current=1&rowCount=10&sort[sender]=asc&searchPhrase=&id=b0df282a-0d67-40e5-8558-c9e93b7befed

<form method="post"
      asp-action="Index"
      asp-controller="TestFileUpload"
      enctype="multipart/form-data">
    <input type="file" name="files" multiple />
    <input type="submit" value="Upload" />
</form>

[HttpPost]
[ValidateAntiForgeryToken]
public async Task<IActionResult> Index(IList<IFormFile> files)

public class TestFileUploadController : Controller
{
    private readonly IHostingEnvironment _environment;
    public TestFileUploadController(IHostingEnvironment environment)
    {
        _environment = environment;
    }

[HttpPost]
[ValidateAntiForgeryToken]
public async Task<IActionResult> Index(IList<IFormFile> files)
{
    var uploadsRootFolder = Path.Combine(_environment.WebRootPath, "uploads");
    if (!Directory.Exists(uploadsRootFolder))
    {
        Directory.CreateDirectory(uploadsRootFolder);
    }
 
    foreach (var file in files)
    {
        if (file == null || file.Length == 0)
        {
            continue;
        }
 
        var filePath = Path.Combine(uploadsRootFolder, file.FileName);
        using (var fileStream = new FileStream(filePath, FileMode.Create))
        {
            await file.CopyToAsync(fileStream).ConfigureAwait(false);
        }
    }
    return View();
}

public class UserViewModel
{
    [Required(ErrorMessage = "Please select a file.")]
    [DataType(DataType.Upload)]
    public IFormFile Photo { get; set; }
}

@model UserViewModel
 
<form method="post"
      asp-action="UploadPhoto"
      asp-controller="TestFileUpload"
      enctype="multipart/form-data">
    <div asp-validation-summary="ModelOnly" class="text-danger"></div>
 
    <input asp-for="Photo" />
    <span asp-validation-for="Photo" class="text-danger"></span>
    <input type="submit" value="Upload"/>
</form>

[HttpPost]
[ValidateAntiForgeryToken]
public async Task<IActionResult> UploadPhoto(UserViewModel userViewModel)
{
    if (ModelState.IsValid)
    {
        var formFile = userViewModel.Photo;
        if (formFile == null || formFile.Length == 0)
        {
            ModelState.AddModelError("", "Uploaded file is empty or null.");
            return View(viewName: "Index");
        }
 
        var uploadsRootFolder = Path.Combine(_environment.WebRootPath, "uploads");
        if (!Directory.Exists(uploadsRootFolder))
        {
            Directory.CreateDirectory(uploadsRootFolder);
        }
 
        var filePath = Path.Combine(uploadsRootFolder, formFile.FileName);
        using (var fileStream = new FileStream(filePath, FileMode.Create))
        {
            await formFile.CopyToAsync(fileStream).ConfigureAwait(false);
        }
 
        RedirectToAction("Index");
    }
    return View(viewName: "Index");
}

 [FileExtensions(Extensions = ".png,.jpg,.jpeg,.gif", ErrorMessage = "Please upload an image file.")]

[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Field | AttributeTargets.Property)]
public class UploadFileExtensionsAttribute : ValidationAttribute
{
    private readonly IList<string> _allowedExtensions;
    public UploadFileExtensionsAttribute(string fileExtensions)
    {
        _allowedExtensions = fileExtensions.Split(new[] { ',' }, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries).ToList();
    }
 
    public override bool IsValid(object value)
    {
        var file = value as IFormFile;
        if (file != null)
        {
            return isValidFile(file);
        }
 
        var files = value as IList<IFormFile>;
        if (files == null)
        {
            return false;
        }
 
        foreach (var postedFile in files)
        {
            if (!isValidFile(postedFile)) return false;
        }
 
        return true;
    }
 
    private bool isValidFile(IFormFile file)
    {
        if (file == null || file.Length == 0)
        {
            return false;
        }
 
        var fileExtension = Path.GetExtension(file.FileName);
        return !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(fileExtension) &&
               _allowedExtensions.Any(ext => fileExtension.Equals(ext, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
    }
}

public class UserViewModel
{
    [Required(ErrorMessage = "Please select a file.")]
    //`FileExtensions` needs to be applied to a string property. It doesn't work on IFormFile properties, and definitely not on IEnumerable<IFormFile> properties.
    //[FileExtensions(Extensions = ".png,.jpg,.jpeg,.gif", ErrorMessage = "Please upload an image file.")]
    [UploadFileExtensions(".png,.jpg,.jpeg,.gif", ErrorMessage = "Please upload an image file.")]
    [DataType(DataType.Upload)]
    public IFormFile Photo { get; set; }
}

public class UserFactory
{
    public User CreateUser(string email) {
        return new User(email);
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Linq.Expressions;
using System.Reflection;

namespace ValueOf
{
    public class ValueOf<TValue, TThis> where TThis : ValueOf<TValue, TThis>, new()
    {
        private static readonly Func<TThis> Factory;

        /// <summary>
        /// WARNING - THIS FEATURE IS EXPERIMENTAL. I may change it to do
        /// validation in a different way.
        /// Right now, override this method, and throw any exceptions you need to.
        /// Access this.Value to check the value
        /// </summary>
        protected virtual void Validate()
        {
        }

        static ValueOf()
        {
            ConstructorInfo ctor = typeof(TThis)
                .GetTypeInfo()
                .DeclaredConstructors
                .First();

            var argsExp = new Expression[0];
            NewExpression newExp = Expression.New(ctor, argsExp);
            LambdaExpression lambda = Expression.Lambda(typeof(Func<TThis>), newExp);

            Factory = (Func<TThis>)lambda.Compile();
        }

        public TValue Value { get; protected set; }

        public static TThis From(TValue item)
        {
            TThis x = Factory();
            x.Value = item;
            x.Validate();

            return x;
        }

        protected virtual bool Equals(ValueOf<TValue, TThis> other)
        {
            return EqualityComparer<TValue>.Default.Equals(Value, other.Value);
        }

        public override bool Equals(object obj)
        {
            if (obj is null)
                return false;

            if (ReferenceEquals(this, obj))
                return true;

            return obj.GetType() == GetType() && Equals((ValueOf<TValue, TThis>)obj);
        }

        public override int GetHashCode()
        {
            return EqualityComparer<TValue>.Default.GetHashCode(Value);
        }

        public static bool operator ==(ValueOf<TValue, TThis> a, ValueOf<TValue, TThis> b)
        {
            if (a is null && b is null)
                return true;

            if (a is null || b is null)
                return false;

            return a.Equals(b);
        }

        public static bool operator !=(ValueOf<TValue, TThis> a, ValueOf<TValue, TThis> b)
        {
            return !(a == b);
        }

        public override string ToString()
        {
            return Value.ToString();
        }
    }
}

public class EmailAddress : ValueOf<string, EmailAddress> { }

EmailAddress emailAddress = EmailAddress.From("foo@bar.com");

public class Address : ValueOf<(string firstLine, string secondLine, Postcode postcode), Address> { }

<body>
    <div class="container">
        <h2>Medical Questionnaire</h2>
        <form>
            <fieldset>
                <legend>Owner Info</legend>
                <div>
                    <label for="ownername">Owner name</label>
                    <input type="text" id="ownername" placeholder="Your Name">
                </div>
                <div>
                    <label for="owneremail">Email address</label>
                    <input type="email" id="owneremail" aria-describedby="emailHelp"
                        placeholder="Enter email">
                    <small id="emailHelp">We'll never share your email</small>
                </div>
            </fieldset>

            <fieldset>
                <legend>Pet Info</legend>
                <div>
                    <label for="petname">Pet name</label>
                    <input type="text" id="petname" placeholder="Your Pet's name">
                </div>
                <div>
                    <label for="pettype">Pet type</label>
                    <select id="pettype">
                        <option>Choose</option>
                        <option value="cat">Dog</option>
                        <option value="cat">Cat</option>
                        <option value="bird">Other</option>
                    </select>
                </div>
                <div>
                    <label for="reasonforvisit">Reason for today's visit</label>
                    <textarea id="reasonforvisit" rows="3"></textarea>
                </div>
                <div>
                    <label>Has your pet been spayed or neutered?</label>
                    <label><input type="radio" name="spayneut" value="yes"
                            checked> Yes</label>
                    <label><input type="radio" name="spayneut" value="no"> No</label>
                </div>
                <div>
                    <label>Has the pet had any of the following in the past 30
                        days</label>
                    <label><input type="checkbox"> Abdominal pain</label>
                    <label><input type="checkbox"> Lack of appetite</label>
                    <label><input type="checkbox"> Weakness</label>
                </div>
            </fieldset>
            <button type="submit">Submit</button>
        </form>

    </div><!-- content container -->
</body>

<div class="form-check">
    <label class="form-check-label">
        <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox">
        Lack of appetite
    </label>
</div>

<div class="form-group">
    <label class="d-block">Has your pet been spayed or
        neutered?</label>
    <div class="form-check form-check-inline">
        <label class="form-check-label">
            <input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="spayneut"
                   value="yes" checked>
            Yes
        </label>
    </div>
    <div class="form-check form-check-inline">
        <label class="form-check-label">
            <input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="spayneut"
                   value="no"> No
        </label>
    </div>
</div>

<div class="form-group">
    <label for="owneremail" class="text-success">Email address</label>
    <input class="form-control is-valid" type="email" id="owneremail"
        aria-describedby="emailHelp" placeholder="Enter email">
    <small class="form-text text-muted" id="emailHelp">We'll
        never share your email</small>
    <div class="valid-feedback">
        Looks good!
    </div>
</div>

<body>
    <div class="container">
        <h2>Medical Questionnaire</h2>
        <form>
            <fieldset class="form-group">
                <legend>Owner Info</legend>
                <div class="form-group row">
                    <label class="form-control-label col-md-2 col-form-label text-md-right"
                        for="ownername">Owner</label>
                    <div class="col-md-10">
                        <input class="form-control" type="text" id="ownername"
                            placeholder="Your Name">
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group row">
                    <label class="form-control-label col-md-2 col-form-label text-md-right"
                        for="owneremail">Address</label>
                    <div class="col-md-10">
                        <input class="form-control" type="text" id="owneremail"
                            placeholder="Address">
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group row">
                    <div class="form-group col-6 offset-md-2">
                        <label class="form-control-label sr-only" for="ownercity">City</label>
                        <input class="form-control" type="text" id="ownercity"
                            placeholder="City">
                    </div>
                    <div class="form-group col-md-4 col-6">
                        <label class="form-control-label sr-only" for="ownerzip">Zip</label>
                        <input class="form-control" type="text" id="ownerzip"
                            placeholder="Zip">
                    </div>
                </div>

                <div class="form-group row">
                    <div class="offset-md-2 col-md-10">
                        <button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Submit</button>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </fieldset>
        </form>
    </div>
</body>

                <div class="form-group row">
                    <label class="form-control-label col-md-2 col-form-label text-md-right"
                        for="ownername">Owner</label>
                    <div class="col-md-10">
                        <input class="form-control" type="text" id="ownername"
                            placeholder="Your Name">
                    </div>
                </div>

<div class="form-group row">
   <div class="form-group col-6 offset-md-2">
   <label class="form-control-label sr-only" for="ownercity">City</label>
   <input class="form-control" type="text" id="ownercity"placeholder="City">
</div>

<div class="form-group row">
    <div class="offset-md-2 col-md-10">
        <button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Submit</button>
    </div>
</div>

<div class="form-group">
    <label class="form-control-label" for="donationamt">
        Donation Amount
    </label>
    <div class="input-group">
        <div class="input-group-prepend">
            <span class="input-group-text">$</span>
        </div>
        <input type="text" class="form-control" id="donationamt"
            placeholder="Amount">
        <div class="input-group-append">
            <span class="input-group-text">.00</span>
        </div>
    </div>
</div>

    <nav class="navbar bg-dark navbar-dark navbar-expand-sm">
        <div class="container">
            <div class="navbar-brand d-none d-sm-inline-block">
                Wisdom Pet Medicine
            </div>
            <div class="navbar-nav mr-auto">
                <a class="nav-item nav-link active" href="#">Home</a>
                <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="#">Mission</a>
                <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="#">Services</a>
                <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="#">Staff</a>
                <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="#">Testimonials</a>
            </div>
            <form class="form-inline d-none d-md-inline-block">
                <div class="input-group">
                    <label for="search" class="form-control-label sr-only"></label>
                    <input type="text" id="search" class="form-control"
                        placeholder="Search ...">
                    <div class="input-group-append">
                        <button class="btn btn-outline-light" type="submit">Go</button>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </form>
        </div>
    </nav>

SELECT Title FROM Book WHERE Desc LIKE '%cat%';

var cats = context.Chapters.Where(item => item.Text.Contains("cat")).ToList();

SELECT  "c"."Text" FROM "Chapters" AS "c" WHERE ('cat' = '') OR (instr("c"."Text", 'cat') > 0)

var cats = context.Chapters.Where(item => item.Text.StartsWith("cat")).ToList();
// SELECT "c"."Text", FROM "Chapters" AS "c" WHERE "c"."Text" IS NOT NULL AND ("c"."Text" LIKE 'cat%')

var cats = context.Chapters.Where(item => item.Text.EndsWith("cat")).ToList();
// SELECT "c"."Title" FROM "Chapters" AS "c" WHERE "c"."Text" IS NOT NULL AND ("c"."Text" LIKE '%cat')

using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace EFCoreSQLiteFTS.Entities
{
    public class User
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }

        public string Name { get; set; }

        public ICollection<Chapter> Chapters { get; set; }
    }

    public class Chapter
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }

        public string Title { get; set; }

        public string Text { get; set; }

        public User User { get; set; }
        public int UserId { get; set; }
    }
}

CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE "Chapters_FTS"
USING fts5("Text", "Title", content="Chapters", content_rowid="Id")

private static void createFtsTables(ApplicationDbContext context)
{
    // For SQLite FTS
    // Note: This can be added to the `protected override void Up(MigrationBuilder migrationBuilder)` method too.
    context.Database.ExecuteSqlRaw(@"CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE IF NOT EXISTS ""Chapters_FTS""
    USING fts5(""Text"", ""Title"", content=""Chapters"", content_rowid=""Id"");");
}

-- Create a table. And an external content fts5 table to index it.
CREATE TABLE tbl(a INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, b, c);
CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE fts_idx USING fts5(b, c, content='tbl', content_rowid='a');

-- Triggers to keep the FTS index up to date.
CREATE TRIGGER tbl_ai AFTER INSERT ON tbl BEGIN
  INSERT INTO fts_idx(rowid, b, c) VALUES (new.a, new.b, new.c);
END;
CREATE TRIGGER tbl_ad AFTER DELETE ON tbl BEGIN
  INSERT INTO fts_idx(fts_idx, rowid, b, c) VALUES('delete', old.a, old.b, old.c);
END;
CREATE TRIGGER tbl_au AFTER UPDATE ON tbl BEGIN
  INSERT INTO fts_idx(fts_idx, rowid, b, c) VALUES('delete', old.a, old.b, old.c);
  INSERT INTO fts_idx(rowid, b, c) VALUES (new.a, new.b, new.c);
END;

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.ChangeTracking;

namespace EFCoreSQLiteFTS.DataLayer
{
    public static class EFChangeTrackerExtensions
    {
        public static List<(EntityState State, TEntity NewEntity, TEntity OldEntity)>
                    GetChangedEntities<TEntity>(this DbContext dbContext) where TEntity : class, new()
        {
            if (!dbContext.ChangeTracker.AutoDetectChangesEnabled)
            {
                // ChangeTracker.Entries() only calls `Try`DetectChanges() behind the scene.
                dbContext.ChangeTracker.DetectChanges();
            }

            return dbContext.ChangeTracker.Entries<TEntity>()
                    .Where(IsEntityChanged)
                    .Select(entityEntry => (entityEntry.State,
                                            entityEntry.Entity,
                                            createWithValues<TEntity>(entityEntry.OriginalValues)))
                    .ToList();
        }

        private static bool IsEntityChanged(EntityEntry entry)
        {
            return entry.State == EntityState.Added
                    || entry.State == EntityState.Modified
                    || entry.State == EntityState.Deleted
                    || entry.References.Any(r => r.TargetEntry?.Metadata.IsOwned() == true && IsEntityChanged(r.TargetEntry));
        }

        private static T createWithValues<T>(PropertyValues values) where T : new()
        {
            var entity = new T();
            foreach (var prop in values.Properties)
            {
                var value = values[prop.Name];
                if (value is PropertyValues)
                {
                    throw new NotSupportedException("nested complex object");
                }
                else
                {
                    prop.PropertyInfo.SetValue(entity, value);
                }
            }
            return entity;
        }
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Data;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
using EFCoreSQLiteFTS.Entities;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;

namespace EFCoreSQLiteFTS.DataLayer
{
    public static class FtsNormalizer
    {
        private static readonly Regex _htmlRegex = new Regex("<[^>]*>", RegexOptions.Compiled);

        public static string NormalizeText(this string text)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(text))
            {
                return string.Empty;
            }

            // Remove html tags
            text = _htmlRegex.Replace(text, string.Empty);

            // TODO: add other normalizers here, such as `remove diacritics`, `fix Persian Ye-Ke` and so on ...

            return text;
        }
    }

    public static class UpdateFtsTriggers
    {
        public static void UpdateChapterFTS(
            this DbContext context,
            List<(EntityState State, Chapter NewEntity, Chapter OldEntity)> changedChapters)
        {
            var database = context.Database;

            try
            {
                database.BeginTransaction(IsolationLevel.ReadCommitted);

                foreach (var (State, NewEntity, OldEntity) in changedChapters)
                {
                    var chapterNew = NewEntity;
                    var chapterOld = OldEntity;

                    var normalizedNewText = chapterNew.Text.NormalizeText();
                    var normalizedOldText = chapterOld.Text.NormalizeText();
                    var normalizedNewTitle = chapterNew.Title.NormalizeText();
                    var normalizedOldTitle = chapterOld.Title.NormalizeText();
                    switch (State)
                    {
                        case EntityState.Added:
                            if (shouldSkipAddedChapter(chapterNew))
                            {
                                continue;
                            }
                            database.ExecuteSqlRaw("INSERT INTO Chapters_FTS(rowid, Text, Title) values({0}, {1}, {2});",
                                    chapterNew.Id, normalizedNewText, normalizedNewTitle);
                            break;
                        case EntityState.Modified:
                            if (shouldSkipModifiedChapter(chapterNew, chapterOld))
                            {
                                continue;
                            }
                            // This format is important! Otherwise we will get `SQLite Error 11: 'database disk image is malformed'.` error!
                            database.ExecuteSqlRaw(@"INSERT INTO Chapters_FTS(Chapters_FTS, rowid, Text, Title)
                                                        VALUES('delete', {0}, {1}, {2}); ",
                                                        chapterOld.Id, normalizedOldText, normalizedOldTitle);
                            database.ExecuteSqlRaw("INSERT INTO Chapters_FTS(rowid, Text, Title) values({0}, {1}, {2});",
                                    chapterNew.Id, normalizedNewText, normalizedNewTitle);
                            break;
                        case EntityState.Deleted:
                            // This format is important! Otherwise we will get `SQLite Error 11: 'database disk image is malformed'.` error!
                            database.ExecuteSqlRaw(@"INSERT INTO Chapters_FTS(Chapters_FTS, rowid, Text, Title)
                                                        VALUES('delete', {0}, {1}, {2}); ",
                                    chapterOld.Id, normalizedOldText, normalizedOldTitle);
                            break;
                    }
                }
            }
            finally
            {
                database.CommitTransaction();
            }
        }

        private static bool shouldSkipAddedChapter(Chapter chapterNew)
        {
            // TODO: add your logic to avoid indexing this item
            return false;
        }

        private static bool shouldSkipModifiedChapter(Chapter chapterNew, Chapter chapterOld)
        {
            // TODO: add your logic to avoid indexing this item
            return chapterNew.Text == chapterOld.Text && chapterNew.Title == chapterOld.Title;
        }
    }
}

namespace EFCoreSQLiteFTS.DataLayer
{
    public class ApplicationDbContext : DbContext
    {
        public ApplicationDbContext(DbContextOptions options)
            : base(options)
        {
        }

        public DbSet<Chapter> Chapters { get; set; }
        public DbSet<User> Users { get; set; }

        public override int SaveChanges()
        {
            var changedChapters = this.GetChangedEntities<Chapter>();

            this.ChangeTracker.AutoDetectChangesEnabled = false; // for performance reasons, to avoid calling DetectChanges() again.
            var result = base.SaveChanges();
            this.ChangeTracker.AutoDetectChangesEnabled = true;

            this.UpdateChapterFTS(changedChapters);
            return result;
        }
    }
}

البته می‌دانیم که ViewModel در WPF شامل رفتار اشیاء هم می‌تواند باشد اما DTO به هیچ عنوان دربرگیرنده رفتار اشیاء نیست.

public class TeacherService
{
     internal  IEnumerable<TeacherDto> GetTeachers ()
      {
           return ...
      }
}