public class Person 
{ 
    public string _firstName; 
 
    public string FirstName 
    { 
        get 
        { 
            return _firstName; 
        } 
        set 
        { 
            _firstName = value; 
        } 
    }  
}

public string _firstName; 
public string FirstName 
{ 
    get 
    { 
        return _firstName; 
    } 
    private set 
    { 
        _firstName = value; 
    } 
}

public class Person
{
   public string FirstName { get; set; }
}

public class User
{
   public string Name { get; private set; }
}

public class User
{
   public string Name { get; }
}

public class Foo
{
   public string FirstName { get; set; } = "Initial Value";
}

public class Foo
{  
   public DateTime DateOfBirth { get; set; }
   public int Age => DateTime.Now.Year - DateOfBirth.Year;  
}

public class User
{
   public string Name { get; private set; }
}

var user = new User
{
   Name = "User 1" // Compile Error
};

The property or indexer 'User.Name' cannot be used in this context
because the set accessor is inaccessible [CS9Features]csharp(CS0272)

public class User
{
  public User(string name)
  {
    this.Name = name;
  }

  public void SetName(string name)
  {
    this.Name = name;
  }

  public string Name { get; private set; }
}

public class User
{
   public string Name { get; init; }
}

var user = new User
{
   Name = "User 1"
};

// Compile Time Error
// Init-only property or indexer 'User.Name' can only be assigned in an object initializer,
// or on 'this' or 'base' in an instance constructor or an 'init' accessor. [CS9Features]csharp(CS8852)
user.Name = "Test";

public class User
{
   public string Name { get; init; }

   public User(string name)
   {
     this.Name = name; // Works fine
   }

   public void SetName(string name)
   {
     this.Name = name; // Compile Time Error
   }
}

    public class Product
    {
        public Product(string name)
        {
            _name = name;
        }

        private readonly string _name;

        public string Name => _name;
    }

    public class Person
    {
        private readonly string _name;

        public string Name
        {
            get => _name;
            init => _name = value;
        }
    }

using System;

namespace CS9Features
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Hello World!");
        }
    }
}

using System;

Console.WriteLine("Hello World!");

using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

await MyMethodAsync();
Console.WriteLine("Hello World!");

static async Task MyMethodAsync()
{
   await Task.Yield();
}

using System;

Console.WriteLine(args[0]);

using System;
Console.WriteLine($"Hello world!");
return 1;

using System;

var greeter = new Greeter();

var helloTeacher = greeter.Greet("teacher");
var helloStudents = SayHello("students");

Console.WriteLine(helloTeacher);
Console.WriteLine(helloStudents);

static string SayHello(string name)
{
    return "Hello, " + name;
}

public class Greeter
{
    public string Greet(string name)
    {
        return "Hello, " + name;
    }
}

Top-level statements must precede namespace and type declarations. [CS9Features]csharp(CS8803)

using System;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;

[CompilerGenerated]
internal static class <Program>$
{
  private static void <Main>$(string[] args)
  {
   Greeter greeter = new Greeter();
   string helloTeacher = greeter.Greet("teacher");
   string helloStudents = SayHello("students");
   Console.WriteLine(helloTeacher);
   Console.WriteLine(helloStudents);

   static string SayHello(string name)
   {
    return "Hello, " + name;
   }
  }
}

using System;

Foo();

var x = 3;

int result = AddToX(4);
Console.WriteLine(result);

static void Foo()
{
    Console.WriteLine("Foo");
}

int AddToX(int y)
{
    return x + y;
}

namespace DbConfig.Web.DomainClasses
{
    public class ConfigurationValue
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Key { get; set; }
        public string Value { get; set; }
    }
}

    public class MyAppContext : DbContext, IUnitOfWork
    {
        public MyAppContext(DbContextOptions options) : base(options)
        { }

        public virtual DbSet<ConfigurationValue> Configurations { set; get; }

        protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder builder)
        {
            // it should be placed here, otherwise it will rewrite the following settings!
            base.OnModelCreating(builder);

            // Custom application mappings
            builder.Entity<ConfigurationValue>(entity =>
            {
                entity.Property(e => e.Key).HasMaxLength(450).IsRequired();
                entity.HasIndex(e => e.Key).IsUnique();
                entity.Property(e => e.Value).IsRequired();
                entity.HasData(new ConfigurationValue
                {
                    Id = 1,
                    Key = "key-1",
                    Value = "value_from_ef_1"
                });
                entity.HasData(new ConfigurationValue
                {
                    Id = 2,
                    Key = "key-2",
                    Value = "value_from_ef_2"
                });
            });
        }

    public class EFConfigurationSource : IConfigurationSource
    {
        private readonly IServiceProvider _serviceProvider;

        public EFConfigurationSource(IServiceProvider serviceProvider)
        {
            _serviceProvider = serviceProvider;
        }

        public IConfigurationProvider Build(IConfigurationBuilder builder)
        {
            return new EFConfigurationProvider(_serviceProvider);
        }
    }

    public class EFConfigurationProvider : ConfigurationProvider
    {
        private readonly IServiceProvider _serviceProvider;

        public EFConfigurationProvider(IServiceProvider serviceProvider)
        {
            _serviceProvider = serviceProvider;
            ensureDatabaseIsCreated();
        }

        public override void Load()
        {
            using (var scope = _serviceProvider.CreateScope())
            {
                var uow = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IUnitOfWork>();
                this.Data?.Clear();
                this.Data = uow.Set<ConfigurationValue>()
                               .AsNoTracking()
                               .ToList()
                               .ToDictionary(c => c.Key, c => c.Value);
            }
        }

        private void ensureDatabaseIsCreated()
        {
            using (var scope = _serviceProvider.CreateScope())
            {
                var uow = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IUnitOfWork>();
                uow.Migrate();
            }
        }
    }

    public static class EFExtensions
    {
        public static IConfigurationBuilder AddEFConfig(this IConfigurationBuilder builder,
            IServiceProvider serviceProvider)
        {
            return builder.Add(new EFConfigurationSource(serviceProvider));
        }
    }

namespace DbConfig.Web
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.AddScoped<IUnitOfWork, MyAppContext>();
            services.AddScoped<IConfigurationValuesService, ConfigurationValuesService>();

            var connectionString = Configuration.GetConnectionString("SqlServerConnection")
                     .Replace("|DataDirectory|", Path.Combine(Directory.GetCurrentDirectory(), "wwwroot", "app_data"));
            services.AddDbContext<MyAppContext>(options =>
                    {
                        options.UseSqlServer(
                            connectionString,
                            dbOptions =>
                                {
                                    var minutes = (int)TimeSpan.FromMinutes(3).TotalSeconds;
                                    dbOptions.CommandTimeout(minutes);
                                    dbOptions.EnableRetryOnFailure();
                                });
                    });

            var serviceProvider = services.BuildServiceProvider();
            var configuration = new ConfigurationBuilder()
                                       .AddConfiguration(Configuration) // Adds all of the existing configurations
                                       .AddEFConfig(serviceProvider)
                                       .Build();
            services.AddSingleton<IConfigurationRoot>(sp => configuration); // Replace
            services.AddSingleton<IConfiguration>(sp => configuration); // Replace

namespace DbConfig.Web.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        private readonly IConfiguration _configuration;

        public HomeController(IConfiguration configuration)
        {
            _configuration = configuration;
        }

        public IActionResult Index()
        {
            return Json(
                new
                {
                    key1 = _configuration["key-1"],
                    key2 = _configuration["key-2"]
                });
        }

    public class ConfigurationValuesService : IConfigurationValuesService
    {
        private readonly IConfiguration _configuration;

        public ConfigurationValuesService(IConfiguration configuration)
        {
            _configuration = configuration;
        }

        private void reloadEFConfigurationProvider()
        {
            ((IConfigurationRoot)_configuration).Reload();
        }

    public class Person
    {
        public string FirstName { get; set; }
    }

    public class PersonWithCtor
    {
        public PersonWithCtor(string firstName)
        {
            this.FirstName = firstName;
        }

        public string FirstName { get; set; }
    }

Person person = new Person();

var person = new Person();

Person person = new();

Person person = new("User 1");

var personList = new List<Person>
        {
            new ("User 1"),
            new ("User 2"),
            // ...
        };

public void Adopt(Person p)
{
    //...
}

public void CallerMethod()
{
    this.Adopt(new Person("User 1"));
    // C# 9.0
    this.Adopt(new("User 1"));
}

XmlReader.Create(reader, new XmlReaderSettings() { IgnoreWhitespace = true });
// C# 9.0
XmlReader.Create(reader, new() { IgnoreWhitespace = true });

Person person = new
{
   FirstName = "User 2"
};

Person person = new()
{
   FirstName = "User 2"
};

private ConcurrentDictionary<string, ObservableList<Cat>> _catsBefore = new ConcurrentDictionary<string, ObservableList<Cat>>();

private ConcurrentDictionary<string, ObservableList<Cat>> _cats = new(); // C# 9.0

public ObservableCollection<Friend> Friends { get; } = new();

public interface IAnimal
{
}

public class Dog : IAnimal
{
}

public class Cat : IAnimal
{
}

Cat cat = null;
Dog dog = new();
IAnimal animal = cat ?? dog;

(int a, int b) t = new(1, 2); // "new" is redundant

(int a, int b) t = new(); // OK; same as (0, 0)

If Not a And b Then
  ...
Else
  ...
EndIf

if(!(a) && b)
{
...
}
else
{
}

public interface ICommand
{
}

public class Command1 : ICommand
{
}

public class Command2 : ICommand
{
}

ICommand command = new Command1();
if (!(command is Command2))
{

}

if (command is not Command2)
{

}

if ((command is ICommand) && !(command is Command2))
{

}

if (command is ICommand and not Command2)
{

}

if (command is Command1 or Command2)
{

}

var number = new Random().Next(1, 10);
if (number > 2 && number < 8)
{

}

if (number is > 2 and < 8)
{

}

public static bool IsLetterOrSeparator(char c) =>
   (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') || c == '.' || c == ',';

public static bool IsLetterOrSeparator(char c) =>
   c is (>= 'a' and <= 'z') or (>= 'A' and <= 'Z') or '.' or ',';

 var number = new Random().Next(1, 10);
 if (number <= 0)
 {
     Console.WriteLine("Less than or equal to 0");
 }
 else if (number > 0 && number <= 10)
 {
     Console.WriteLine("More than 0 but less than or equal to 10");
 }
 else
 {
     Console.WriteLine("More than 10");
 }

// C#9.0
 switch (number)
 {
     case <= 0:
         Console.WriteLine("Less than or equal to 0");
         break;
     case > 0 and <= 10:
         Console.WriteLine("More than 0 but less than or equal to 10");
         break;
     default:
         Console.WriteLine("More than 10");
         break;
 }

// C#7.0
 switch (number)
 {
     case int value when value <= 0:
         Console.WriteLine("Less than or equal to 0");
         break;
     case int value when value > 0 && value <= 10:
         Console.WriteLine("More than 0 but less than or equal to 10");
         break;
     default:
         Console.WriteLine("More than 10");
         break;
 }

 var message = number switch
 {
     <= 0 => "Less than or equal to 0",
     > 0 and <= 10 => "More than 0 but less than or equal to 10",
     _ => "More than 10"
 };

private static int GetDiscount(Product p) => p switch
        {
            Food => 0, // Food _ => 0 before C# 9
            Book b => 75, // Book b _ => 75 before C# 9
            _ => 25
        };

public interface IShoppingCartService
{
    ShoppingCart GetContents();
    ShoppingCart AddItemToCart(int itemId, int quantity);
}
public class ShoppingCartService : IShoppingCartService
{
    public ShoppingCart GetContents()
    {
        throw new NotImplementedException("Get cart from Persistence Layer");
    }
    public ShoppingCart AddItemToCart(int itemId, int quantity)
    {
        throw new NotImplementedException("Add Item to cart then return updated cart");
    }
}
public class ShoppingCart
{
    public List<product> Items { get; set; }
}
public class Product
{
    public int ItemId { get; set; }
    public string ItemName { get; set; }
}
public class ShoppingCartController : Controller
{
    //Concrete object below points to actual service
    //private ShoppingCartService _shoppingCartService;
    //loosely coupled code below uses the interface rather than the 
    //concrete object
    private IShoppingCartService _shoppingCartService;
    public ShoppingCartController()
    {
        _shoppingCartService = new ShoppingCartService();
    }
    public ActionResult GetCart()
    {
        //now using the shared instance of the shoppingCartService dependency
        ShoppingCart cart = _shoppingCartService.GetContents();
        return View("Cart", cart);
    }
    public ActionResult AddItemToCart(int itemId, int quantity)
    {
        //now using the shared instance of the shoppingCartService dependency
        ShoppingCart cart = _shoppingCartService.AddItemToCart(itemId, quantity);
        return View("Cart", cart);
    }
}

//loosely coupled code below uses the interface rather 
//than the concrete object
private IShoppingCartService _shoppingCartService;
//MVC uses this constructor 
public ShoppingCartController()
{
    _shoppingCartService = new ShoppingCartService();
}
//You can use this constructor when testing to inject the    
//ShoppingCartService dependency
public ShoppingCartController(IShoppingCartService shoppingCartService)
{
    _shoppingCartService = shoppingCartService;
}

[TestClass]
public class ShoppingCartControllerTests
{
    [TestMethod]
    public void GetCartSmokeTest()
    {
        //arrange
        ShoppingCartController controller = 
           new ShoppingCartController(new ShoppingCartServiceStub());
        // Act
        ActionResult result = controller.GetCart();
        // Assert
        Assert.IsInstanceOfType(result, typeof(ViewResult));
    }
}
/// <summary>
/// This is is a stub of the ShoppingCartService
/// </summary>
public class ShoppingCartServiceStub : IShoppingCartService
{
    public ShoppingCart GetContents()
    {
        return new ShoppingCart
        {
            Items = new List<product> {
                new Product {ItemId = 1, ItemName = "Widget"}
            }
        };
    }
    public ShoppingCart AddItemToCart(int itemId, int quantity)
    {
        throw new NotImplementedException();
    }
}

public abstract class Product
{
  public string Name { get; set; }
  public abstract ProductOrder Order(int quantity);
}

public class Book : Product
{
  public string ISBN { get; set; }
  public override ProductOrder Order(int quantity) =>
new BookOrder { Quantity = quantity, Product = this };
}

public class ProductOrder
{
  public int Quantity { get; set; }
}

public class BookOrder : ProductOrder
{
  public Book Product { get; set; }
}

var book = new Book
{
  Name = "My book",
  ISBN = "11-1-12-22-0"
};
BookOrder orderBook = (BookOrder)book.Order(1);

public class Book : Product
{
  public string ISBN { get; set; }
  public override BookOrder Order(int quantity) =>
      new BookOrder { Quantity = quantity, Product = this };
}

BookOrder orderBook = book.Order(1);