[HttpGet]
        public ActionResult GetSimpleJsonData()
        {
            return new ContentResult
            {
                Content = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(new { id = 1 }),
                ContentType = "application/json",
                ContentEncoding = Encoding.UTF8
            };
        }

using System;
using System.Web.Mvc;
using Newtonsoft.Json;

namespace MvcJsonNetTests.Utils
{
    public class JsonNetResult : JsonResult
    {
        public JsonNetResult()
        {
            Settings = new JsonSerializerSettings { ReferenceLoopHandling = ReferenceLoopHandling.Error };
        }

        public JsonSerializerSettings Settings { get; set; }

        public override void ExecuteResult(ControllerContext context)
        {
            if (context == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("context");

            if (this.JsonRequestBehavior == JsonRequestBehavior.DenyGet &&
                string.Equals(context.HttpContext.Request.HttpMethod, "GET", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
            {
                throw new InvalidOperationException("To allow GET requests, set JsonRequestBehavior to AllowGet.");
            }

            if (this.Data == null)
                return;

            var response = context.HttpContext.Response;
            response.ContentType = string.IsNullOrEmpty(this.ContentType) ? "application/json" : this.ContentType;

            if (this.ContentEncoding != null)
                response.ContentEncoding = this.ContentEncoding;

            var serializer = JsonSerializer.Create(this.Settings);
            using (var writer = new JsonTextWriter(response.Output))
            {
                serializer.Serialize(writer, Data);
                writer.Flush();
            }
        }
    }
}

        [HttpGet]
        public ActionResult GetJsonData()
        {
            return new JsonNetResult
            {
                Data = new
                {
                    Id = 1,
                    Name = "Test 1"
                },
                JsonRequestBehavior = JsonRequestBehavior.AllowGet,
                Settings = { ReferenceLoopHandling = ReferenceLoopHandling.Ignore }
            };
        }

using System;
using System.Dynamic;
using System.Globalization;
using System.IO;
using System.Web.Mvc;
using Newtonsoft.Json;
using Newtonsoft.Json.Converters;

namespace MvcJsonNetTests.Utils
{
    public class JsonNetValueProviderFactory : ValueProviderFactory
    {
        public override IValueProvider GetValueProvider(ControllerContext controllerContext)
        {
            if (controllerContext == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("controllerContext");

            if (controllerContext.HttpContext == null ||
                controllerContext.HttpContext.Request == null ||
                controllerContext.HttpContext.Request.ContentType == null)
            {
                return null;
            }

            if (!controllerContext.HttpContext.Request.ContentType.StartsWith(
                    "application/json", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
            {
                return null;
            }
            
            using (var reader = new StreamReader(controllerContext.HttpContext.Request.InputStream))
            {
                var bodyText = reader.ReadToEnd();
                return string.IsNullOrEmpty(bodyText)
                    ? null
                    : new DictionaryValueProvider<object>(
                        JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<ExpandoObject>(bodyText, new JsonSerializerSettings
                        {
                            Converters = { new ExpandoObjectConverter() }
                        }),
                        CultureInfo.CurrentCulture);
            }
        }
    }
}

   [HttpPost]
  public ActionResult TestValueProvider(string data1, dynamic data2)

using System.Linq;
using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Web.Routing;
using MvcJsonNetTests.Utils;

namespace MvcJsonNetTests
{
    public class MvcApplication : System.Web.HttpApplication
    {
        protected void Application_Start()
        {
            AreaRegistration.RegisterAllAreas();
            RouteConfig.RegisterRoutes(RouteTable.Routes);

            ValueProviderFactories.Factories.Remove(
                ValueProviderFactories.Factories.OfType<JsonValueProviderFactory>().FirstOrDefault());
            ValueProviderFactories.Factories.Add(new JsonNetValueProviderFactory());
        }
    }
}

public double TotalRating { get ; set ; } = 0.0 ; 
public int TotalRaters { get ; set ; } = 0 ; 
public double AverageRating { get ; set ; } = 0.0 ;

modelBuilder.Entity<Product>().OwnsOne(p = > p.Rating)

public static class WebGridExtensions
{
    public static HelperResult PagerList(
        this WebGrid webGrid,
        WebGridPagerModes mode = WebGridPagerModes.NextPrevious | WebGridPagerModes.Numeric,
        string firstText = null,
        string previousText = null,
        string nextText = null,
        string lastText = null,
        int numericLinksCount = 5)
    {
        return PagerList(webGrid, mode, firstText, previousText, nextText, lastText, numericLinksCount, explicitlyCalled: true);
    }

    private static HelperResult PagerList(
        WebGrid webGrid,
        WebGridPagerModes mode,
        string firstText,
        string previousText,
        string nextText,
        string lastText,
        int numericLinksCount,
        bool explicitlyCalled)
    {
        
        int currentPage = webGrid.PageIndex;
        int totalPages = webGrid.PageCount;
        int lastPage = totalPages - 1;

        var ul = new TagBuilder("ul");
        var li = new List<TagBuilder>();

        
        if (ModeEnabled(mode, WebGridPagerModes.FirstLast)) {
            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(firstText)) {
                firstText = "اولین";
            }

            var part = new TagBuilder("li") {
                InnerHtml = GridLink(webGrid, webGrid.GetPageUrl(0), firstText)
            };

            if (currentPage == 0) {
                part.MergeAttribute("class", "disabled");
            }

            li.Add(part);

        }
        
        if (ModeEnabled(mode, WebGridPagerModes.NextPrevious)) {
            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(previousText)) {
                previousText = "قبلی";
            }

            int page = currentPage == 0 ? 0: currentPage - 1;

            var part = new TagBuilder("li") {
                InnerHtml = GridLink(webGrid, webGrid.GetPageUrl(page), previousText)
            };
            
            if (currentPage == 0) {
                part.MergeAttribute("class", "disabled");
            }

            li.Add(part);

        }


       if (ModeEnabled(mode, WebGridPagerModes.Numeric) && (totalPages > 1)) {
            int last = currentPage + (numericLinksCount / 2);
            int first = last - numericLinksCount + 1;
            if (last > lastPage) {
                first -= last - lastPage;
                last = lastPage;
            }
            if (first < 0) {
                last = Math.Min(last + (0 - first), lastPage);
                first = 0;
            }
            for (int i = first; i <= last; i++) {

                var pageText = (i + 1).ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
                var part = new TagBuilder("li") {
                    InnerHtml = GridLink(webGrid, webGrid.GetPageUrl(i), pageText)
                };

                if (i == currentPage) {
                    part.MergeAttribute("class", "active");
                }
                
                li.Add(part);

            }
        }
        
        if (ModeEnabled(mode, WebGridPagerModes.NextPrevious)) {
            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(nextText)) {
                nextText = "بعدی";
            }
            
            int page = currentPage == lastPage ? lastPage: currentPage + 1;

            var part = new TagBuilder("li") {
                InnerHtml = GridLink(webGrid, webGrid.GetPageUrl(page), nextText)
            };
            
            if (currentPage == lastPage) {
                part.MergeAttribute("class", "disabled");
            }

            li.Add(part);

        }
        
        if (ModeEnabled(mode, WebGridPagerModes.FirstLast)) {
            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(lastText)) {
                lastText = "آخرین";
            }

            var part = new TagBuilder("li") {
                InnerHtml = GridLink(webGrid, webGrid.GetPageUrl(lastPage), lastText)
            };
            
            if (currentPage == lastPage) {
                part.MergeAttribute("class", "disabled");
            }

            li.Add(part);

        }

        ul.InnerHtml = string.Join("", li);

        var html = "";
        if (explicitlyCalled && webGrid.IsAjaxEnabled) {
            var span = new TagBuilder("span");
            span.MergeAttribute("data-swhgajax", "true");
            span.MergeAttribute("data-swhgcontainer", webGrid.AjaxUpdateContainerId);
            span.MergeAttribute("data-swhgcallback", webGrid.AjaxUpdateCallback);

            span.InnerHtml = ul.ToString();
            html = span.ToString();

        } else {
            html = ul.ToString();
        }

        return new HelperResult(writer => {
            writer.Write(html);         
        });
    }

    private static String GridLink(WebGrid webGrid, string url, string text) 
    {
        TagBuilder builder = new TagBuilder("a");
        builder.SetInnerText(text);
        builder.MergeAttribute("href", url);
        if (webGrid.IsAjaxEnabled) {
            builder.MergeAttribute("data-swhglnk", "true");
        }
        return builder.ToString(TagRenderMode.Normal);
    }


    private static bool ModeEnabled(WebGridPagerModes mode, WebGridPagerModes modeCheck)
    {
        return (mode & modeCheck) == modeCheck;
    }

}

<div>
@grid.PagerList(mode: WebGridPagerModes.All)
</div>

@{  
    WebGrid grid = new WebGrid(Model,
                               rowsPerPage: 10,
                               ajaxUpdateContainerId: "grid");
    
    var rowIndex = ((grid.PageIndex + 1) * grid.RowsPerPage) - (grid.RowsPerPage - 1);
}

    @grid.Table(
                            tableStyle: "table table-striped table-hover",
                    headerStyle: "webgrid-header",
          
            alternatingRowStyle: "webgrid-alternating-row",
            selectedRowStyle: "webgrid-selected-row",
            rowStyle: "webgrid-row-style",
            columns: grid.Columns(
                
                  grid.Column(columnName: "Name", header: "نام استان", style: "myfont"),
                  grid.Column(columnName: "NameEn", header: "نام استان ( انگلیسی )", style: "myfont"),
                  grid.Column(header: "", format: item => @Html.ActionLink("مدیریت شهرها", actionName: MVC.Admin.City.ActionNames.Index, controllerName: MVC.Admin.City.Name, routeValues: new {Code=item.Code },htmlAttributes:null)),
                 grid.Column(header: "",
                 style: "text-align-center-col smallcell",
                             format: item => @Html.ActionLink(linkText: "ویرایش", actionName: "Edit",
                             controllerName: "Province", routeValues: new { area = "Admin", code = item.Code },
                             htmlAttributes: new { @class = "btn-sm btn-info vertical-center" }))
                 ) )

<div>
    @grid.PagerList(mode: WebGridPagerModes.All)
</div>
 

.pagination > li

.pagination li

<div >
    @grid.PagerList(mode: WebGridPagerModes.All)
</div>

  var ul = new TagBuilder("ul");
        ul.AddCssClass("pagination");

grid.Bind(Model, rowCount: (int)ViewBag.PageCount);

    private const string SeparatorTitle = " - ";
    private const int MaxLenghtTitle = 60;
    public static string GeneratePageTitle(params string[] crumbs)
    {
        var title = "";

        for (int i = 0; i < crumbs.Length; i++)
        {
            title += string.Format
                        (
                            "{0}{1}",
                            crumbs[i],
                            (i < crumbs.Length - 1) ? SeparatorTitle : string.Empty
                        );
        }

        title = title.Substring(0, title.Length <= MaxLenghtTitle ? title.Length : MaxLenghtTitle).Trim();

        return title;
    }

public enum CacheControlType
{
    [Description("public")]
    _public,
    [Description("private")]
    _private,
    [Description("no-cache")]
    _nocache,
    [Description("no-store")]
    _nostore
}  



private const int MaxLenghtTitle = 60;
private const int MaxLenghtDescription = 170;
private const string FaviconPath = "~/cdn/ui/favicon.ico";
public static string GenerateMetaTag(string title, string description, bool allowIndexPage, bool allowFollowLinks, string author = "", string lastmodified = "", string expires = "never", string language = "fa", CacheControlType cacheControlType = CacheControlType._private)
{
        title = title.Substring(0, title.Length <= MaxLenghtTitle ? title.Length : MaxLenghtTitle).Trim();
        description = description.Substring(0, description.Length <= MaxLenghtDescription ? description.Length : MaxLenghtDescription).Trim();

        var meta = "";
        meta += string.Format("<title>{0}</title>\n", title);
        meta += string.Format("<link rel=\"shortcut icon\" href=\"{0}\"/>\n", FaviconPath);
        meta += string.Format("<meta http-equiv=\"content-language\" content=\"{0}\"/>\n", language);
        meta += string.Format("<meta http-equiv=\"content-type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\"/>\n");
        meta += string.Format("<meta charset=\"utf-8\"/>\n");
        meta += string.Format("<meta name=\"description\" content=\"{0}\"/>\n", description);
        meta += string.Format("<meta http-equiv=\"Cache-control\" content=\"{0}\"/>\n", EnumExtensions.EnumHelper<CacheControlType>.GetEnumDescription(cacheControlType.ToString()));
        meta += string.Format("<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"{0}, {1}\" />\n", allowIndexPage ? "index" : "noindex", allowFollowLinks ? "follow" : "nofollow");
        meta += string.Format("<meta name=\"expires\" content=\"{0}\"/>\n", expires);

        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(lastmodified))
            meta += string.Format("<meta name=\"last-modified\" content=\"{0}\"/>\n", lastmodified);

        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(author))
            meta += string.Format("<meta name=\"author\" content=\"{0}\"/>\n", author);

        //------------------------------------Google & Bing Doesn't Use Meta Keywords ...
        //meta += string.Format("<meta name=\"keywords\" content=\"{0}\"/>\n", keywords);

        return meta;
}

private const int MaxLenghtSlug = 45;
public static string GenerateSlug(string title)
{
        var slug = RemoveAccent(title).ToLower();
        slug = Regex.Replace(slug, @"[^a-z0-9-\u0600-\u06FF]", "-");
        slug = Regex.Replace(slug, @"\s+", "-").Trim();
        slug = Regex.Replace(slug, @"-+", "-");
        slug = slug.Substring(0, slug.Length <= MaxLenghtSlug ? slug.Length : MaxLenghtSlug).Trim();

        return slug;
}
    
private static string RemoveAccent(string text)
{
        var bytes = Encoding.GetEncoding("UTF-8").GetBytes(text);
        return Encoding.UTF8.GetString(bytes);
}

   Head.InnerHtml = SEO.GenerateMetaTag
                            (
                                title: SEO.GeneratePageTitle(".NET Tips", "آرشیو مطالب", "ASP.NET MVC #1"),
                                description: "چرا ASP.NET MVC با وجود فریم ورک پخته‌ای به نام ASP.NET web forms، اولین سؤالی که حین سوئیچ به ASP.NET MVC مطرح می‌شود این است: «برای چی؟». بنابراین تا به این سؤال پاسخ داده نشود، هر نوع بحث فنی در این مورد بی فایده است.",
                                allowIndexPage: true,
                                allowFollowLinks: true,
                                author: "وحید نصیری",
                                cacheControlType: SEO.CacheControlType._private
                            );
 

<title>.NET Tips - آرشیو مطالب - ASP.NET MVC #1</title>
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../../cdn/images/ui/favicon.ico"/>
<meta http-equiv="content-language" content="fa"/>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>
<meta charset="utf-8"/>
<meta name="description" content="چرا ASP.NET MVC ؟با وجود فریم ورک پخته‌ای به نام ASP.NET web forms، اولین سؤالی که حین سوئیچ به ASP.NET MVC مطرح می‌شود این است: &#171;برای چی؟&#187;. بن ..."/>
<meta http-equiv="Cache-control" content="private"/>
<meta name="robots" content="index, follow" />
<meta name="expires" content="never"/>
<meta name="author" content="وحید نصیری"/>
 

اگر مطالب پیش نیاز را مطالعه کنید، قطعا روش مطرح شده را انتخاب نخواهید کرد؛ به همین دلیل به دنبال راه حل صحیح برخورد با این سناریوها بودم که نتیجه آن را در ادامه خواهیم دید.

راه حل صحیح برای برخورد با این سناریوها بازگشت یک Result می‌باشد که در مطلب قبلی هم تحت عنوان OperationResult مطرح شد. 

    public class Result
    {
        private static readonly Result SuccessResult = new Result(true, null);

        protected Result(bool succeeded, string message)
        {
            if (succeeded)
            {
                if (message != null)
                    throw new ArgumentException("There should be no error message for success.", nameof(message));
            }
            else
            {
                if (message == null)
                    throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(message), "There must be error message for failure.");
            }

            Succeeded = succeeded;
            Error = message;
        }

        public bool Succeeded { get; }
        public string Error { get; }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Success()
        {
            return SuccessResult;
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Failed(string message)
        {
            return new Result(false, message);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result<T> Failed<T>(string message)
        {
            return new Result<T>(default, false, message);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result<T> Success<T>(T value)
        {
            return new Result<T>(value, true, string.Empty);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Combine(string seperator, params Result[] results)
        {
            var failedResults = results.Where(x => !x.Succeeded).ToList();

            if (!failedResults.Any())
                return Success();

            var error = string.Join(seperator, failedResults.Select(x => x.Error).ToArray());
            return Failed(error);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Combine(params Result[] results)
        {
            return Combine(", ", results);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Combine<T>(params Result<T>[] results)
        {
            return Combine(", ", results);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Combine<T>(string seperator, params Result<T>[] results)
        {
            var untyped = results.Select(result => (Result) result).ToArray();
            return Combine(seperator, untyped);
        }

        public override string ToString()
        {
            return Succeeded
                ? "Succeeded"
                : $"Failed : {Error}";
        }
    }

مشابه کلاس بالا، در فریمورک ASP.NET Identity کلاسی تحت عنوان IdentityResult برای همین منظور در نظر گرفته شده‌است.

پراپرتی Succeeded نشان دهنده موفقت آمیز بودن یا عدم موفقیت عملیات (به عنوان مثال یک متد ApplicationService) می‌باشد. پراپرتی Error دربرگیرنده پیغام خطایی می‌باشد که قبلا از طریق Message مربوط به یک استثناء صادر شده، در اختیار بالاترین لایه قرار می‌گرفت. با استفاده از متد Combine، امکان ترکیب چندین Result حاصل از عملیات مختلف را خواهید داشت. متدهای استاتیک Failed و Success هم برای درگیر نشدن برای وهله سازی از کلاس Result در نظر گرفته شده‌اند.

متد GetForEdit مربوط به MeetingService را در نظر بگیرید. به عنوان مثال وظیفه این متد بازگشت یک MeetingEditModel می‌باشد؛ اما با توجه به یکسری قواعد تجاری، به‌عنوان مثال «امکان ویرایش جلسه‌ای که پابلیش نهایی شده‌است، وجود ندارد و ...» لازم است خروجی این متد نیز در صورت Fail شدن، دلیل آن را به مصرف کننده ارائه دهد. از این رو کلاس جنریک Result را به شکل زیر خواهیم داشت:

    public class Result<T> : Result
    {
        private readonly T _value;

        protected internal Result(T value, bool succeeded, string error)
            : base(succeeded, error)
        {
            _value = value;
        }

        public T Value
        {
            get
            {
                if (!Succeeded)
                    throw new InvalidOperationException("There is no value for failure.");

                return _value;
            }
        }
    }

    public static class ResultExtensions
    {
        public static Result<TK> OnSuccess<T, TK>(this Result<T> result, Func<T, TK> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed<TK>(result.Error) : Result.Success(func(result.Value));
        }

        public static Result<T> Ensure<T>(this Result<T> result, Func<T, bool> predicate, string message)
        {
            if (!result.Succeeded)
                return Result.Failed<T>(result.Error);

            return !predicate(result.Value) ? Result.Failed<T>(message) : Result.Success(result.Value);
        }

        public static Result<TK> Map<T, TK>(this Result<T> result, Func<T, TK> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed<TK>(result.Error) : Result.Success(func(result.Value));
        }

        public static Result<T> OnSuccess<T>(this Result<T> result, Action<T> action)
        {
            if (result.Succeeded) action(result.Value);

            return result;
        }

        public static T OnBoth<T>(this Result result, Func<Result, T> func)
        {
            return func(result);
        }

        public static Result OnSuccess(this Result result, Action action)
        {
            if (result.Succeeded) action();

            return result;
        }

        public static Result<T> OnSuccess<T>(this Result result, Func<T> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed<T>(result.Error) : Result.Success(func());
        }

        public static Result<TK> OnSuccess<T, TK>(this Result<T> result, Func<T, Result<TK>> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed<TK>(result.Error) : func(result.Value);
        }

        public static Result<T> OnSuccess<T>(this Result result, Func<Result<T>> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed<T>(result.Error) : func();
        }

        public static Result<TK> OnSuccess<T, TK>(this Result<T> result, Func<Result<TK>> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed<TK>(result.Error) : func();
        }

        public static Result OnSuccess<T>(this Result<T> result, Func<T, Result> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed(result.Error) : func(result.Value);
        }

        public static Result OnSuccess(this Result result, Func<Result> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? result : func();
        }

        public static Result Ensure(this Result result, Func<bool> predicate, string message)
        {
            if (!result.Succeeded)
                return Result.Failed(result.Error);

            return !predicate() ? Result.Failed(message) : Result.Success();
        }

        public static Result<T> Map<T>(this Result result, Func<T> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed<T>(result.Error) : Result.Success(func());
        }


        public static TK OnBoth<T, TK>(this Result<T> result, Func<Result<T>, TK> func)
        {
            return func(result);
        }

        public static Result<T> OnFailure<T>(this Result<T> result, Action action)
        {
            if (!result.Succeeded) action();

            return result;
        }

        public static Result OnFailure(this Result result, Action action)
        {
            if (!result.Succeeded) action();

            return result;
        }

        public static Result<T> OnFailure<T>(this Result<T> result, Action<string> action)
        {
            if (!result.Succeeded) action(result.Error);

            return result;
        }

        public static Result OnFailure(this Result result, Action<string> action)
        {
            if (!result.Succeeded) action(result.Error);

            return result;
        }
    }

[HttpPost, AjaxOnly, ValidateAntiForgeryToken, ValidateModelState]
public virtual async Task<ActionResult> Create([Bind(Prefix = "Model")]MeetingCreateModel model)
{
    var result = await _service.CreateAsync(model);

    return result.OnSuccess(() => { })
                 .OnFailure(() => { })
                 .OnBoth(r => r.Succeeded ? InformationNotification("Messages.Save.Success") : ErrorMessage(r.Error));

}

var result = await _service.CreateAsync(new TenantAwareEntityCreateModel());

return Result.Combine(result, Result.Success(), Result.Failed("نتیجه یک متد دیگر به عنوان مثال"))
    .OnSuccess(() => { })
    .OnFailure(() => { })
    .OnBoth(r => r.Succeeded ? Json("OK") : Json(r.Error));

ترکیب با الگوی Maybe یا Option

    public struct Maybe<T> : IEquatable<Maybe<T>>
        where T : class
    {
        private readonly T _value;

        private Maybe(T value)
        {
            _value = value;
        }

        public bool HasValue => _value != null;
        public T Value => _value ?? throw new InvalidOperationException();
        public static Maybe<T> None => new Maybe<T>();


        public static implicit operator Maybe<T>(T value)
        {
            return new Maybe<T>(value);
        }

        public static bool operator ==(Maybe<T> maybe, T value)
        {
            return maybe.HasValue && maybe.Value.Equals(value);
        }

        public static bool operator !=(Maybe<T> maybe, T value)
        {
            return !(maybe == value);
        }

        public static bool operator ==(Maybe<T> left, Maybe<T> right)
        {
            return left.Equals(right);
        }

        public static bool operator !=(Maybe<T> left, Maybe<T> right)
        {
            return !(left == right);
        }

        /// <inheritdoc />
        /// <summary>
        ///     Avoid boxing and Give type safety
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="other"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public bool Equals(Maybe<T> other)
        {
            if (!HasValue && !other.HasValue)
                return true;

            if (!HasValue || !other.HasValue)
                return false;

            return _value.Equals(other.Value);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///     Avoid reflection
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="obj"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public override bool Equals(object obj)
        {
            if (obj is T typed)
            {
                obj = new Maybe<T>(typed);
            }

            if (!(obj is Maybe<T> other)) return false;

            return Equals(other);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///     Good practice when overriding Equals method.
        ///     If x.Equals(y) then we must have x.GetHashCode()==y.GetHashCode()
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public override int GetHashCode()
        {
            return HasValue ? _value.GetHashCode() : 0;
        }

        public override string ToString()
        {
            return HasValue ? _value.ToString() : "NO VALUE";
        }
    }

public static Result<T> ToResult<T>(this Maybe<T> maybe, string message)
    where T : class
{
    return !maybe.HasValue ? Result.Failed<T>(message) : Result.Success(maybe.Value);
}

Result<Customer> customerResult = _customerRepository.GetById(model.Id)
    .ToResult("Customer with such Id is not found: " + model.Id);

همچنین متدهای الحاقی زیر را نیز برای ساختار داده Maybe می‌توان در نظر گرفت:

        public static T GetValueOrDefault<T>(this Maybe<T> maybe, T defaultValue = default)
            where T : class
        {
            return maybe.GetValueOrDefault(x => x, defaultValue);
        }

        public static TK GetValueOrDefault<T, TK>(this Maybe<T> maybe, Func<T, TK> selector, TK defaultValue = default)
            where T : class
        {
            return maybe.HasValue ? selector(maybe.Value) : defaultValue;
        }

        public static Maybe<T> Where<T>(this Maybe<T> maybe, Func<T, bool> predicate)
            where T : class
        {
            if (!maybe.HasValue)
                return default(T);

            return predicate(maybe.Value) ? maybe : default(T);
        }

        public static Maybe<TK> Select<T, TK>(this Maybe<T> maybe, Func<T, TK> selector)
            where T : class
            where TK : class
        {
            return !maybe.HasValue ? default : selector(maybe.Value);
        }

        public static Maybe<TK> Select<T, TK>(this Maybe<T> maybe, Func<T, Maybe<TK>> selector)
            where T : class
            where TK : class
        {
            return !maybe.HasValue ? default(TK) : selector(maybe.Value);
        }

        public static void Execute<T>(this Maybe<T> maybe, Action<T> action)
            where T : class
        {
            if (!maybe.HasValue)
                return;

            action(maybe.Value);
        }
    }

public class StrongCoupledConcreteA
    {
        public string GenerateString(string s) { return s + " from" + this.GetType().ToString(); }
    }

    public class StrongCoupledConcreteB
    {
        public void GenerateString(ref string s) { s += " from" + this.GetType().ToString(); }
    }

    public class Printer
    {
        bool condition;
        public Printer(bool cond)
        {
            condition = cond;
        }

        public void SetCondition(bool value) { condition = value; }

        public void Print()
        {
            string result;
            string input = " this message is";
            if (condition)
            {
                var stringGenerator = new StrongCoupledConcreteA();
                result = stringGenerator.GenerateString(input);
            }
            else
            {
                var stringGenerator = new StrongCoupledConcreteB();
                result = input;
                stringGenerator.GenerateString(ref result);
            }
            Console.WriteLine(result);
        }

    }
    public class Context
    {
        Printer printer;
        public void DoWork()
        {
            printer = new Printer(true);
            printer.Print();

            printer.SetCondition(false);
            printer.Print();
        }

    }

public interface IStringGenerator
        {
            string GenerateString(string s);
        }
        public class LooslyCoupledConcreteA : IStringGenerator
        {
            public string GenerateString(string s)
            {
                return s + " from " + this.GetType().ToString();
            }
        }
        public class LooslyCoupledConcreteB : IStringGenerator
        {
            public string GenerateString(string s)
            {
                return s + " from " + this.GetType().ToString();
            }
        }

           public class Printer
           {
               bool condition;
               public Printer(bool cond)
               {
                   condition = cond;
               }

               public void SetCondition(bool value) { condition = value; }

               public void Print()
               {
                   string result;
                   string input = " this message is";
                   IStringGenerator generator;
                   if (condition)
                   {
                       generator = new LooslyCoupledConcreteA();
                   }
                   else
                   {
                       generator = new LooslyCoupledConcreteB();
                   }
                   
                   result = generator.GenerateString(input);
                   Console.WriteLine(result);

               }

           }

// single responsibility principle - bad example

    interface IEmail
    {
        void SetSender(string sender);
        void SetReceiver(string receiver);
        void SetContent(string content);
    }

    class Email : IEmail
    {
        public void SetSender(string sender)
        {
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }
        public void SetReceiver(string receiver)
        {
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }

        public void SetContent(string content)
        {
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }
    }

// single responsibility principle - good example
    public interface IMessage
    {
        void SetSender(string sender);
        void SetReceiver(string receiver);
        void SetContent(IContent content);
    }

    public interface IContent
    {
        string GetAsString(); // used for serialization
    }

    public class Email : IMessage
    {        
        public void SetSender(string sender)
        {
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }

        public void SetReceiver(string receiver)
        {
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }

        public void SetContent(IContent content)
        {
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }
    }

public class AreaCalculator
        {
            public double Area(object[] shapes)
            {
                double area = 0;

                foreach (var shape in shapes)
                {

                    if (shape is Square)
                    {
                        Square square = (Square)shape;
                        area += Math.Sqrt(square.Height);
                    }

                    if (shape is Triangle)
                    {
                        Triangle triangle = (Triangle)shape;
                        double TotalHalf = (triangle.FirstSide + triangle.SecondSide + triangle.ThirdSide) / 2;
                        area += Math.Sqrt(TotalHalf * (TotalHalf - triangle.FirstSide) *
                        (TotalHalf - triangle.SecondSide) * (TotalHalf - triangle.ThirdSide));
                    }

                    if (shape is Circle)
                    {
                        Circle circle = (Circle)shape;
                        area += circle.Radius * circle.Radius * Math.PI;
                    }

                }
                return area;
            }
        }
        public class Square
        {
            public double Height { get; set; }
        }
        public class Circle
        {
            public double Radius { get; set; }
        }
        public class Triangle
        {
            public double FirstSide { get; set; }
            public double SecondSide { get; set; }
            public double ThirdSide { get; set; }
        }

public class AreaCalculator
{
    public double Area(Shape[] shapes)
    {
        double area = 0;

        foreach (var shape in shapes)
        {
            area += shape.Area();
        }

        return area;
    }
}
public abstract class Shape
{
    public abstract double Area();
}
public class Square : Shape
{
    public double Height { get { return _height; } }
    private double _height;

    public Square(double Height)
    {
        _height = Height;
    }

    public override double Area()
    {
        return Math.Sqrt(_height);
    }
}
public class Circle : Shape
{
    public double Radius { get { return _radius; } }

    private double _radius;

    public Circle(double Radius)
    {
        _radius = Radius;
    }

    public override double Area()
    {
        return _radius * _radius * Math.PI;
    }
}
public class Triangle : Shape
{
    public double FirstSide { get { return _firstSide; } }
    public double SecondSide { get { return _secondSide; } }
    public double ThirdSide { get { return _thirdSide; } }

    private double _firstSide;
    private double _secondSide;
    private double _thirdSide;

    public Triangle(double FirstSide, double SecondSide, double ThirdSide)
    {
        _firstSide = FirstSide;
        _secondSide = SecondSide;
        _thirdSide = ThirdSide;
    }

    public override double Area()
    {
        double TotalHalf = (_firstSide + _secondSide + _thirdSide) / 2;
        return Math.Sqrt(TotalHalf * (TotalHalf - _firstSide) * (TotalHalf - _secondSide) * (TotalHalf - _thirdSide));
    }
}