public void clockin( int32 id, datetime clockdate )
        {            
            contract.requires<argumentoutofrangeexception>( id < 0 );
            contract.requires<argumentexception>( clockdate.date != datetime.now.date );
            contract.endcontractblock();
        }

protected override void OnException(ExceptionContext filterContext)
{
    // Bail if we can't do anything
    if (filterContext == null)
        return;

    // log
    var ex = filterContext.Exception ??
            new Exception("No further information exists.");
    // save log ex.Message
    
    filterContext.ExceptionHandled = true;

    filterContext.Result = View("ViewName");
    base.OnException(filterContext);
}

protected void Application_Error(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    var error = Server.GetLastError();
    var code = (error is HttpException) ? (error as HttpException).GetHttpCode() : 500;

    if (code != 404)
    {
        // save log error.Message
    }

    Response.Clear();
    Server.ClearError();

    string path = Request.Path;
    Context.RewritePath(string.Format("~/Errors/Http{0}", code), false);
    IHttpHandler httpHandler = new MvcHttpHandler();
    httpHandler.ProcessRequest(Context);
    Context.RewritePath(path, false);
}

public class ErrorsController : Controller
{
    [HttpGet]
    public ActionResult Http404()
    {
        Response.StatusCode = 404;
        return View();
    }

    [HttpGet]
    public ActionResult Http500()
    {
        Response.StatusCode = 500;
        return View();
    }
}

•  Lazy Loading
  
• Eager Loading
  
• Explicit Loading

private static void Query11()
{
    using (var context = new StoreDbContext())
    {
        var customer = context.Customers.First();

        Console.WriteLine("Customer Name: {0}, Customer Family: {1}", customer.Name, customer.Family);
        foreach (var order in customer.Orders)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("\t Order Date: {0}", order.Date);
        }
    }
}

context.Configuration.LazyLoadingEnabled = false;

private static void Query12()
{
    using (var context = new StoreDbContext())
    {
        var customers = context.Customers;
        foreach (var customer in customers)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Customer Name: {0}, Customer Family: {1}", customer.Name, customer.Family);
            foreach (var order in customer.Orders)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("\t Order Date: {0}", order.Date);
            }
        }
    }
}

private static void Query13()
{
    using (var context = new StoreDbContext())
    {
        var customers = context.Customers.Include(c => c.Orders);
        //var customers = context.Customers.Include("Orders");
        foreach (var customer in customers)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Customer Name: {0}, Customer Family: {1}", customer.Name, customer.Family);
            foreach (var order in customer.Orders)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("\t Order Date: {0}", order.Date);
            }
        }
}

context.OrderDetails.Include(o => o.Order.Customer)

context.Orders.Include(o => o.OrderDetail.Select(od => od.Product))

context.Orders.Include(o => o.Customer).Include(o => o.OrderDetail)

private static void Query14()
{
    using (var context = new StoreDbContext())
    {
        var customer = context.Customers.First(c => c.Family == "Jamshidi");

        context.Entry(customer).Collection(c => c.Orders).Load();

        foreach (var order in customer.Orders)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(order.Date);
        }
    }
}

private static void Query15()
{
    using (var context = new StoreDbContext())
    {
        var order = context.Orders.First();

        context.Entry(order).Reference(o => o.Customer).Load();

        Console.WriteLine(order.Customer.FullName);
    }
}

if (context.Entry(order).Reference(o => o.Customer).IsLoaded)
    context.Entry(order).Reference(o => o.Customer).Load();

private static void Query16()
{
    using (var context = new StoreDbContext())
    {
        var customer = context.Customers.First(c => c.Family == "Jamshidi");

        IQueryable<Order> query = context.Entry(customer).Collection(c => c.Orders).Query();

        var order = query.First();
    }
}

namespace jqGrid02.Models
{
    public class Product
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public string Name { set; get; }
        public decimal Price { set; get; }
        public Supplier Supplier { set; get; }
    }

    public class Supplier
    {
public int Id { set; get; }
        public string CompanyName { set; get; }
        public string Address { set; get; }
        public string PostalCode { set; get; }
        public string City { set; get; }
        public string Country { set; get; }
        public string Phone { set; get; }
        public string HomePage { set; get; }
    }
}

        public ActionResult GetGetSupplierData(int id)
        {
            var list = ProductDataSource.LatestProducts;
            var product = list.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Id == id);
            if (product == null)
                return Json(null, JsonRequestBehavior.AllowGet);

            return Json(new
                          {
                              product.Supplier.CompanyName,
                              product.Supplier.Address,
                              product.Supplier.PostalCode,
                              product.Supplier.City,
                              product.Supplier.Country,
                              product.Supplier.Phone,
                              product.Supplier.HomePage
                          }, JsonRequestBehavior.AllowGet);
        }

<div dir="rtl" id="supplierDialog">
    <span id="CompanyName"></span><br /><br />
    <span id="Address"></span><br />
    <span id="PostalCode"></span>, <span id="City"></span><br />
    <span id="Country"></span><br /><br />
    <span id="Phone"></span><br />
    <span id="HomePage"></span>
</div>

    <script type="text/javascript">
        function showSupplierDialog(linkElement, supplierId) {
            //request json data
            $.getJSON('@Url.Action("GetGetSupplierData","Home")', { id: supplierId }, function (data) {
                //set values in dialog
                for (var property in data) {
                    if (data.hasOwnProperty(property)) {
                        $('#' + property).text(data[property]);
                    }
                }
                
                //get link position
                var linkPosition = $(linkElement).offset();
                $('#supplierDialog').dialog('option', 'position', [linkPosition.left, linkPosition.top]);
                //open dialog
                $('#supplierDialog').dialog('open');
            });
        }

        $(document).ready(function () {

            $('#supplierDialog').dialog({
                 autoOpen: false, bgiframe: true, resizable: false, title: 'تولید کننده'
            });

            $('#list').jqGrid({
                // .... مانند قبل
                colNames: ['شماره', 'نام محصول', 'قیمت'],
                //columns model
                colModel: [
                    {
                        name: 'Id', index: 'Id', align: 'right', width: 20,
                        formatter: function (cellvalue, options, rowObject) {
                            var cellValueInt = parseInt(cellvalue);
                            if (cellValueInt == 5) {
                                return "<span style='background: brown; color: yellow'>" + cellvalue + "</span>";
                            }
                            return cellvalue;
                        }
                    },
                    {
                        name: 'Name', index: 'Name', align: 'right', width: 300,
                        formatter: function (cellvalue, options, rowObject) {
                            return "<a href='#' onclick='showSupplierDialog(this, " + rowObject[0] + ");'>" + cellvalue + "</a>";
                        }
                    },
                    {
                        name: 'Price', index: 'Price', align: 'center', width: 50,
                        formatter: 'currency',
                        formatoptions:
                        {
                            decimalSeparator: '.', thousandsSeparator: ',', decimalPlaces: 2, prefix: '$'
                        }
                    }
                ],
                // .... مانند قبل
            });
        });
    </script>

using System;

namespace DI01
{
    public interface ICreditCard
    {
        string Charge();
    }

    public class Visa : ICreditCard
    {
        public string Charge()
        {
            return "Charging with the Visa!";
        }
    }

    public class MasterCard : ICreditCard
    {
        public string Charge()
        {
            return "Swiping the MasterCard!";
        }
    }

    public class Shopper
    {
        private readonly ICreditCard creditCard;

        public Shopper(ICreditCard creditCard)
        {
            this.creditCard = creditCard;
        }

        public void Charge()
        {
            var chargeMessage = creditCard.Charge();
            Console.WriteLine(chargeMessage);
        }
    }    
}

 var shopper = new Shopper(new Visa());
shopper.Charge();

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

namespace DI01
{
    public class Resolver
    {
        //کار ذخیره سازی و نگاشت از یک نوع به نوعی دیگر در اینجا توسط این دیکشنری انجام خواهد شد
        private Dictionary<Type, Type> dependencyMap = new Dictionary<Type, Type>();

        /// <summary>
        /// یک نوع خاص از آن درخواست شده و سپس بر اساس تنظیمات برنامه، کار وهله سازی
        /// نمونه معادل آن صورت خواهد گرفت
        /// </summary>
        public T Resolve<T>()
        {
            return (T)Resolve(typeof(T));
        }

        private object Resolve(Type typeToResolve)
        {
            Type resolvedType;

            // ابتدا بررسی می‌شود که آیا در تنظیمات برنامه نگاشت متناظری برای نوع درخواستی وجود دارد؟
            if (!dependencyMap.TryGetValue(typeToResolve, out resolvedType))
            {
                //اگر خیر، کار متوقف خواهد شد
                throw new Exception(string.Format("Could not resolve type {0}", typeToResolve.FullName));
            }

            var firstConstructor = resolvedType.GetConstructors().First();
            var constructorParameters = firstConstructor.GetParameters();
            // در ادامه اگر این نوع، دارای سازنده‌ی بدون پارامتری است
            // بلافاصله وهله سازی خواهد شد
            if (!constructorParameters.Any())
                return Activator.CreateInstance(resolvedType);


            var parameters = new List<object>();
            foreach (var parameterToResolve in constructorParameters)
            {
                // در اینجا یک فراخوانی بازگشتی صورت گرفته است برای وهله سازی
                // خودکار پارامترهای مختلف سازنده یک کلاس
                parameters.Add(Resolve(parameterToResolve.ParameterType));
            }            
            return firstConstructor.Invoke(parameters.ToArray());
        }

        public void Register<TFrom, TTo>()
        {
            dependencyMap.Add(typeof(TFrom), typeof(TTo));
        }
    }
}

 var resolver = new Resolver();
//تنظیمات اولیه
resolver.Register<Shopper, Shopper>();
resolver.Register<ICreditCard, Visa>();
//تزریق وابستگی‌ها و وهله سازی
var shopper = resolver.Resolve<Shopper>();
shopper.Charge();

 PM> Install-Package Unity

using Microsoft.Practices.Unity;

namespace DI02
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            var container = new UnityContainer();

            container.RegisterType<ICreditCard, MasterCard>();

            var shopper = container.Resolve<Shopper>();
            shopper.Charge();
        }
    }
}

 container.RegisterType<ICreditCard, MasterCard>(new InjectionProperty("propertyName", 5));

 container.RegisterType<ICreditCard, MasterCard>(new ContainerControlledLifetimeManager());

using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
using BenchmarkDotNet.Running;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;


[MemoryDiagnoser(displayGenColumns: false)]
public partial class Program
{
  static void Main(string[] args) =>
    BenchmarkSwitcher.FromAssembly(typeof(Program).Assembly).Run(args);

  [Params (10, 10000)]
  public int Size { get; set; }
  private IEnumerable<int> items;

  [GlobalSetup]
  public void Setup()
  {
    items = Enumerable.Range(1, Size).ToArray();
  }  

  [Benchmark]
  public int Min() => items.Min();

  [Benchmark]
  public int Max() => items.Max();

  [Benchmark]
  public double Average() => items.Average();

  [Benchmark]
  public int Sum() => items.Sum();
}

public static int Min(this IEnumerable<int> source)
{
  if (source == null)
  {
    ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentNullException(ExceptionArgument.source);
  }

  int value;
  using (IEnumerator<int> e = source.GetEnumerator())
  {
    if (!e.MoveNext())
    {
      ThrowHelper.ThrowNoElementsException();
    }

    value = e.Current;
    while (e.MoveNext())
    {
      int x = e.Current;
      if (x < value)
      {
        value = x;
      }
    }
  }
  return value;
}

public static int Min(this IEnumerable<int> source) => MinInteger(source);

private static T MinInteger<T>(this IEnumerable<T> source)
  where T : struct, IBinaryInteger<T>
{
  T value;

  if (source.TryGetSpan(out ReadOnlySpan<T> span))
  {
    if (Vector.IsHardwareAccelerated && 
        span.Length >= Vector<T>.Count * 2)
    {
      .... // Optimized implementation
      return ....;
    }
  }
  .... //Implementation as in .NET 6
}

if (Vector.IsHardwareAccelerated && span.Length >= Vector<T>.Count * 2)

private static T MinInteger<T>(this IEnumerable<T> source)
where T : struct, IBinaryInteger<T>
{
  .... 
  if (Vector.IsHardwareAccelerated && span.Length >= Vector<T>.Count * 2)
  {
    var mins = new Vector<T>(span);
    index = Vector<T>.Count;
    do
    {
      mins = Vector.Min(mins, new Vector<T>(span.Slice(index)));
      index += Vector<T>.Count;
    }
    while (index + Vector<T>.Count <= span.Length);

    value = mins[0];
    for (int i = 1; i < Vector<T>.Count; i++)
    {  
      if (mins[i] < value)
      {
        value = mins[i];
      }
    }
  ....
}

namespace BlazorDemoApp.Models;

public record Product
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public required string Title { get; set; }
    public required string Description { get; set; }
    public decimal Price { get; set; }

    public List<int> Related { get; set; } = new();
}

using BlazorDemoApp.Models;

namespace BlazorDemoApp.Services;

public interface IProductStore
{
    IList<Product> GetAllProducts();
    Product GetProduct(int id);
    IList<Product> GetRelatedProducts(int productId);
}

public class ProductStore : IProductStore
{
    private static readonly List<Product> ProductsDataSource =
        new()
        {
            new Product
            {
                Id = 1, Title = "Smart speaker", Price = 22m,
                Description =
                    "This smart speaker delivers excellent sound quality and comes with built-in voice control, offering an impressive music listening experience.",
                Related = new List<int> { 2, 3 },
            },
            new Product
            {
                Id = 2, Title = "Regular speaker", Price = 89m,
                Description =
                    "Enjoy room-filling sound with this regular speaker. With its slick design, it perfectly fits into any room in your house.",
                Related = new List<int> { 1, 3 },
            },
            new Product
            {
                Id = 3, Title = "Speaker cable", Price = 12m,
                Description =
                    "This high-quality speaker cable ensures a reliable and clear audio connection for your sound system.",
            },
        };

    public IList<Product> GetAllProducts() => ProductsDataSource;

    public Product GetProduct(int id) => ProductsDataSource.Single(p => p.Id == id);

    public IList<Product> GetRelatedProducts(int productId)
    {
        var product = ProductsDataSource.Single(x => x.Id == productId);
        return ProductsDataSource.Where(p => product.Related.Contains(p.Id)).ToList();
    }
}

builder.Services.AddScoped<IProductStore, ProductStore>();

@page "/Products"
@using BlazorDemoApp.Models
@using BlazorDemoApp.Services

@inject IProductStore Store

@attribute [StreamRendering]

<h3>Products</h3>

@if (_products == null)
{
    <p>Loading...</p>
}
else
{
    @foreach (var item in _products)
    {
        <a href="/ProductDetails/@item.Id">
            <div>
                <div>
                    <h5>@item.Title</h5>
                </div>
                <div>
                    <h5>@item.Price.ToString("c")</h5>
                </div>
            </div>
        </a>
    }
}

@code {
    private IList<Product>? _products;

    protected override Task OnInitializedAsync() => GetProductsAsync();

    private async Task GetProductsAsync()
    {
        await Task.Delay(1000); // Simulates asynchronous loading to demonstrate streaming rendering
        _products = Store.GetAllProducts();
    }

}

@page "/ProductDetails/{ProductId}"
@using BlazorDemoApp.Models
@using BlazorDemoApp.Services

@inject IProductStore Store

@attribute [StreamRendering]

@if (_product == null)
{
    <p>Loading...</p>
}
else
{
    <div>
        <div>
            <h5>
                @_product.Title (@_product.Price.ToString("C"))
            </h5>
            <p>
                @_product.Description
            </p>
        </div>
        @if (_product.Related.Count > 0)
        {
            <div>
                <RelatedProducts ProductId="Convert.ToInt32(ProductId)" />
            </div>
        }
    </div>
    <NavLink href="/Products">Back</NavLink>
}

@code {
    private Product? _product;

    [Parameter]
    public string? ProductId { get; set; }

    protected override Task OnInitializedAsync() => GetProductAsync();

    private async Task GetProductAsync()
    {
        await Task.Delay(1000); // Simulates asynchronous loading to demonstrate streaming rendering
        _product = Store.GetProduct(Convert.ToInt32(ProductId));
    }

}

<RelatedProducts ProductId="Convert.ToInt32(ProductId)" />

@using BlazorDemoApp.Models
@using BlazorDemoApp.Services
@inject IProductStore Store

<button @onclick="LoadRelatedProducts">Related products</button>

@if (_loadRelatedProducts)
{
    @if (_relatedProducts == null)
    {
        <p>Loading...</p>
    }
    else
    {
        <div>
            @foreach (var item in _relatedProducts)
            {
                <a href="/ProductDetails/@item.Id">
                    <div>
                        <h5>@item.Title (@item.Price.ToString("C"))</h5>
                    </div>
                </a>
            }
        </div>
    }
}

@code{

    private IList<Product>? _relatedProducts;
    private bool _loadRelatedProducts;

    [Parameter]
    public int ProductId { get; set; }

    private async Task LoadRelatedProducts()
    {
        _loadRelatedProducts = true;
        await Task.Delay(1000); // Simulates asynchronous loading to demonstrate InteractiveServer mode
        _relatedProducts = Store.GetRelatedProducts(ProductId);
    }

}

<RelatedProducts ProductId="Convert.ToInt32(ProductId)" @rendermode="@InteractiveServer"/>

<script src="_framework/blazor.web.js"></script>

<RelatedProducts ProductId="Convert.ToInt32(ProductId)" @rendermode="@(new InteractiveServerRenderMode(false))"/>

@using static Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.Web.RenderMode

public static class RenderMode
  {
    public static InteractiveServerRenderMode InteractiveServer { get; } = new InteractiveServerRenderMode();

    public static InteractiveWebAssemblyRenderMode InteractiveWebAssembly { get; } = new InteractiveWebAssemblyRenderMode();

    public static InteractiveAutoRenderMode InteractiveAuto { get; } = new InteractiveAutoRenderMode();
  }


public class InteractiveServerRenderMode : IComponentRenderMode
  {
    public InteractiveServerRenderMode()
      : this(true)
    {
    }

    public InteractiveServerRenderMode(bool prerender) => this.Prerender = prerender;

    public bool Prerender { get; }
  }

public class ApplicationUser : IdentityUser
{
    public string Email { get; set; }
    public string ConfirmationToken { get; set; }
    public bool IsConfirmed { get; set; }
}

private string CreateConfirmationToken()
{
    return ShortGuid.NewGuid();
}
 
private void SendEmailConfirmation(string to, string username, string confirmationToken)
{
    dynamic email = new Email("RegEmail");
    email.To = to;
    email.UserName = username;
    email.ConfirmationToken = confirmationToken;
    email.Send();
}
 
//
// POST: /Account/Register
[HttpPost]
[AllowAnonymous]
[ValidateAntiForgeryToken]
public async Task<ActionResult> Register(RegisterViewModel model)
{
    if (ModelState.IsValid)
    {
        string confirmationToken = CreateConfirmationToken();
        var user = new ApplicationUser()
        {
            UserName = model.UserName,
            Email = model.Email,
            ConfirmationToken = confirmationToken, 
                IsConfirmed = false };
        var result = await UserManager.CreateAsync(user, model.Password);
        if (result.Succeeded)
        {
            SendEmailConfirmation(model.Email, model.UserName, confirmationToken);
            return RedirectToAction("RegisterStepTwo", "Account");
        }
        else
        {
            AddErrors(result);
        }
    }
 
    // If we got this far, something failed, redisplay form
    return View(model);
}

private bool ConfirmAccount(string confirmationToken)
{
    ApplicationDbContext context = new ApplicationDbContext();
    ApplicationUser user =  context.Users.SingleOrDefault(u => u.ConfirmationToken == confirmationToken);
    if (user != null)
    {
        user.IsConfirmed = true;
        DbSet<ApplicationUser> dbSet = context.Set<ApplicationUser>();
        dbSet.Attach(user);
        context.Entry(user).State = EntityState.Modified;
        context.SaveChanges();
 
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}
 
[AllowAnonymous]
public ActionResult RegisterConfirmation(string Id)
{
    if (ConfirmAccount(Id))
    {
        return RedirectToAction("ConfirmationSuccess");
    }
    return RedirectToAction("ConfirmationFailure");
}

[HttpPost]
[AllowAnonymous]
[ValidateAntiForgeryToken]
public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginViewModel model, string returnUrl)
{
    if (ModelState.IsValid)
    {
        var user = await UserManager.FindAsync(model.UserName, model.Password);
        if (user != null && user.IsConfirmed)
        {
            await SignInAsync(user, model.RememberMe);
            return RedirectToLocal(returnUrl);
        }
        else
        {
            ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid username or password.");
        }
    }
 
    // If we got this far, something failed, redisplay form
    return View(model);
}

توضیحاتی درباره کار با Postal

To: @ViewBag.To
From: YOURNAME@gmail.com
Subject: Confirm your registration

Hello @ViewBag.UserName,
Please confirm your registration by following the link bellow.

@Html.ActionLink(Url.Action("RegisterConfirmation", "Account", new { id = @ViewBag.ConfirmationToken }), "RegisterConfirmation", "Account", new { id = @ViewBag.ConfirmationToken }, null)

@{ Layout = null; /* Overrides the Layout set for regular page views. */ }