• مطالب مرتبط با Defensive Programming 
  
• نکات کار با استثناءها در دات نت
  

متدی تحت عنوان ValidateEmail را تصور کنید. این متد از حیث بازگشت نتیجه به عنوان خروجی می‌تواند به اشکال مختلفی پیاده سازی شود که در ادامه مشاهده می‌کنیم:

متد ValidateEmail با خروجی Boolean

        public bool ValidateEmail(string email)
        {
            var valid = true;
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(email))
            {
                valid = false;
            }

            var isValidFormat = true;//todo: using RegularExpression
            if (!isValidFormat)
            {
                valid = false;
            }

            var isRealDoamin = true;//todo: Code here that confirms whether domain exists.
            if (!isRealDoamin)
            {
                valid = false;
            }

            return valid;
        }

همانطور که در تکه کد زیر مشخص می‌باشد، استفاده کننده از متد بالا، امکان بررسی خروجی آن را در قالب یک شرط خواهد داشت و علاوه بر اینکه پیاده سازی آن ساده می‌باشد، خوانایی کد را نیز بالا می‌برد؛ ولی با این حال نمی‌توان متوجه شد مشکل اصلی آدرس ایمیل ارسالی به عنوان آرگومان، دقیقا چیست.

var email = "email@example.com";
var isValid = ValidateEmail(email);
if(isValid)
{
    //do something
}

متد ValidateEmail با صدور استثناء

        public void ValidateEmail(string email)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(email)) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(email));

            var isValidFormat = true;//todo: using RegularExpression
            if (!isValidFormat) throw new ArgumentException("email is not in a correct format");

            var isRealDoamin = true;//todo: Code here that confirms whether domain exists.
            if (!isRealDoamin) throw new ArgumentException("email does not include a valid domain.")
        }

روش بالا هم جواب می‌دهد ولی بهتر است کلاس Exception سفارشی به عنوان مثال ValidationException برای این قضیه در نظر گرفته شود تا بتوان وهله‌های صادر شده از این نوع را در لایه‌های بالاتر مدیریت کرد.

متد ValidateEmail با چندین خروجی

برای این منظور چندین راه حل پیش رو داریم.

با استفاده از پارامتر out:

        public bool ValidateEmail(string email, out string message)
        {
            var valid = true;
            message = string.Empty;

            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(email))
            {
                valid = false;
                message = "email is null.";
            }

            if (valid)
            {
                var isValidFormat = true;//todo: using RegularExpression
                if (!isValidFormat)
                {
                    valid = false;
                    message = "email is not in a correct format";
                }
            }

            if (valid)
            {
                var isRealDoamin = true;//todo: Code here that confirms whether domain exists.
                if (!isRealDoamin)
                {
                    valid = false;
                    message = "email does not include a valid domain.";
                }
            }

            return valid;
        }

var email = "email@example.com";
var isValid = ValidateEmail(email, out string message);
if (isValid)
{
    //do something
}

Tuple<bool, List<string>> result = Tuple.Create<bool, List<string>>(true, new List<string>());

        public class OperationResult
        {
            public bool Success { get; set; }
            public IList<string> Messages { get; } = new List<string>();

            public void AddMessage(string message)
            {
                Messages.Add(message);
            }
        }

        public OperationResult ValidateEmail(string email)
        {
            var result = new OperationResult();

            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(email))
            {
                result.Success = false;
                result.AddMessage("email is null.");
            }

            if (result.Success)
            {
                var isValidFormat = true;//todo: using RegularExpression
                if (!isValidFormat)
                {
                    result.Success = false;
                    result.AddMessage("email is not in a correct format");
                }
            }

            if (result.Success)
            {
                var isRealDoamin = true;//todo: Code here that confirms whether domain exists.
                if (!isRealDoamin)
                {
                    result.Success = false;
                    result.AddMessage("email does not include a valid domain.");
                }
            }

            return result;
        }

استفاده از Exception برای نمایش پیغام برای کاربر نهایی

با صدور یک استثناء و مدیریت سراسری آن در بالاترین (خارجی ترین) لایه و نمایش پیغام مرتبط با آن به کاربر نهایی، می‌توان از آن به عنوان ابزاری برای ارسال هر نوع پیغامی به کاربر نهایی استفاده کرد. اگر قوانین تجاری با موفقیت برآورده نشده‌اند یا لازم است به هر دلیلی یک پیغام مرتبط با یک اعتبارسنجی تجاری را برای کاربر نمایش دهید، این روش بسیار کارساز می‌باشد و با یکبار وقت گذاشتن برای توسعه زیرساخت برای این موضوع به عنوان یک Cross Cutting Concern تحت عنوان Exception Management آزادی عمل زیادی در ادامه توسعه سیستم خود خواهید داشت.

به عنوان مثال داشتن یک کلاس Exception سفارشی تحت عنوان UserFriendlyException در این راستا یک الزام می‌باشد.

   [Serializable]
   public class UserFriendlyException : Exception
   {
       public string Details { get; private set; }
       public int Code { get; set; }

       public UserFriendlyException()
       {
       }

       public UserFriendlyException(SerializationInfo serializationInfo, StreamingContext context)
           : base(serializationInfo, context)
       {

       }

       public UserFriendlyException(string message)
           : base(message)
       {
       }

       public UserFriendlyException(int code, string message)
           : this(message)
       {
           Code = code;
       }

       public UserFriendlyException(string message, string details)
           : this(message)
       {
           Details = details;
       }

       public UserFriendlyException(int code, string message, string details)
           : this(message, details)
       {
           Code = code;
       }

       public UserFriendlyException(string message, Exception innerException)
           : base(message, innerException)
       {
       }

       public UserFriendlyException(string message, string details, Exception innerException)
           : this(message, innerException)
       {
           Details = details;
       }
   }

و همچنین لازم است در بالاترین لایه سیستم خود به عنوان مثال برای یک پروژه ASP.NET MVC یا ASP.NET Core MVC می‌توان یک ExceptionFilter سفارشی نیز تهیه کرد که هم به صورت سراسری استثنا‌ءهای سفارشی شما را مدیریت کند و همچنین خروجی مناسب Json برای استفاده در سمت کلاینت را نیز مهیا کند. به عنوان مثال برای درخواست‌های Ajax ای لازم است در سمت کلاینت نیز پاسخ‌های رسیده از سمت سرور به صورت سراسری مدیریت شوند و برای سایر درخواست‌ها همان نمایش صفحات خطای پیغام مرتبط با استثناء رخ داده شده کفایت می‌کند.

یک مدل پیشنهادی برای تهیه خروجی مناسب برای ارسال جزئیات استثنا رخ داده در درخواست‌های Ajax ای

    [Serializable]
    public class MvcAjaxResponse : MvcAjaxResponse<object>
    {
        public MvcAjaxResponse()
        {
        }

        public MvcAjaxResponse(bool success)
            : base(success)
        {
        }

        public MvcAjaxResponse(object result)
            : base(result)
        {
        }

        public MvcAjaxResponse(ErrorInfo error, bool unAuthorizedRequest = false)
            : base(error, unAuthorizedRequest)
        {
        }
    }
   

    [Serializable]
    public class MvcAjaxResponse<TResult> : MvcAjaxResponseBase
    {
        public MvcAjaxResponse(TResult result)
        {
            Result = result;
            Success = true;
        }

        public MvcAjaxResponse()
        {
            Success = true;
        }

        public MvcAjaxResponse(bool success)
        {
            Success = success;
        }

        public MvcAjaxResponse(ErrorInfo error, bool unAuthorizedRequest = false)
        {
            Error = error;
            UnAuthorizedRequest = unAuthorizedRequest;
            Success = false;
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///     The actual result object of AJAX request.
        ///     It is set if <see cref="MvcAjaxResponseBase.Success" /> is true.
        /// </summary>
        public TResult Result { get; set; }
    }

    public class MvcAjaxResponseBase
    {
        public string TargetUrl { get; set; }

        public bool Success { get; set; }

        public ErrorInfo Error { get; set; }

        public bool UnAuthorizedRequest { get; set; }

        public bool __mvc { get; } = true;
    }

    [Serializable]
    public class ErrorInfo
    {
        public int Code { get; set; }
        public string Message { get; set; }
        public string Detail { get; set; }
        public Dictionary<string, string> ValidationErrors { get; set; }

        public ErrorInfo()
        {
        }
        public ErrorInfo(string message)
        {
            Message = message;
        }
        public ErrorInfo(int code)
        {
            Code = code;
        }

        public ErrorInfo(int code, string message)
            : this(message)
        {
            Code = code;
        }

        public ErrorInfo(string message, string details)
            : this(message)
        {
            Detail = details;
        }

        public ErrorInfo(int code, string message, string details)
            : this(message, details)
        {
            Code = code;
        }
    }

        public async Task CheckIsDeactiveAsync(long id)
        {
            if (await _organizationalUnits.AnyAsync(a => a.Id == id && !a.IsActive).ConfigureAwait(false))
                throw new UserFriendlyException("واحد سازمانی جاری غیرفعال می‌باشد.");
        }

روش نام گذاری متدهایی که امکان بازگشت خروجی Null را دارند

public User GetById(long id);

private IServiceProvider IocConfig(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            var container = new Container();
            container.Configure(config =>
            {
                //config.Populate(services); ---> این اضافی است
            });

            container.Populate(services);
            return container.GetInstance<IServiceProvider>();
        }

[ServiceBehavior( IncludeExceptionDetailInFaults = true)]
    public class BookService : IBookService
    {
        public BookService(IBookRepository bookRepository)
        {
            Repository = bookRepository;    
        }

        public IBookRepository Repository 
        {
            get;
            private set;
        }

        public IList<Entity.Book> GetAll()
        {
            return Repository.GetAll();
        }
     
    }

var container = new UnityContainer();

      container.RegisterType<IBookRepository, BookRepository>();
      container.RegisterType<BookService, BookService>();

ServiceLocator.SetLocatorProvider(new ServiceLocatorProvider(() => { return container; }));

 public class UnityInstanceProvinder : IInstanceProvider
    {
        private Type serviceType;

        public UnityInstanceProvinder( Type serviceType )
        {
            this.serviceType = serviceType;
        }

        public object GetInstance( InstanceContext instanceContext, Message message )
        {            
            return ServiceLocator.Current.GetInstance( serviceType );
        }

        public object GetInstance( InstanceContext instanceContext )
        {
            return GetInstance( instanceContext, null );
        }

        public void ReleaseInstance( InstanceContext instanceContext, object instance )
        {
            if ( instance is IDisposable )
            {
                ( ( IDisposable )instance ).Dispose();
            }
        }
    }

public class UnityInstanceProviderContext : IServiceBehavior
    {
        public void AddBindingParameters( ServiceDescription serviceDescription , ServiceHostBase serviceHostBase , Collection<ServiceEndpoint> endpoints , BindingParameterCollection bindingParameters )
        {
        }

        public void ApplyDispatchBehavior( ServiceDescription serviceDescription , ServiceHostBase serviceHostBase )
        {
            serviceHostBase.ChannelDispatchers.ToList().ForEach( channelDispatcherBase =>
                {
                    var channelDispatcher = ( channelDispatcherBase as ChannelDispatcher );
                    if ( channelDispatcher != null )
                    {
                        channelDispatcher.Endpoints.ToList().ForEach( endpoint =>
                            {
                                endpoint.DispatchRuntime.InstanceProvider = new UnityInstanceProvinder( serviceDescription.ServiceType );
                            } );
                    }
                } );
        }

        public void Validate( ServiceDescription serviceDescription , ServiceHostBase serviceHostBase )
        {
        }
    }

using (ServiceHost host = new ServiceHost(typeof(BookService)))
{
                    host.Description.Behaviors.Add( new UnityInstanceProviderContext() );
 }

var container = new Container(x =>
            {
                x.Scan(scanner =>
                {
                    scanner.AssemblyContainingType<IOrderHandler>();
                    // connects `IAccounting` to `Accounting` and `ISales` to `Sales` automatically.
                    scanner.WithDefaultConventions();
                });
            });

builder.RegisterAssemblyTypes(myAssembly)
    .Where(t => t.IsAssignableTo<IMyInterface>())
    .AsImplementedInterfaces();

> Install-Package Scrutor
> dotnet add package Scrutor

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk.Web">
  <ItemGroup>
    <PackageReference Include="Scrutor" Version="3.0.2" />
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>

namespace CoreIocServices
{
    public interface IFoo
    {
        void Run();
    }

    public class Foo : IFoo
    {
        public void Run()
        {
            throw new System.NotImplementedException();
        }
    }

    public interface IBar
    {
        void Add();
    }

    public class Bar : IBar
    {
        public void Add()
        {
            throw new System.NotImplementedException();
        }
    }


    public interface IBaz
    {
        void Stop();
    }

    public class Baz : IBaz
    {
        public void Stop()
        {
            throw new System.NotImplementedException();
        }
    }
}

services.AddScoped<IFoo, Foo>();
services.AddScoped<IBar, Bar>();
services.AddScoped<IBaz, Baz>();

namespace CoreIocSample02
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.Scan(scan =>
                //scan.FromCallingAssembly()
                scan.FromAssemblyOf<IFoo>()
                    .AddClasses()
                    .AsMatchingInterface()
                    .WithScopedLifetime());

services.AddScoped<ITestService, TestService>();
services.AddScoped<IService, TestService>();

namespace CoreIocServices
{
    public interface IService { }
    public class Service1 : IService { }
    public class Service2 : IService { }
    public class Service : IService { }
}

services.AddTransient<Service1>();
services.AddTransient<Service2>();
services.AddTransient<Service>();

namespace CoreIocSample02
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.Scan(scan =>
              //scan.FromCallingAssembly()
              scan.FromAssemblyOf<IService>()
                  .AddClasses()
                  .AsSelf()
                  .WithTransientLifetime());

services.Scan(scan =>
               scan.AddTypes(new[] { typeof(Service1), typeof(Service2) })
                   .AsSelf()
                   .WithTransientLifetime());

services.AddSingleton<TestService>();
services.AddSingleton<ITestService>(x => x.GetRequiredService<TestService>());
services.AddSingleton<IService>(x => x.GetRequiredService<TestService>());

services.Scan(scan =>
              //scan.FromCallingAssembly()
              scan.FromAssemblyOf<IService>()

    public interface IImplementationTypeSelector : IAssemblySelector, IFluentInterface
    {
        IServiceTypeSelector AddClasses();
        IServiceTypeSelector AddClasses(bool publicOnly);
        IServiceTypeSelector AddClasses(Action<IImplementationTypeFilter> action);
        IServiceTypeSelector AddClasses(Action<IImplementationTypeFilter> action, bool publicOnly);
    }

services.Scan(scan => scan
              .FromAssemblyOf<IService>()
                .AddClasses(classes => classes.AssignableTo<IService>())
// .AddClasses(classes => classes.InNamespaces("MyApp")) 
// .AddClasses(classes => classes.Where(type => type.Name.EndsWith("Repository")) 
                    .AsImplementedInterfaces()
                    .WithTransientLifetime());

services.AddTransient<ITransientService, TransientService>();
services.AddScoped<IScopedService, ScopedService>();

public class TransientService : IFooService {}
public class AnotherService : IScopedService {}

services.Scan(scan =>
                scan.FromAssemblyOf<IFoo>()
                    .AddClasses()
                    .UsingRegistrationStrategy(RegistrationStrategy.Skip)
                    .AsMatchingInterface()
                    .WithScopedLifetime());

namespace Scrutor
{
    public abstract class RegistrationStrategy
    {
        public static readonly RegistrationStrategy Skip;
        public static readonly RegistrationStrategy Append;
        protected RegistrationStrategy();
        public static RegistrationStrategy Replace();
        public static RegistrationStrategy Replace(ReplacementBehavior behavior);
        public abstract void Apply(IServiceCollection services, ServiceDescriptor descriptor);
    }
}

namespace Scrutor
{
    [Flags]
    public enum ReplacementBehavior
    {
        Default = 0,
        ServiceType = 1,
        ImplementationType = 2,
        All = 3
    }
}

services.Scan(scan => scan 
  .FromAssemblyOf<CombinedService>() 
    .AddClasses(classes => classes.AssignableTo<ICombinedService>()) // Filter classes 
      .AsSelfWithInterfaces() 
      .WithSingletonLifetime() 
 
    .AddClasses(x=> x.AssignableTo(typeof(IOpenGeneric<>))) // Can close generic types 
      .AsMatchingInterface() 
 
    .AddClasses(x=> x.InNamespaceOf<MyClass>()) 
      .UsingRegistrationStrategy(RegistrationStrategy.Replace()) // Defaults to ReplacementBehavior.ServiceType 
      .AsMatchingInterface() 
      .WithScopedLifetime() 
 
  .FromAssemblyOf<DatabaseContext>()   // Can load from multiple assemblies within one Scan() 
    .AddClasses()  
      .AsImplementedInterfaces() 
);

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web.Mvc;

namespace SecurityModule
{
    public class AllowUploadSpecialFilesOnlyAttribute : ActionFilterAttribute
    {
        readonly List<string> _toFilter = new List<string>();
        readonly string _extensionsWhiteList;
        public AllowUploadSpecialFilesOnlyAttribute(string extensionsWhiteList)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(extensionsWhiteList))
                throw new ArgumentNullException("extensionsWhiteList");

            _extensionsWhiteList = extensionsWhiteList;
            var extensions = extensionsWhiteList.Split(',');
            foreach (var ext in extensions.Where(ext => !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(ext)))
            {
                _toFilter.Add(ext.ToLowerInvariant().Trim());
            }
        }

        bool canUpload(string fileName)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(fileName)) return false;

            var ext = Path.GetExtension(fileName.ToLowerInvariant());
            return _toFilter.Contains(ext);
        }

        public override void OnActionExecuting(ActionExecutingContext filterContext)
        {
            var files = filterContext.HttpContext.Request.Files;
            foreach (string file in files)
            {
                var postedFile = files[file];
                if (postedFile == null || postedFile.ContentLength == 0) continue;

                if (!canUpload(postedFile.FileName))
                    throw new InvalidOperationException(
                        string.Format("You are not allowed to upload {0} file. Please upload only these files: {1}.",
                                        Path.GetFileName(postedFile.FileName), 
                                        _extensionsWhiteList));
            }

            base.OnActionExecuting(filterContext);
        }
    }
}

[AllowUploadSpecialFilesOnly(".jpg,.gif,.png")]
public ActionResult ImageUpload(HttpPostedFileBase file)

public static bool IsImageFile(HttpPostedFileBase photoFile)
{
    using (var img = Image.FromStream(photoFile.InputStream))
    {
         return img.Width > 0;
    }
}

        public static void RegisterRoutes(RouteCollection routes)
        {
            routes.IgnoreRoute("{resource}.axd/{*pathInfo}");

            var apiroute = routes.MapHttpRoute(
                name: "DefaultApi",
                routeTemplate: "api/{controller}/{id}",
                defaults: new { id = RouteParameter.Optional }
            );
            apiroute.RouteHandler = new MyHttpControllerRouteHandler();

            routes.MapRoute(
                name: "Default",
                url: "{controller}/{action}/{id}",
                defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional }
            );

        }

<div id="blazor-error-ui">
    An unhandled error has occurred.
    <a href="" class="reload">Reload</a>
    <a class="dismiss">🗙</a>
</div>

using System;
using System.Net.Http;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components;
using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;

namespace BlazorWasmTelegramLogger.Client.Logging
{
    public class ClientLoggerProvider : ILoggerProvider
    {
        private readonly HttpClient _httpClient;
        private readonly WebApiLoggerOptions _options;
        private readonly NavigationManager _navigationManager;

        public ClientLoggerProvider(
                IServiceProvider serviceProvider,
                IOptions<WebApiLoggerOptions> options,
                NavigationManager navigationManager)
        {
            if (serviceProvider is null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(serviceProvider));
            }

            if (options is null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(options));
            }

            _httpClient = serviceProvider.CreateScope().ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<HttpClient>();
            _options = options.Value;
            _navigationManager = navigationManager ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(navigationManager));
        }

        public ILogger CreateLogger(string categoryName)
        {
            return new WebApiLogger(_httpClient, _options, _navigationManager);
        }

        public void Dispose()
        {
        }
    }
}

using System;
using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;

namespace BlazorWasmTelegramLogger.Client.Logging
{
    public static class ClientLoggerProviderExtensions
    {
        public static ILoggingBuilder AddWebApiLogger(this ILoggingBuilder builder)
        {
            if (builder == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(builder));
            }

            builder.Services.AddSingleton<ILoggerProvider, ClientLoggerProvider>();
            return builder;
        }
    }
}

public ClientLoggerProvider(
                IServiceProvider serviceProvider,
                IOptions<WebApiLoggerOptions> options,
                NavigationManager navigationManager)

public ILogger CreateLogger(string categoryName)
{
   return new WebApiLogger(_httpClient, _options, _navigationManager);
}

using System;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Net.Http.Json;
using BlazorWasmTelegramLogger.Shared;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;

namespace BlazorWasmTelegramLogger.Client.Logging
{
    public class WebApiLogger : ILogger
    {
        private readonly WebApiLoggerOptions _options;
        private readonly HttpClient _httpClient;
        private readonly NavigationManager _navigationManager;

        public WebApiLogger(HttpClient httpClient, WebApiLoggerOptions options, NavigationManager navigationManager)
        {
            _httpClient = httpClient ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(httpClient));
            _options = options ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(options));
            _navigationManager = navigationManager ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(navigationManager));
        }

        public IDisposable BeginScope<TState>(TState state) => default;

        public bool IsEnabled(LogLevel logLevel) => logLevel >= _options.LogLevel;

        public void Log<TState>(
            LogLevel logLevel,
            EventId eventId,
            TState state,
            Exception exception,
            Func<TState, Exception, string> formatter)
        {
            if (!IsEnabled(logLevel))
            {
                return;
            }

            if (formatter is null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(formatter));
            }

            try
            {
                ClientLog log = new()
                {
                    LogLevel = logLevel,
                    EventId = eventId,
                    Message = formatter(state, exception),
                    Exception = exception?.Message,
                    StackTrace = exception?.StackTrace,
                    Url = _navigationManager.Uri
                };
                _httpClient.PostAsJsonAsync(_options.LoggerEndpointUrl, log);
            }
            catch
            {
                // don't throw exceptions from the logger
            }
        }
    }
}

using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;

namespace BlazorWasmTelegramLogger.Client.Logging
{
    public class WebApiLoggerOptions
    {
        public string LoggerEndpointUrl { set; get; }

        public LogLevel LogLevel { get; set; } = LogLevel.Information;
    }
}

{
  "Logging": {
    "LogLevel": {
      "Default": "Information",
      "Microsoft": "Warning",
      "Microsoft.Hosting.Lifetime": "Information"
    }
  },
  "WebApiLogger": {
    "LogLevel": "Warning",
    "LoggerEndpointUrl": "/api/logs"
  }
}

namespace BlazorWasmTelegramLogger.Client
{
    public class Program
    {
        public static async Task Main(string[] args)
        {
            var builder = WebAssemblyHostBuilder.CreateDefault(args);
            builder.RootComponents.Add<App>("#app");

            builder.Services.Configure<WebApiLoggerOptions>(options => builder.Configuration.GetSection("WebApiLogger").Bind(options));
            // …
        }
    }
}

using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;

namespace BlazorWasmTelegramLogger.Shared
{
    public class ClientLog
    {
        public LogLevel LogLevel { get; set; }

        public EventId EventId { get; set; }

        public string Message { get; set; }

        public string Exception { get; set; }

        public string StackTrace { get; set; }

        public string Url { get; set; }
    }
}

namespace BlazorWasmTelegramLogger.Client
{
    public class Program
    {
        public static async Task Main(string[] args)
        {
            var builder = WebAssemblyHostBuilder.CreateDefault(args);
            builder.RootComponents.Add<App>("#app");

            builder.Services.AddScoped(sp => new HttpClient { BaseAddress = new Uri(builder.HostEnvironment.BaseAddress) });

            builder.Services.Configure<WebApiLoggerOptions>(options => builder.Configuration.GetSection("WebApiLogger").Bind(options));
            builder.Services.AddLogging(configure =>
            {
                configure.AddWebApiLogger();
            });

            await builder.Build().RunAsync();
        }
    }
}

public bool IsEnabled(LogLevel logLevel) => logLevel >= _options.LogLevel;

using System;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using BlazorWasmTelegramLogger.Shared;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
using Telegram.Bot;
using Telegram.Bot.Types.Enums;

namespace BlazorWasmTelegramLogger.Server.Services
{
    public class TelegramLoggingBotOptions
    {
        public string AccessToken { get; set; }
        public string ChatId { get; set; }
    }

    public interface ITelegramBotService
    {
        Task SendLogAsync(ClientLog log);
    }

    public class TelegramBotService : ITelegramBotService
    {
        private readonly string _chatId;
        private readonly TelegramBotClient _client;

        public TelegramBotService(IOptions<TelegramLoggingBotOptions> options)
        {
            _chatId = options.Value.ChatId;
            _client = new TelegramBotClient(options.Value.AccessToken);
        }

        public async Task SendLogAsync(ClientLog log)
        {
            var text = formatMessage(log);
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(text))
            {
                return;
            }

            await _client.SendTextMessageAsync(_chatId, text, ParseMode.Markdown);
        }

        private static string formatMessage(ClientLog log)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(log.Message))
            {
                return string.Empty;
            }

            var sb = new StringBuilder();
            sb.Append(toEmoji(log.LogLevel))
                .Append(" *")
                .AppendFormat("{0:hh:mm:ss}", DateTime.Now)
                .Append("* ")
                .AppendLine(log.Message);

            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(log.Exception))
            {
                sb.AppendLine()
                    .Append('`')
                    .AppendLine(log.Exception)
                    .AppendLine(log.StackTrace)
                    .AppendLine("`")
                    .AppendLine();
            }

            sb.Append("*Url:* ").AppendLine(log.Url);
            return sb.ToString();
        }

        private static string toEmoji(LogLevel level) =>
            level switch
            {
                LogLevel.Trace => "⬜️",
                LogLevel.Debug => "🟦",
                LogLevel.Information => "⬛️️️",
                LogLevel.Warning => "🟧",
                LogLevel.Error => "🟥",
                LogLevel.Critical => "❌",
                LogLevel.None => "🔳",
                _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(level), level, null)
            };
    }
}

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk.Web">
  <ItemGroup>
    <PackageReference Include="Telegram.Bot" Version="15.7.1" />
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>

    public class TelegramLoggingBotOptions
    {
        public string AccessToken { get; set; }
        public string ChatId { get; set; }
    }

{
  "Logging": {
    "LogLevel": {
      "Default": "Information",
      "Microsoft": "Warning",
      "Microsoft.Hosting.Lifetime": "Information"
    }
  },
  "AllowedHosts": "*",
  "TelegramLoggingBot": {
    "AccessToken": "1826…",
    "ChatId": "-1001…" 
  }
}

namespace BlazorWasmTelegramLogger.Server
{
    public class Startup
    {
        // ...

        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.Configure<TelegramLoggingBotOptions>(options =>
                            Configuration.GetSection("TelegramLoggingBot").Bind(options));
            services.AddSingleton<ITelegramBotService, TelegramBotService>();

            // ...
        }

        // ...
    }
}

    public class TelegramBotService : ITelegramBotService
    {
        private readonly string _chatId;
        private readonly TelegramBotClient _client;

        public TelegramBotService(IOptions<TelegramLoggingBotOptions> options)
        {
            _chatId = options.Value.ChatId;
            _client = new TelegramBotClient(options.Value.AccessToken);
        }

using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using BlazorWasmTelegramLogger.Server.Services;
using BlazorWasmTelegramLogger.Shared;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;

namespace BlazorWasmTelegramLogger.Server.Controllers
{
    [ApiController]
    [Route("api/[controller]")]
    public class LogsController : ControllerBase
    {
        private readonly ILogger<LogsController> _logger;
        private readonly ITelegramBotService _telegramBotService;

        public LogsController(ILogger<LogsController> logger, ITelegramBotService telegramBotService)
        {
            _logger = logger ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(logger));
            _telegramBotService = telegramBotService;
        }

        [HttpPost]
        public async Task<IActionResult> PostLog(ClientLog log)
        {
            // TODO: Save the client's `log` in the database

            _logger.Log(log.LogLevel, log.EventId, log.Url + Environment.NewLine + log.Message);

            await _telegramBotService.SendLogAsync(log);

            return Ok();
        }
    }
}

@page "/counter"

<h1>Counter</h1>

<p>Current count: @currentCount</p>

<button class="btn btn-primary" @onclick="IncrementCount">Click me</button>

@code {
    private int currentCount = 0;

    private void IncrementCount()
    {
        currentCount++;

        throw new InvalidOperationException("This is an exception message from the client!");
    }
}

یک لامپ و سوئیچ برق را درنظر بگیرید. زمانیکه لامپ مشاهده می‌کند سوئیچ برق در حالت روشن قرار گرفته‌است، روشن خواهد شد و برعکس. در اینجا به سوئیچ، subject و به لامپ، observer گفته می‌شود. هر زمان که حالت سوئیچ تغییر می‌کند، از طریق یک callback، وضعیت خود را به observer اعلام خواهد کرد. علت استفاده از callbackها، ارائه راه‌حل‌های عمومی است تا بتواند با انواع و اقسام اشیاء کار کند. به این ترتیب هر بار که شیء observer از نوع متفاوتی تعریف می‌شود (مثلا بجای لامپ یک خودرو قرار گیرد)، نیازی نخواهد بود تا subject را تغییر داد.

public abstract class Observer
    {
        protected Observable Observable;
        public abstract void Update();
    }

 public  class Observable
    {
        private readonly List<Observer> _observers = new List<Observer>();

        public void Attach(Observer observer)
        {
            _observers.Add(observer);
        }
        public void Dettach(Observer observer)
        {
            _observers.Remove(observer);
        }

        public void NotifyAllObservers()
        {
            foreach (var observer in _observers)
            {
                observer.Update();
            }
        }
    }

 public  class Switch:Observable
    {
        private bool _state;

        public bool ChangeState
        {
            set
            {
                _state = value;
                NotifyAllObservers();
            }
            get { return _state; }
        }
    }

   public class RedLED:Observer
    {
        private bool _on = false;
        public override void Update()
        {
            _on = !_on;
            Console.WriteLine($"Red LED is {((_on) ? "On" : "Off")}");
        }
    }

  public class GreenLED:Observer
    {
        private bool _on = false;
        public override void Update()
        {
            _on = !_on;
            Console.WriteLine($"Green LED is {((_on) ? "On" : "Off")}");
        }
    }

  public  class BlueLED:Observer
    {
        private bool _on = false;
        public override void Update()
        {
            _on = !_on;
            Console.WriteLine($"Blue LED is {((_on) ? "On" : "Off")}");
        }
    }

var greenLed=new GreenLED();
            var redLed=new RedLED();
            var blueLed=new BlueLED();

            var switchKey=new Switch();
            switchKey.Attach(greenLed);
            switchKey.Attach(redLed);
            switchKey.Attach(blueLed);

            switchKey.ChangeState = true;
            switchKey.ChangeState = false;

Green LED is On
Red LED is On
Blue LED is On
Green LED is Off
Red LED is Off
Blue LED is Off