TypeScript 3.0 introduced a new unknown type which is the type-safe counterpart of the any type. The main difference between unknown and any is that unknown is much less permissive than any

import React from "react";

export type User = {
  name: string;
  isActive: boolean;
  logOut: () => void;
};

export const UserContext = React.createContext<User>({});
export const useUser = () => React.useContext(UserContext);

function React.createContext<User>(defaultValue: User,
 calculateChangedBits?: ((prev: User, next: User) => number) | undefined): React.Context<User>

Argument of type '{}' is not assignable to parameter of type 'User'.
Type '{}' is missing the following properties from type 'User': name, isActive, logOutts(2345)

export const UserContext = React.createContext<Partial<User>>({});

export const UserContext = React.createContext<User | undefined>(undefined);

import { User, UserContext } from "./contexts/userContext";
// ...

function App() {
  const user: User = {
    name: "User 1",
    isActive: true,
    logOut: () => {
      console.log("LogOut.");
    },
  };

  return (
    <UserContext.Provider value={user}>
    // ... 
    </UserContext.Provider>
  );
}

export default App;

import { UserContext } from "../contexts/userContext";

// ...

export const Head = ({ title, isActive = true }: Props) => {
  const context = React.useContext(UserContext); // or useUser();
// ...
};

export const UserContext = React.createContext<User | undefined>(undefined);

const context = React.useContext(UserContext)!; // or useUser()!;
const { name } = context;

namespace Loans.Entities
{
    public class Applicant
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }

        public string Name { set; get; }

        public int Age { set; get; }

        public string Address { set; get; }

        public decimal Salary { set; get; }
    }
}

namespace Loans.Entities
{
    public class LoanProduct
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }

        public string ProductName { set; get; }

        public decimal InterestRate { set; get; }
    }
}

namespace Loans.Entities
{
    public class LoanApplication
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }

        public LoanProduct Product { set; get; }

        public LoanAmount Amount { set; get; }

        public Applicant Applicant { set; get; }

        public bool IsAccepted { set; get; }
    }

    public class LoanAmount
    {
        public string CurrencyCode { get; set; }

        public decimal Principal { get; set; }
    }
}

namespace Loans.Models
{
    public class IdentityVerificationStatus
    {
        public bool Passed { get; set; }
    }
}

using Loans.Models;

namespace Loans.Services.Contracts
{
    public interface IIdentityVerifier
    {
        void Initialize();

        bool Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress);

        void Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress, out bool isValid);

        void Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress,
            ref IdentityVerificationStatus status);
    }
}

namespace Loans.Services.Contracts
{
    public interface ICreditScorer
    {
        int Score { get; }

        void CalculateScore(string applicantName, string applicantAddress);
    }
}

using System;
using Loans.Entities;
using Loans.Services.Contracts;

namespace Loans.Services
{
    public class LoanApplicationProcessor
    {
        private const decimal MinimumSalary = 1_500_000_0;
        private const int MinimumAge = 18;
        private const int MinimumCreditScore = 100_000;

        private readonly IIdentityVerifier _identityVerifier;
        private readonly ICreditScorer _creditScorer;

        public LoanApplicationProcessor(
            IIdentityVerifier identityVerifier,
            ICreditScorer creditScorer)
        {
            _identityVerifier = identityVerifier ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(identityVerifier));
            _creditScorer = creditScorer ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(creditScorer));
        }

        public bool Process(LoanApplication application)
        {
            application.IsAccepted = false;

            if (application.Applicant.Salary < MinimumSalary)
            {
                return application.IsAccepted;
            }

            if (application.Applicant.Age < MinimumAge)
            {
                return application.IsAccepted;
            }

            _identityVerifier.Initialize();

            var isValidIdentity = _identityVerifier.Validate(
                application.Applicant.Name, application.Applicant.Age, application.Applicant.Address);

            if (!isValidIdentity)
            {
                return application.IsAccepted;
            }

            _creditScorer.CalculateScore(application.Applicant.Name, application.Applicant.Address);
            if (_creditScorer.Score < MinimumCreditScore)
            {
                return application.IsAccepted;
            }

            application.IsAccepted = true;
            return application.IsAccepted;
        }
    }
}

using System;
using Loans.Models;
using Loans.Services.Contracts;

namespace Loans.Services
{
    public class IdentityVerifierServiceGateway : IIdentityVerifier
    {
        public DateTime LastCheckTime { get; private set; }

        public void Initialize()
        {
            // Initialize connection to external service
        }

        public bool Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress)
        {
            Connect();
            var isValidIdentity = CallService(applicantName, applicantAge, applicantAddress);
            LastCheckTime = DateTime.Now;
            Disconnect();

            return isValidIdentity;
        }

        private void Connect()
        {
            // Open connection to external service
        }

        private bool CallService(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress)
        {
            // Make call to external service, interpret the response, and return result

            return false; // Simulate result for demo purposes
        }

        private void Disconnect()
        {
            // Close connection to external service
        }

        public void Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress, out bool isValid)
        {
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }

        public void Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress,
            ref IdentityVerificationStatus status)
        {
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }
    }
}

        public LoanApplicationProcessor(
            IIdentityVerifier identityVerifier,
            ICreditScorer creditScorer)
        {
            _identityVerifier = identityVerifier ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(identityVerifier));
            _creditScorer = creditScorer ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(creditScorer));
        }

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
  <PropertyGroup>
    <TargetFramework>netcoreapp2.2</TargetFramework>
  </PropertyGroup>
  <ItemGroup>
    <ProjectReference Include="..\Loans\Loans.csproj" />
  </ItemGroup>
  <ItemGroup>
    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.NET.Test.Sdk" Version="16.3.0" />
    <PackageReference Include="MSTest.TestAdapter" Version="2.0.0" />
    <PackageReference Include="MSTest.TestFramework" Version="2.0.0" />    
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>

using Loans.Entities;
using Loans.Services;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;

namespace Loans.Tests
{
    [TestClass]
    public class LoanApplicationProcessorShould
    {
        [TestMethod]
        public void DeclineLowSalary()
        {
            var product = new LoanProduct {Id = 99, ProductName = "Loan", InterestRate = 5.25m};
            var amount = new LoanAmount {CurrencyCode = "Rial", Principal = 2_000_000_0};
            var applicant =
                new Applicant {Id = 1, Name = "User 1", Age = 25, Address = "This place", Salary = 1_100_000_0};
            var application = new LoanApplication {Id = 42, Product = product, Amount = amount, Applicant = applicant};
            var processor = new LoanApplicationProcessor(null, null);
            processor.Process(application);

            Assert.IsFalse(application.IsAccepted);
        }
    }
}

public class LoanApplicationProcessor
{
    private const decimal MinimumSalary = 1_500_000_0;

Test method Loans.Tests.LoanApplicationProcessorShould.DeclineLowSalary threw exception:
System.ArgumentNullException: Value cannot be null.
Parameter name: identityVerifier

        public LoanApplicationProcessor(
            IIdentityVerifier identityVerifier,
            ICreditScorer creditScorer)
        {
            _identityVerifier = identityVerifier ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(identityVerifier));
            _creditScorer = creditScorer ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(creditScorer));
        }

> dotnet add package Moq
> Install-Package Moq

using Loans.Entities;
using Loans.Services;
using Loans.Services.Contracts;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using Moq;

namespace Loans.Tests
{
    [TestClass]
    public class LoanApplicationProcessorShould
    {
        [TestMethod]
        public void DeclineLowSalary()
        {
            var product = new LoanProduct {Id = 99, ProductName = "Loan", InterestRate = 5.25m};
            var amount = new LoanAmount {CurrencyCode = "Rial", Principal = 2_000_000_0};
            var applicant =
                new Applicant {Id = 1, Name = "User 1", Age = 25, Address = "This place", Salary = 1_100_000_0};
            var application = new LoanApplication {Id = 42, Product = product, Amount = amount, Applicant = applicant};

            var mockIdentityVerifier = new Mock<IIdentityVerifier>();
            var mockCreditScorer = new Mock<ICreditScorer>();

            var processor = new LoanApplicationProcessor(mockIdentityVerifier.Object, mockCreditScorer.Object);
            processor.Process(application);

            Assert.IsFalse(application.IsAccepted);
        }
    }
}

using Loans.Entities;
using Loans.Services;
using Loans.Services.Contracts;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using Moq;

namespace Loans.Tests
{
    [TestClass]
    public class LoanApplicationProcessorShould
    {        
        [TestMethod]
        public void Accept()
        {
            var product = new LoanProduct {Id = 99, ProductName = "Loan", InterestRate = 5.25m};
            var amount = new LoanAmount {CurrencyCode = "Rial", Principal = 2_000_000_0};
            var applicant =
                new Applicant {Id = 1, Name = "User 1", Age = 25, Address = "This place", Salary = 1_500_000_0};
            var application = new LoanApplication {Id = 42, Product = product, Amount = amount, Applicant = applicant};

            var mockIdentityVerifier = new Mock<IIdentityVerifier>();
            var mockCreditScorer = new Mock<ICreditScorer>();

            var processor = new LoanApplicationProcessor(mockIdentityVerifier.Object, mockCreditScorer.Object);
            processor.Process(application);

            Assert.IsTrue(application.IsAccepted);
        }
    }
}

_identityVerifier.Initialize();
var isValidIdentity = _identityVerifier.Validate(
    application.Applicant.Name, application.Applicant.Age, application.Applicant.Address);

In this post I’ll quickly explain the minimum you need to know in order to publish an Angular component to npm. By the end of the post you’ll know how your module to: 

• Be platform independent (i.e. run in Web Workers, Universal).
  
• Should be bundled and distributed.
  
• Work with the Angular’s Ahead-of-Time compiler.
  
• Play well with TypeScript and allow autocompletion and compile-time type checking. 
  

using System;
using iTextSharp.text;
using PdfRpt.Core.Contracts;
using PdfRpt.Core.Helper;
using PdfRpt.FluentInterface;

namespace PdfReportSamples.CustomCellTemplate
{
    public class CustomCellTemplatePdfReport
    {
        public IPdfReportData CreatePdfReport()
        {
            return new PdfReport().DocumentPreferences(doc =>
            {
                doc.RunDirection(PdfRunDirection.RightToLeft);
                doc.Orientation(PageOrientation.Portrait);
                doc.PageSize(PdfPageSize.A4);
                doc.DocumentMetadata(new DocumentMetadata { Author = "Vahid", Application = "PdfRpt", Keywords = "Test", Subject = "Test Rpt", Title = "Test" });
                doc.Compression(new CompressionSettings
                               {
                                   CompressionLevel = CompressionLevel.BestCompression,
                                   EnableCompression = true
                               });
            })
             .DefaultFonts(fonts =>
             {
                 fonts.Path(AppPath.ApplicationPath + "\\fonts\\irsans.ttf",
                            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SystemRoot") + "\\fonts\\verdana.ttf");
             })
             .PagesFooter(footer =>
             {
                 footer.DefaultFooter(DateTime.Now.ToString("MM/dd/yyyy"));
             })
             .PagesHeader(header =>
             {
                 header.DefaultHeader(defaultHeader =>
                 {
                     defaultHeader.ImagePath(AppPath.ApplicationPath + "\\Images\\01.png");
                     defaultHeader.Message("گزارش جدید ما");
                 });
             })
             .MainTableTemplate(template =>
             {
                 template.BasicTemplate(BasicTemplate.SnowyPineTemplate);
             })
             .MainTablePreferences(table =>
             {
                 table.ColumnsWidthsType(TableColumnWidthType.Relative);
                 table.MultipleColumnsPerPage(new MultipleColumnsPerPage
                 {
                     ColumnsGap = 20,
                     ColumnsPerPage = 2,
                     ColumnsWidth = 250,
                     IsRightToLeft = true,
                     TopMargin = 7
                 });
             })
             .MainTableDataSource(dataSource =>
             {
                 var table = new System.Data.DataTable("لیست حقوق");
                 table.Columns.Add("شخص", typeof(string));
                 table.Columns.Add("ماه", typeof(int));
                 table.Columns.Add("مبلغ", typeof(decimal));

                 var rnd = new Random();
                 for (int i = 0; i < 200; i++)
                     table.Rows.Add("شخص " + i, rnd.Next(1, 12), rnd.Next(400, 2000));

                 dataSource.DataTable(table);
             })
             .MainTableEvents(events =>
             {
                 events.DataSourceIsEmpty(message: "There is no data available to display.");
                 events.CellCreated(args =>
                     {
                         //change the background color of the cell based on the value
                         if (args.RowType == RowType.DataTableRow && args.Cell.RowData.Value != null && args.Cell.RowData.Value is decimal)
                         {
                             if ((decimal)args.Cell.RowData.Value <= 1000)
                                 args.Cell.BasicProperties.BackgroundColor = BaseColor.CYAN;
                         }
                     });
             })
             .MainTableSummarySettings(summary =>
             {
                 summary.OverallSummarySettings("جمع کل");
                 summary.PageSummarySettings("جمع صفحه");
                 summary.PreviousPageSummarySettings("نقل از ستون قبل");
             })
             .MainTableColumns(columns =>
             {
                 columns.AddColumn(column =>
                 {
                     column.PropertyName("rowNo");
                     column.IsRowNumber(true);
                     column.CellsHorizontalAlignment(HorizontalAlignment.Center);
                     column.IsVisible(true);
                     column.Order(0);
                     column.Width(1);
                     column.HeaderCell("ردیف");
                 });

                 columns.AddColumn(column =>
                 {
                     column.PropertyName("شخص");
                     column.CellsHorizontalAlignment(HorizontalAlignment.Center);
                     column.IsVisible(true);
                     column.Order(1);
                     column.Width(3);
                     column.HeaderCell("شخص");
                     column.ColumnItemsTemplate(t => t.CustomTemplate(new MyCustomCellTemplate()));
                 });

                 columns.AddColumn(column =>
                 {
                     column.PropertyName("ماه");
                     column.CellsHorizontalAlignment(HorizontalAlignment.Center);
                     column.IsVisible(true);
                     column.Order(2);
                     column.Width(2);
                     column.HeaderCell("ماه");
                     column.ColumnItemsTemplate(template =>
                     {
                         template.TextBlock();
                         template.ConditionalFormatFormula(list =>
                         {
                             var cellValue = int.Parse(list.GetSafeStringValueOf("ماه", nullValue: "0"));
                             if (cellValue == 7)
                             {
                                 return new CellBasicProperties
                                 {
                                     PdfFontStyle = DocumentFontStyle.Bold | DocumentFontStyle.Underline,
                                     FontColor = new BaseColor(System.Drawing.Color.Brown),
                                     BackgroundColor = new BaseColor(System.Drawing.Color.Yellow)
                                 };
                             }
                             return new CellBasicProperties { PdfFontStyle = DocumentFontStyle.Normal };
                         });
                     });
                 });

                 columns.AddColumn(column =>
                 {
                     column.PropertyName("مبلغ");
                     column.CellsHorizontalAlignment(HorizontalAlignment.Center);
                     column.IsVisible(true);
                     column.Order(3);
                     column.Width(2);
                     column.HeaderCell("مبلغ");
                     column.ColumnItemsTemplate(template =>
                     {
                         template.TextBlock();
                         template.DisplayFormatFormula(obj => obj == null ? string.Empty : string.Format("{0:n0}", obj));
                     });
                     column.AggregateFunction(aggregateFunction =>
                     {
                         aggregateFunction.NumericAggregateFunction(AggregateFunction.Sum);
                         aggregateFunction.DisplayFormatFormula(obj => obj == null ? string.Empty : string.Format("{0:n0}", obj));
                     });
                 });
             })
             .Export(export =>
                 {
                     export.ToXml();
                     export.ToExcel();
                 })
             .Generate(data => data.AsPdfFile(AppPath.ApplicationPath + "\\Pdf\\RptDataTableSample.pdf"));
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using iTextSharp.text;
using iTextSharp.text.pdf;
using PdfRpt.Core.Contracts;
using PdfRpt.Core.Helper;

namespace PdfReportSamples.CustomCellTemplate
{
    public class MyCustomCellTemplate : IColumnItemsTemplate
    {
        Random _rnd = new Random();

        public void CellRendered(PdfPCell cell, Rectangle position, PdfContentByte[] canvases, CellAttributes attributes)
        {
        }

        public CellBasicProperties BasicProperties { set; get; }
        public Func<IList<CellData>, CellBasicProperties> ConditionalFormatFormula { set; get; }

        public PdfPCell RenderingCell(CellAttributes attributes)
        {
            var pdfCell = new PdfPCell();
            var table = new PdfPTable(1) { RunDirection = PdfWriter.RUN_DIRECTION_RTL };

            var filePath = AppPath.ApplicationPath + "\\Images\\" + _rnd.Next(1, 5).ToString("00") + ".png";
            var photo = PdfImageHelper.GetITextSharpImageFromImageFile(filePath);
            table.AddCell(new PdfPCell(photo, fit: false)
            {
                Border = 0,                
                VerticalAlignment = Element.ALIGN_BOTTOM,
                HorizontalAlignment = Element.ALIGN_CENTER
            });

            var name = attributes.RowData.TableRowData.GetSafeStringValueOf("شخص");
            table.AddCell(new PdfPCell(attributes.BasicProperties.PdfFont.FontSelector.Process(name))
            {
                Border = 0,
                HorizontalAlignment = Element.ALIGN_CENTER
            });

            pdfCell.AddElement(table);

            return pdfCell;
        }
    }
}

events.CellCreated(args =>
    {
         //change the background color of the cell based on the value
         if (args.RowType == RowType.DataTableRow && args.Cell.RowData.Value != null && args.Cell.RowData.Value is decimal)
         {
              if ((decimal)args.Cell.RowData.Value <= 1000)
                   args.Cell.BasicProperties.BackgroundColor = BaseColor.CYAN;
          }
      });

Reviewing what we need to know pre- and post- C# 7 features about the type system and in particular, reference types and reference-like behaviour, while correcting common misconceptions along the way