class Program
{
    public static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        DebuggerStepThroughMethod1();
    }

    [DebuggerStepThrough]
    public static void DebuggerStepThroughMethod1()
    {
        Console.WriteLine( "Method 1" );
        DebuggerStepThroughMethod2();
    }

    [DebuggerStepThrough]
    public static void DebuggerStepThroughMethod2()
    {
        Console.WriteLine( "Method 2" );
    }
}

class Program
{
    public static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        DebugMode();
    }

    [Conditional("DEBUG")]
    public static void DebugMode()
    {
        Console.WriteLine( "Debug mode" );
    }
}

float? yourSingle = -1.0f;
Console.WriteLine( yourSingle.GetValueOrDefault() );

yourSingle = null;
Console.WriteLine( yourSingle.GetValueOrDefault() );

// assign different default value
Console.WriteLine( yourSingle.GetValueOrDefault( -2.4f ) );

// returns the same result as the above statement
Console.WriteLine( yourSingle ?? -2.4f );

public static class DictionaryExtensions
{
    public static TValue GetValueOrDefault< TKey, TValue >( this Dictionary< TKey, TValue > dic,
                                                            TKey key )
    {
        TValue result;
        return dic.TryGetValue( key,
                                out result )
            ? result
            : default(TValue);
    }
}

var names = new Dictionary< int, string >
            {
                { 0, "Vahid" }
            };
Console.WriteLine( names.GetValueOrDefault( 1 ) );

C# Preprocessor Directives

#if DEBUG
#warning DEBUG is defined
#endif

#if DEBUG
#error DEBUG is defined
#endif

    Console.WriteLine("Normal line #1."); // Set break point here.
#line hidden
    Console.WriteLine("Hidden line.");
#line default
    Console.WriteLine("Normal line #2.");

static unsafe void Fibonacci()
{
    const int arraySize = 20;
    int* fib = stackalloc int[arraySize];
    var p = fib;
    *p++ = *p++ = 1;

    for ( var i = 2; i < arraySize; ++i, ++p )
    {
        *p = p[-1] + p[-2];
    }

    for ( var i = 0; i < arraySize; ++i )
    {
        System.Console.WriteLine( fib[i] );
    }
}

IsInfinity

Console.WriteLine("IsInfinity(3.0 / 0) == {0}.", double.IsInfinity(3.0 / 0) ? "true" : "false");

var i = 20;
dynamic dynamicVariable = i;
Console.WriteLine( dynamicVariable );

var stringVariable = "Example string.";
dynamicVariable = stringVariable;
Console.WriteLine( dynamicVariable );

var dateTimeVariable = DateTime.Today;
dynamicVariable = dateTimeVariable;
Console.WriteLine( dynamicVariable );

// The expression returns true unless dynamicVariable has the value null.
if ( dynamicVariable is dynamic )
    Console.WriteLine( "dynamicVariable variable is dynamic" );

// dynamic and the as operator.
dynamicVariable = i as dynamic;

// throw RuntimeBinderException if the associated object doesn't have the specified method.
// The code is still compiling successfully.
Console.WriteLine( dynamicVariable.ToNow1 );

dynamic sampleObject = new ExpandoObject();
sampleObject.FirstName = "Vahid";
sampleObject.LastName = "Mohammad Taheri";
sampleObject.Age = "28";
sampleObject.TestRemoveProperty = DateTime.Now;
sampleObject.AsString = new Action( () => Console.WriteLine( "{0} {1} is {2} years old.",
                                                                sampleObject.FirstName,
                                                                sampleObject.LastName,
                                                                sampleObject.Age ) );
sampleObject.AsString();

( (IDictionary< String, Object >)sampleObject ).Remove( "TestRemoveProperty" );

var i = 28;
TypedReference tr = __makeref( i );
Type t = __reftype( tr );
Console.WriteLine( t );
int rv = __refvalue( tr, int );
Console.WriteLine( rv );
ArglistTest.DisplayNumbers( __arglist( 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 ) );

public static class ArglistTest
{
    public static void DisplayNumbers( __arglist )
    {
        var ai = new ArgIterator( __arglist );
        while ( ai.GetRemainingCount() > 0 )
        {
            var tr = ai.GetNextArg();
            Console.WriteLine( TypedReference.ToObject( tr ) );
        }
    }
}

ExceptionDispatchInfo

ExceptionDispatchInfo possibleException = null;
try
{
    int.Parse( "a" );
}
catch ( FormatException ex )
{
    possibleException = ExceptionDispatchInfo.Capture( ex );
}
possibleException?.Throw();

Debug.Assert(1 == 0, "عدد 1 برابر با 0 نیست");

Debug.WriteIf( 1 == 1, "display message in output window :D" );

Debug.WriteLine("تست تورفتگی");
Debug.Indent();
Debug.WriteLine("یک واحد افزایش داده شد");
Debug.Unindent();
Debug.WriteLine("یک واحد کاهش داده شد");
Debug.WriteLine("پایان تست");

public static class ObsoleteExample
{
    // Mark OrderDetailTotal As Obsolete.
    [ObsoleteAttribute("This property (OrderDetailTotal) is obsolete. Use InvoiceTotal instead.", false)]
    public static decimal OrderDetailTotal
    {
        get  {  return 12m; }
    }

    public static decimal InvoiceTotal
    {
        get  {  return 25m;  }
    }

    // Mark CalculateOrderDetailTotal As Obsolete.
    [ObsoleteAttribute("This method is obsolete. Call CalculateInvoiceTotal instead.", true)]
    public static decimal CalculateOrderDetailTotal()
    {
        return 0m;
    }

    public static decimal CalculateInvoiceTotal()
    {
        return 1m;
    }
}

public class DefaultValueAttributeTest
{
    public DefaultValueAttributeTest()
    {
        // Use the DefaultValue propety of each property to actually set it, via reflection.
        foreach (PropertyDescriptor prop in TypeDescriptor.GetProperties(this))
        {
            var attr = prop.Attributes[typeof(DefaultValueAttribute)] as DefaultValueAttribute;
            if (attr != null)
                prop.SetValue(this, attr.Value);
        }
    }

    [DefaultValue(28)]
    public int Age { get; set; }

    [DefaultValue("Vahid")]
    public string FirstName { get; set; }

    [DefaultValue("Mohammad Taheri")]
    public string LastName { get; set; }

    public override string ToString()
    {
        return $"{this.FirstName} {this.LastName} is {this.Age}.";
    }
}

int? x = null;
int y = x ?? -1;
Console.WriteLine("y now equals -1 because x was null => {0}", y);
int i = DefaultValueOperatorTest.GetNullableInt() ?? default(int);
Console.WriteLine("i equals now 0 because GetNullableInt() returned null => {0}", i);
string s = DefaultValueOperatorTest.GetStringValue();
Console.WriteLine("Returns 'Unspecified' because s is null => {0}", s ?? "Unspecified");

public static class CurryMethodExtensions
{
    public static Func< A, Func< B, Func< C, R > > > Curry< A, B, C, R >( this Func< A, B, C, R > f )
    {
        return a => b => c => f( a, b, c );
    }
}

Func< int, int, int, int > addNumbers = ( x, y, z ) => x + y + z;
var f1 = addNumbers.Curry();
Func< int, Func< int, int > > f2 = f1( 3 );
Func< int, int > f3 = f2( 4 );
Console.WriteLine( f3( 5 ) );

public static class CurryMethodExtensions
{
    public static Func< C, R > Partial< A, B, C, R >( this Func< A, B, C, R > f, A a, B b )
    {
        return c => f( a, b, c );
    }
}

Func< int, int, int, int > sumNumbers = ( x, y, z ) => x + y + z;
Func< int, int > f4 = sumNumbers.Partial( 3, 4 );
Console.WriteLine( f4( 5 ) );

WeakReference

var obj = new WeakReferenceTest
            {
                FirstName = "Vahid"
            };
var w = new WeakReference(obj);
obj = null;
GC.Collect();
var weakReferenceTest = w.Target as WeakReferenceTest;
if ( weakReferenceTest != null )
    Console.WriteLine( weakReferenceTest.FirstName );

public abstract class ThreadSafeLazyBaseSingleton< T > where T : new()
{
    static readonly Lazy< T > lazy = new Lazy< T >( () => new T() );

    public static T Instance => lazy.Value;
}

var positiveString = "91389681247993671255433422114345532000000";
var negativeString = "-9031583741089631207100208803453423537140000";
var posBigInt = BigInteger.Parse( positiveString );
Console.WriteLine( posBigInt );
var negBigInt = BigInteger.Parse( negativeString );
Console.WriteLine( negBigInt );