<T, T>>(xInit, xParameter);

            // compile to Func<T, T>
            return lambda.Compile();
        }
    }

o=>new Student()

var property = typeof(T).GetProperty(o);

public class BaseEntity : IBaseEntity
{
   [JsonIgnore]
   int Id { get; set; } 

   [JsonIgnore] 
    string? Audit { get; set; }
}

public class AuditSourceValues
{
    [JsonProperty("hn")]
    public string? HostName { get; set; }

    [JsonProperty("mn")]
    public string? MachineName { get; set; }

    [JsonProperty("rip")]
    public string? RemoteIpAddress { get; set; }

    [JsonProperty("lip")]
    public string? LocalIpAddress { get; set; }

    [JsonProperty("ua")]
    public string? UserAgent { get; set; }

    [JsonProperty("an")]
    public string? ApplicationName { get; set; }

    [JsonProperty("av")]
    public string? ApplicationVersion { get; set; }

    [JsonProperty("cn")]
    public string? ClientName { get; set; }

    [JsonProperty("cv")]
    public string? ClientVersion { get; set; }

    [JsonProperty("o")]
    public string? Other { get; set; }
}

public class EntityAudit<TEntity>
{
    [JsonProperty("type")]
    [JsonConverter(typeof(StringEnumConverter))]
    public EntityEventType EventType { get; set; }

    [JsonProperty("user", NullValueHandling = NullValueHandling.Include)]
    public int? ActorUserId { get; set; }

    [JsonProperty("at")]
    public DateTime ActDateTime { get; set; }

    [JsonProperty("sources")]
    public AuditSourceValues? AuditSourceValues { get; set; }

    [JsonProperty("newValues", NullValueHandling = NullValueHandling.Include)]
    public TEntity NewEntity { get; set; } = default!;

    public string? SerializeJson()
    {
        return JsonSerializer.Serialize(this, 
            options: new JsonSerializerOptions { WriteIndented = false, IgnoreNullValues = true }); 
    }
}

public enum EntityEventType
{
    Create = 0,
    Update = 1,
    Delete = 2
}

public interface IAuditSourcesProvider
{
    AuditSourceValues GetAuditSourceValues();
}

public class AuditSourcesProvider : IAuditSourcesProvider
{
    protected readonly IHttpContextAccessor HttpContextAccessor;

    public AuditSourcesProvider(IHttpContextAccessor httpContextAccessor)
    {
        HttpContextAccessor = httpContextAccessor;
    }

    public virtual AuditSourceValues GetAuditSourceValues()
    {
        var httpContext = HttpContextAccessor.HttpContext;

        return new AuditSourceValues
        {
            HostName = GetHostName(httpContext),
            MachineName = GetComputerName(httpContext),
            LocalIpAddress = GetLocalIpAddress(httpContext),
            RemoteIpAddress = GetRemoteIpAddress(httpContext),
            UserAgent = GetUserAgent(httpContext),
            ApplicationName = GetApplicationName(httpContext),
            ClientName = GetClientName(httpContext),
            ClientVersion = GetClientVersion(httpContext),
            ApplicationVersion = GetApplicationVersion(httpContext),
            Other = GetOther(httpContext)
        };
    }

    protected virtual string? GetUserAgent(HttpContext httpContext)
    {
        return httpContext.Request?.Headers["User-Agent"].ToString();
    }

    protected virtual string? GetRemoteIpAddress(HttpContext httpContext)
    {
        return httpContext.Connection?.RemoteIpAddress?.ToString();
    }

    protected virtual string? GetLocalIpAddress(HttpContext httpContext)
    {
        return httpContext.Connection?.LocalIpAddress?.ToString();
    }

    protected virtual string GetHostName(HttpContext httpContext)
    {
        return httpContext.Request.Host.ToString();
    }

    protected virtual string GetComputerName(HttpContext httpContext)
    {
        return Environment.MachineName;
    }
    protected virtual string? GetApplicationName(HttpContext httpContext)
    {
        return Assembly.GetEntryAssembly()?.GetName().Name;
    }

    protected virtual string? GetApplicationVersion(HttpContext httpContext)
    {
        return Assembly.GetEntryAssembly()?.GetName().Version.ToString();
    }

    protected virtual string? GetClientVersion(HttpContext httpContext)
    {
        return httpContext.Request?.Headers["client-version"];
    }
    protected virtual string? GetClientName(HttpContext httpContext)
    {
        return httpContext.Request?.Headers["client-name"];
    }

    protected virtual string? GetOther(HttpContext httpContext)
    {
        return null;
    }
}

public interface IEntityAuditProvider
{
    string? GetAuditValues(EntityEventType eventType, object? entity, string? previousJsonAudit = null);
}

public class EntityAuditProvider : IEntityAuditProvider
{
    private readonly IHttpContextAccessor _httpContextAccessor;
    private readonly IAuditSourcesProvider _auditSourcesProvider;

    #region Constructor Injections

    public EntityAuditProvider(IHttpContextAccessor httpContextAccessor, IAuditSourcesProvider auditSourcesProvider)
    {
        _httpContextAccessor = httpContextAccessor;
        _auditSourcesProvider = auditSourcesProvider;
    }

    #endregion

    public virtual string? GetAuditValues(EntityEventType eventType, object? newEntity, string? previousJsonAudit = null)
    {
        var httpContext = _httpContextAccessor.HttpContext;
        int? userId;

        var user = httpContext.User;

        if (!user.Identity.IsAuthenticated)
            userId = null;
        else
            userId = user.Claims.Where(x => x.Type == "UserID").Select(x => x.Value).First().ToInt();

        var auditSourceValues = _auditSourcesProvider.GetAuditSourceValues();

        var auditJArray = new JArray();

        // Update & Delete
        if (eventType == EntityEventType.Update || eventType == EntityEventType.Delete)
        {
            auditJArray = JArray.Parse(previousJsonAudit!);
        }

        // Delete => No NewValues
        if (eventType == EntityEventType.Delete)
        {
            newEntity = null;
        }

        JObject newAuditJObject = JObject.FromObject(new EntityAudit<object?>
        {
            EventType = eventType,
            ActorUserId = userId,
            ActDateTime = DateTime.Now,
            AuditSourceValues = auditSourceValues,
            NewEntity = newEntity
        }, new JsonSerializer
        {
            NullValueHandling = NullValueHandling.Ignore,
            Formatting = Formatting.None
        });

        auditJArray.Add(newAuditJObject);

        return auditJArray.SerializeToJson(true);
    }
}

public class AuditSaveChangesInterceptor : SaveChangesInterceptor
{
    private readonly IEntityAuditProvider _entityAuditProvider;

    #region Constructor Injections

    public AuditSaveChangesInterceptor(IEntityAuditProvider entityAuditProvider)
    {
        _entityAuditProvider = entityAuditProvider;
    }

    #endregion

    public override InterceptionResult<int> SavingChanges(DbContextEventData eventData, InterceptionResult<int> result)
    {
        ApplyAudits(eventData.Context.ChangeTracker);
        return base.SavingChanges(eventData, result);
    }

    public override ValueTask<InterceptionResult<int>> SavingChangesAsync(DbContextEventData eventData, InterceptionResult<int> result,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken = new CancellationToken())
    {
        ApplyAudits(eventData.Context.ChangeTracker);
        return base.SavingChangesAsync(eventData, result, cancellationToken);
    }

    private void ApplyAudits(ChangeTracker changeTracker)
    {
        ApplyCreateAudits(changeTracker);
        ApplyUpdateAudits(changeTracker);
        ApplyDeleteAudits(changeTracker);
    }

    private void ApplyCreateAudits(ChangeTracker changeTracker)
    {
        var addedEntries = changeTracker.Entries()
            .Where(x => x.State == EntityState.Added);

        foreach (var addedEntry in addedEntries)
        {
            if (addedEntry.Entity is IBaseEntity entity)
            {              
                entity.Audit = _entityAuditProvider.GetAuditValues(EntityEventType.Create, entity);
            }
        }
    }

    private void ApplyUpdateAudits(ChangeTracker changeTracker)
    {
        var modifiedEntries = changeTracker.Entries()
            .Where(x => x.State == EntityState.Modified);

        foreach (var modifiedEntry in modifiedEntries)
        {
            if (modifiedEntry.Entity is IBaseEntity entity)
            {
                var eventType = entity.IsArchived ? EntityEventType.Delete : EntityEventType.Update; // Maybe Soft Delete
                entity.Audit = _entityAuditProvider.GetAuditValues(eventType, entity, entity.Audit);
            }
        }
    }

    private void ApplyDeleteAudits(ChangeTracker changeTracker)
    {
        var deletedEntries = changeTracker.Entries()
            .Where(x => x.State == EntityState.Deleted);

        foreach (var modifiedEntry in deletedEntries)
        {
            if (modifiedEntry.Entity is IBaseEntity entity)
            {
                entity.Audit = _entityAuditProvider.GetAuditValues(EntityEventType.Delete, entity, entity.Audit);
            }
        }
    }

}

services.AddDbContext<ATADbContext>((serviceProvider, options) =>
{
    options
        .UseSqlServer(...)

    // Interceptors
    var entityAuditProvider = serviceProvider.GetRequiredService<IEntityAuditProvider>();
    options.AddInterceptors(new AuditSaveChangesInterceptor(entityAuditProvider));

});

[
   {
      "type":"Create",
      "user":1,
      "at":"2020-11-24T23:05:54.2692711+03:30",
      "sources":{
         "hn":"localhost:44398",
         "mn":"DESKTOP-N1GAV2U",
         "rip":"::1",
         "lip":"::1",
         "ua":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/86.0.4240.198 Safari/537.36",
         "an":"Server.Api",
         "av":"1.0.0.0"
      },
      "newValues":{               
         "Name":"Farshad"
      }
   },
   {
      "type":"Update",
      "user":1,
      "at":"2020-11-24T23:06:20.0838188+03:30",
      "sources":{
         "hn":"localhost:44398",
         "mn":"DESKTOP-N1GAV2U",
         "rip":"::1",
         "lip":"::1",
         "ua":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/86.0.4240.198 Safari/537.36",
         "an":"Server.Api",
         "av":"1.0.0.0"
      },
      "newValues":{                 
         "Name":"Edited Farshad"
      }
   },
   {
      "type":"Delete",
      "user":null,
      "at":"2020-11-24T23:06:28.601837+03:30",
      "sources":{
         "hn":"localhost:44398",
         "mn":"DESKTOP-N1GAV2U",
         "rip":"::1",
         "lip":"::1",
         "ua":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/86.0.4240.198 Safari/537.36",
         "an":"Server.Api",
         "av":"1.0.0.0"
      },
      "newValues":null
   }
]

using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Linq;

namespace Framework.Model
{
    public interface IContext
    {
        T Get<T>(Func<T, bool> prediction) where T : class;
        IEnumerable List<T>(Func<T, bool> prediction) where T : class;
        void Insert<T>(T entity) where T : class;
        int Save();
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Data;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

namespace Framework.Model
{
    public class Context : IContext
    {
        private readonly DbContext _dbContext;

        public Context(DbContext context)
        {
            _dbContext = context;
        }

        public T Get<T>(Func<T,bool> prediction) where T : class
        {
            var dbSet = _dbContext.Set<T>();
            if (dbSet!= null)
                return dbSet.Single(prediction);

            throw new Exception();
        }

        public void Insert<T>(T entity) where T : class
        {
            var dbSet = _dbContext.Set<T>();
            if (dbSet != null)
            {
                _dbContext.Entry(entity).State = EntityState.Added;
            }
        }

        public int Save()
        {
            return _dbContext.SaveChanges();
        }


        IEnumerable IContext.List<T>(Func<T, bool> prediction)
        {
            var dbSet = _dbContext.Set<T>();
            if (dbSet != null)
                return dbSet.Where(prediction).ToList();

            throw new Exception();
        }
    }
}

using System.Data.Entity;
using DataModel;

namespace Model
{
    public class EFContext : DbContext
    {
        public EFContext(string db): base(db)
        {

        }

        public DbSet<Product> Products { get; set; }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

namespace Model
{
    public class Context : Framework.Model.Context
    {
        public Context(string db): base(new EFContext(db))
        {
            
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

namespace Biz
{
    public class Context : Model.Context
    {
        public Context(string db) : base(db)
        {

        }
    }
}

using System.Web.Mvc;
using DataModel;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace ProductionRepository.Controllers
{
    public class ProductController : BaseController
    {
        public ActionResult Index()
        {
            var x = DataContext.List<Product>(s => s.Name != null);
            return View(x);
        }

    }
}

using NUnit.Framework;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Web.Mvc;

namespace TestUnit
{
    [TestFixture]
    public class Test
    {
        [Test]
        public void IndexShouldListProduct()
        {
            var repo = new Moq.Mock<Framework.Model.IContext>();
            var products = new List<DataModel.Product>();
            products.Add(new DataModel.Product { Id = 1, Name = "asdasdasd" });
            products.Add(new DataModel.Product { Id = 2, Name = "adaqwe" });
            products.Add(new DataModel.Product { Id = 4, Name = "qewqw" });
            products.Add(new DataModel.Product { Id = 5, Name = "qwe" });
            repo.Setup(x => x.List<DataModel.Product>(p => p.Name != null)).Returns(products.AsEnumerable());
            var controller = new ProductionRepository.Controllers.ProductController();
            controller.DataContext = repo.Object;
            var result = controller.Index() as ViewResult;
            var model = result.Model as List<DataModel.Product>;
            Assert.AreEqual(4, model.Count);
            Assert.AreEqual("", result.ViewName);

        }
    }
}