IEnumerable input = new object[] { "Apple", 33, "Sugar", 44, 'a', new DateTime()};
IEnumerable<string> query = input.OfType<string>();
foreach (var item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item);
}

 class Ingredient
  {
     public string Name { get; set; }
  }
  class DryIngredient : Ingredient
  {
     public int Grams { get; set; }
  }

  class WetIngredient : Ingredient
  {
     public int Millilitres { get; set; }
  }

IEnumerable<Ingredient> input = new Ingredient[]
{
   new DryIngredient { Name = "Flour" },
   new WetIngredient { Name = "Milk" },
   new WetIngredient { Name = "Water" }
};

IEnumerable<WetIngredient> query = input.OfType<WetIngredient>();
foreach (WetIngredient item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item.Name);
}

IEnumerable input = new object[]
{
   "Apple", 33, "Sugar", 44, 'a', new DateTime()
};

IEnumerable<string> query = input.Cast<string>();
foreach (string item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item);
}

IEnumerable input = new object[]{ "Apple", "Sugar", "Flour" };
IEnumerable<string> query =
from string i in input
select i;

foreach (var item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item);
}

class Recipe
{
   public int Id { get; set; }
   public string Name { get; set; }
   public int Rating { get; set; }
}

IEnumerable<Recipe> recipes = new[]
{
   new Recipe { Id = 1, Name = "Apple Pie", Rating = 5 },
   new Recipe { Id = 2, Name = "Cherry Pie", Rating = 2 },
   new Recipe { Id = 3, Name = "Beef Pie", Rating = 3 }
};

Dictionary<int, Recipe> dict = recipes.ToDictionary(x => x.Id);
foreach (KeyValuePair<int, Recipe> item in dict)
{
   Console.WriteLine($"Key={item.Key}, Recipe={item.Value}");
}

class Recipe
{
   public int Id { get; set; }
   public string Name { get; set; }
   public byte Rating { get; set; }
}

IEnumerable<Recipe> recipes = new[]
{
   new Recipe { Id = 1, Name = "Apple Pie", Rating = 5 },
   new Recipe { Id = 1, Name = "Banana Pie", Rating = 5 },
   new Recipe { Id = 2, Name = "Cherry Pie", Rating = 2 },
   new Recipe { Id = 3, Name = "Beef Pie", Rating = 3 }
};

ILookup<byte, Recipe> look = recipes.ToLookup(x => x.Rating);
foreach (IGrouping<byte, Recipe> ratingGroup in look)
{
   byte rating = ratingGroup.Key;
   Console.WriteLine($"Rating {rating}");
   foreach (var recipe in ratingGroup)
   {
      Console.WriteLine($" - {recipe.Name}");
   }
}

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.First();
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.First(x=>x.Calories==150);
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

 Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.First(x=>x.Calories==1500);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.FirstOrDefault(x=>x.Calories==1500);
Console.WriteLine(element==null);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.Last(x=>x.Calories==500);
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 }
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.Single();
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 500}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.Single(x => x.Calories == 150);
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

 Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 50}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.SingleOrDefault(x => x.Calories == 9999);
Console.WriteLine(element==null);

 Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 50}
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.ElementAt(2);
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 50}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.ElementAtOrDefault(5);
Console.WriteLine(element==null);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 50}
};

IEnumerable<Ingredient> query = ingredients.DefaultIfEmpty();
foreach (Ingredient item in query)
{
  Console.WriteLine(item.Name);
}

Ingredient[] ingredients = { };
IEnumerable<Ingredient> query = ingredients.DefaultIfEmpty();
foreach (Ingredient item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item == null);
}

Recipe[] recipes =
{
   new Recipe {Id = 1, Name = "Mashed Potato"},
   new Recipe {Id = 2, Name = "Crispy Duck"},
   new Recipe {Id = 3, Name = "Sachertorte"}
};

// inner sequence
Review[] reviews =
{
   new Review {RecipeId = 1, ReviewText = "Tasty!"},
   new Review {RecipeId = 1, ReviewText = "Not nice :("},
   new Review {RecipeId = 1, ReviewText = "Pretty good"},
   new Review {RecipeId = 2, ReviewText = "Too hard"},
   new Review {RecipeId = 2, ReviewText = "Loved it"}
};

  var query = recipes // recipes توالی خارجی
.Join(reviews, // reviewsتوالی داخلی
  (Recipe outerKey) => outerKey.Id, // کلید انخاب شده از توالی خارجی
  (Review innerKey) => innerKey.RecipeId, // کلید انتخاب شده از توالی داخلی
  // نحوه قالب بندی خروجی
  (recipe, review) => recipe.Name + " - " + review.ReviewText);

foreach (string item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item);
}

var query = from recipe in recipes
join review in reviews
on
recipe.Id equals review.RecipeId
select new //انواع بی نام
{
    RecipeName = recipe.Name,
    RecipeReview = review.ReviewText
};

foreach (var item in query)
{
    Console.WriteLine(item.RecipeName + " - " + item.RecipeReview);
}

// outer sequence
Recipe[] recipes =
{
   new Recipe {Id = 1, Name = "Mashed Potato"},
   new Recipe {Id = 2, Name = "Crispy Duck"},
   new Recipe {Id = 3, Name = "Sachertorte"}
};

// inner sequence
Review[] reviews =
{
   new Review {RecipeId = 1, ReviewText = "Tasty!"},
   new Review {RecipeId = 1, ReviewText = "Not nice :("},
   new Review {RecipeId = 1, ReviewText = "Pretty good"},
   new Review {RecipeId = 2, ReviewText = "Too hard"},
   new Review {RecipeId = 2, ReviewText = "Loved it"}
};

var query = recipes
.GroupJoin(
reviews,
(Recipe outerKey) => outerKey.Id,//outer key
(Review innerKey) => innerKey.RecipeId,//inner key
(Recipe recipe, IEnumerable<Review> rev )=>تعریف ساختار گروه‌ها new
{
  RecipeName = recipe.Name,
  Reviews = rev
}
);

foreach (var item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine($"Reviews for {item.RecipeName}");
   foreach (var review in item.Reviews)
   {
      Console.WriteLine($" - {review.ReviewText}");
   }
}

   public interface IFilesService
    {
        DirectoryInfo GetDirectoryInfo(string directoryPath);
        void DeleteFile(string fileName);
        void WritePersonInFile(string fileName,string name, string lastName, byte age);
    }

    class FilesServices:IFilesService
    {
        public DirectoryInfo GetDirectoryInfo(string directoryPath)
        {
            return new DirectoryInfo(directoryPath);
        }

        public void DeleteFile(string fileName)
        {
            File.Delete(fileName);
            Console.WriteLine("the file has been deleted");
        }

        public void WritePersonInFile(string fileName, string name, string lastName, byte age)
        {
            var text = $"my name is {name} {lastName} with {age} years old from dotnettips.info";
            File.WriteAllText(fileName,text);
        }    
    }

    class FilesServicesProxy:IFilesService
    {
        private readonly IFilesService _filesService;

        public FilesServicesProxy()
        {
            _filesService=new FilesServices();
        }

        public DirectoryInfo GetDirectoryInfo(string directoryPath)
        {
            var existing = Directory.Exists(directoryPath);
            if (!existing)
                Directory.CreateDirectory(directoryPath);
            return _filesService.GetDirectoryInfo(directoryPath);
        }

        public void DeleteFile(string fileName)
        {
            if(!File.Exists(fileName))
                Console.WriteLine("Please enter a valid path");
            else
                _filesService.DeleteFile(fileName);
        }

        public void WritePersonInFile(string fileName, string name, string lastName, byte age)
        {
            if (!Directory.Exists(fileName.Remove(fileName.LastIndexOf("\\"))))
            {
                Console.WriteLine("File Path is not valid");
                return;
            }
            if (name.Trim().Length == 0)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("first name must enter");
                return;
            }

            if (lastName.Trim().Length == 0)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("last name must enter");
                return;
            }

            if (age<18)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("your age is illegal");
                return;
            }


            if (name.Trim().Length < 3)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("first name must be more than 2 letters");
                return;
            }

            if (lastName.Trim().Length <5)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("last name must be more than 4 letters");
                return;
            }

            _filesService.WritePersonInFile(fileName,name,lastName,age);
            Console.WriteLine("the file has been written");
        }
    }

static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            IFilesService filesService=new FilesServicesProxy();
            filesService.WritePersonInFile("c:\\myfakepath\\a.txt","ali","yeganeh",26);

            var directory = filesService.GetDirectoryInfo("d:\\myrightpath\\");
            var fileName = Path.Combine(directory.FullName, "dotnettips.txt");

            filesService.WritePersonInFile(fileName, "al", "yeganeh", 26);
            filesService.WritePersonInFile(fileName, "ali", "yeganeh", 12);
            filesService.WritePersonInFile(fileName, "ali", "yeganeh", 26);

            filesService.DeleteFile("c:\\myfakefile.txt");
            filesService.DeleteFile(fileName);
        }

File Path is not valid
first name must be more than 2 letters
your age is illegal
the file has been written
Please enter a valid path
the file has been deleted

• NotNull/NotEmpty
  
• Matches 
  
• InclusiveBetween 
  
• CreditCard 
  
• Email 
  
• EqualTo 
  
• Length 

public ActionResult Save([CustomizeValidator(RuleSet="MyRuleset")] Customer cust) {
  // ...
}

public interface IValidatorFactory {
   IValidator<T> GetValidator<T>();
   IValidator GetValidator(Type type);
}

ObjectFactory.Configure(cfg => cfg.AddRegistry(new MyRegistry()));
 
public class MyRegistry : Registry {
    public MyRegistry() {
        For<IValidator<Person>>()
    .Singleton()
    .Use<PersonValidator>();
    }
}

public class MyRegistry : Registry {
   public MyRegistry() {
 
     AssemblyScanner.FindValidatorsInAssemblyContaining<MyValidator>()
       .ForEach(result => {
            For(result.InterfaceType)
               .Singleton()
               .Use(result.ValidatorType);
       });
   }
}

protected void Application_Start() {
    RegisterRoutes(RouteTable.Routes);
 
    //Configure structuremap
    ObjectFactory.Configure(cfg => cfg.AddRegistry(new MyRegistry()));
    ControllerBuilder.Current.SetControllerFactory(new StructureMapControllerFactory());
 
    //Configure FV to use StructureMap
    var factory = new StructureMapValidatorFactory();
 
    //Tell MVC to use FV for validation
    ModelValidatorProviders.Providers.Add(new FluentValidationModelValidatorProvider(factory));        
    DataAnnotationsModelValidatorProvider.AddImplicitRequiredAttributeForValueTypes = false;
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace SortedSetTest
{
   class Program
   {
       static void sample1()
       {
           var setRange = new SortedSet<int> { 2, 5, 6, 2, 1, 4, 8 };

           foreach (var i in setRange)
           {
               Console.WriteLine(i);
           }
       }

       static void Main()
       {
           sample1();
       }
   }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace SortedSetTest
{
   class Program
   {      
       static void sample2()
       {
           var setRange = new SortedSet<int>();
           var random = new Random();

           for (int counter = 0; counter < 100; counter++)
           {
               var rnd = random.Next(-180, 181);
               if (!setRange.Add(rnd))
               {
                   Console.WriteLine("Couldn't add {0}", rnd);
               }
           }

           Console.WriteLine("Result set:");
           foreach (var item in setRange)
           {
               Console.WriteLine(item);
           }
       }

       static void Main()
       {
           sample2();
       }
   }
}

using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace SortedSetTest
{
   class FileInfo
   {
       public string Name { set; get; }
       public long Size { set; get; }
   }

   class FileInfoComparer : IComparer<FileInfo>
   {
       public int Compare(FileInfo x, FileInfo y)
       {
           var caseiComp = new CaseInsensitiveComparer();
           return caseiComp.Compare(x.Name, y.Name);
       }
   }


   class Program
   {

       static void sample3()
       {
           var setRange = new SortedSet<FileInfo>(new FileInfoComparer())
                              {
                                  new FileInfo
                                      {
                                          Name = "file1.txt",
                                          Size = 100
                                      },
                                  new FileInfo
                                      {
                                          Name = "file2.txt",
                                          Size = 10
                                      },
                                      new FileInfo
                                          {
                                          Name = "file3.txt",
                                          Size = 300
                                      }
                              };

           foreach (var item in setRange)
           {
               Console.WriteLine(item.Name);
           }
       }

       static void Main()
       {
           sample3();

           Console.WriteLine("Press a key...");
           Console.ReadKey();
       }
   }
}