<div class="container-fluid">
        <div class="row-fluid">
            <div class="span12">
                <div class="dropdown">
                    <a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#">منوی پایین افتادنی 
                    <span  class="caret"></span></a>
                    <ul class="dropdown-menu">
                        <li><a href="http://www.site1.com">site1</a></li>
                        <li><a href="http://www.site2.com">site2</a></li>
                        <li><a href="http://www.site3.com">site3</a></li>
                        <li class="divider"></li>
                        <li class="dropdown-submenu"><a href="#">سایر موارد</a>
                            <ul class="dropdown-menu">
                                <li><a href="http://www.site4.com">site4</a></li>
                                <li><a href="http://www.site5.com">site5</a></li>
                            </ul>
                        </li>
                    </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>

    <div class="container-fluid">
        <div class="row-fluid">
            <div class="span12">
                <div class="btn-group">
                    <a class="btn btn-primary" href="#">Split button</a> <a class="btn btn-primary dropdown-toggle"
                        data-toggle="dropdown" href="#"><span class="caret"></span></a>
                    <ul class="dropdown-menu">
                        <li><a href="http://www.site1.com">site1</a></li>
                        <li><a href="http://www.site2.com">site2</a></li>
                    </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>

    <div class="container">
        <div class="row">
            <h2>
                Navigational menus
            </h2>
            <div class="span3">
                <ul class="nav nav-tabs">
                    <li class="nav-header">nav nav-tabs</li>
                    <li class="active"><a href="#">Home</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#">Contact</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#">Login</a></li>
                </ul>
            </div>
            <div class="span3">
                <ul class="nav nav-tabs nav-stacked">
                    <li class="nav-header">nav nav-tabs nav-stacked</li>
                    <li class="active"><a href="#">Home</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#">Contact</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#">Login</a></li>
                </ul>
            </div>
            <div class="span3">
                <ul class="nav nav-pills">
                    <li class="nav-header">nav nav-pills</li>
                    <li class="active"><a href="#">Home</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#">Contact</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#">Login</a></li>
                </ul>
            </div>
            <div class="span3">
                <ul class="nav nav-list">
                    <li class="nav-header">nav nav-list</li>
                    <li class="active"><a href="#">Home</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#">Contact</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#">Login</a></li>
                    <li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#">Menu
                        ...<span class="caret"></span></a>
                        <ul class="dropdown-menu">
                            <li><a href="http://www.site1.com">site1</a></li>
                            <li><a href="http://www.site2.com">site2</a></li>
                        </ul>
                    </li>
                </ul>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>

    <div class="container">
        <div class="row">
            <div class="span12">
                <div class="tabbable">
                    <ul class="nav nav-tabs">
                        <li class="active"><a data-toggle="tab" href="#tab1">Home</a></li>
                        <li><a data-toggle="tab" href="#tab2">About</a></li>
                    </ul>
                    <div class="tab-content">
                        <div class="tab-pane active" id="tab1">
                            data ... data ...
                        </div>
                        <div class="tab-pane" id="tab2">
                            data2 ... data2 ...
                        </div>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>

    <div class="container">
        <div class="row">
            <div class="span12">
                <nav class="navbar navbar-inverse">
                    <div class="navbar-inner">
                        <a href="/" class="brand">نام سایت در اینجا</a> 
                        <a class="btn btn-navbar" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".nav-collapse">
                            <span class="icon-bar"></span>
                            <span class="icon-bar"></span>
                            <span class="icon-bar"></span>
                        </a>
                        <div class="nav-collapse collapse">
                            <ul class="nav">
                                <li><a href="/about">درباره</a></li>
                                <li><a href="/contact">تماس</a></li>
                                <li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#">Menu
                                    ...<span class="caret"></span></a>
                                    <ul class="dropdown-menu">
                                        <li><a href="http://www.site1.com">site1</a></li>
                                        <li><a href="http://www.site2.com">site2</a></li>
                                    </ul>
                                </li>
                            </ul>
                            <form class="navbar-search pull-right input-append" action="/search">
                            <input class="span2" type="search" />
                            <button class="btn" type="button">
                                جستجو</button>
                            </form>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                </nav>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>

    <div class="container">
        <div class="row">
            <div class="span12">
                <ul class="breadcrumb">
                    <li><a href="/level1">سطح یک</a> <span class="divider">/</span></li>
                    <li><a href="/level2">سطح دو</a> <span class="divider">/</span></li>
                    <li class="active">سطح سه</li>
                </ul>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>

<div class="container">
        <div class="row">
            <div class="span12">
                <div class="pagination pagination-centered pagination-large">
                    <ul>
                        <li class="disabled"><a href="#">Prev</a></li>
                        <li class="active"><a href="/page/1">1</a></li>
                        <li><a href="/page/2">2</a></li>
                        <li><a href="/page/3">3</a></li>
                        <li><a href="/page/4">4</a></li>
                        <li><a href="#">Next</a></li>
                    </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>

    <div class="container">
        <div class="row">
            <div class="span12">
                <section>
                    <ul class="unstyled">
                        <li><span class="label">پیش فرض</span></li>
                        <li><span class="label label-success">موفقیت آمیز</span></li>
                        <li><span class="label label-warning">اخطار</span></li>
                        <li><span class="label label-importatnt">مهم است</span></li>
                        <li><span class="label label-info">اطلاعات</span></li>
                        <li><span class="label label-inverse">رنگ معکوس</span></li>
                    </ul>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <ul class="unstyled">
                        <li><span class="badge">پیش فرض</span></li>
                        <li><span class="badge badge-success">موفقیت آمیز</span></li>
                        <li><span class="badge badge-warning">اخطار</span></li>
                        <li><span class="badge badge-importatnt">مهم است</span></li>
                        <li><span class="badge badge-info">اطلاعات</span></li>
                        <li><span class="badge badge-inverse">رنگ معکوس</span></li>
                    </ul>
                </section>
                <div>
                    <div class="alert">
                        <button class="close" data-dismiss="alert">&times;</button>
                        نمایش اعلانات
                    </div>
                    <div class="alert alert-danger">
                        <button class="close" data-dismiss="alert">&times;</button>
                        نمایش اعلانات
                    </div>
                    <div class="alert alert-info">
                        <button class="close" data-dismiss="alert">&times;</button>
                        نمایش اعلانات
                    </div>
                    <div class="alert alert-success">
                        <button class="close" data-dismiss="alert">&times;</button>
                        نمایش اعلانات
                    </div>
                    <div class="alert alert-error">
                        <button class="close" data-dismiss="alert">&times;</button>
                        نمایش اعلانات
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>

namespace DNT.IDP
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public const string TwoFactorAuthenticationScheme = "idsrv.2FA";

        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            // ...

            services.AddAuthentication()
                .AddCookie(authenticationScheme: TwoFactorAuthenticationScheme)
                .AddGoogle(authenticationScheme: "Google", configureOptions: options =>
                {
                    options.SignInScheme = IdentityServerConstants.ExternalCookieAuthenticationScheme;
                    options.ClientId = Configuration["Authentication:Google:ClientId"];
                    options.ClientSecret = Configuration["Authentication:Google:ClientSecret"];
                });
        }

namespace DNT.IDP.Controllers.Account
{
    [SecurityHeaders]
    [AllowAnonymous]
    public class AccountController : Controller
    {
        [HttpPost]
        [ValidateAntiForgeryToken]
        public async Task<IActionResult> Login(LoginInputModel model, string button)
        {
    // ... 

            if (ModelState.IsValid)
            {
                if (await _usersService.AreUserCredentialsValidAsync(model.Username, model.Password))
                {
                    var user = await _usersService.GetUserByUsernameAsync(model.Username);
                    
                    var id = new ClaimsIdentity();
                    id.AddClaim(new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.Subject, user.SubjectId));
                    await HttpContext.SignInAsync(scheme: Startup.TwoFactorAuthenticationScheme, principal: new ClaimsPrincipal(id));

                    await _twoFactorAuthenticationService.SendTemporaryCodeAsync(user.SubjectId);

                    var redirectToAdditionalFactorUrl =
                        Url.Action("AdditionalAuthenticationFactor",
                            new
                            {
                                returnUrl = model.ReturnUrl,
                                rememberLogin = model.RememberLogin
                            });                   

                    // request for a local page
                    if (Url.IsLocalUrl(model.ReturnUrl))
                    {
                        return Redirect(redirectToAdditionalFactorUrl);
                    }

                    if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(model.ReturnUrl))
                    {
                        return Redirect("~/");
                    }

                    // user might have clicked on a malicious link - should be logged
                    throw new Exception("invalid return URL");
                }

                await _events.RaiseAsync(new UserLoginFailureEvent(model.Username, "invalid credentials"));
                ModelState.AddModelError("", AccountOptions.InvalidCredentialsErrorMessage);
            }

            // something went wrong, show form with error
            var vm = await BuildLoginViewModelAsync(model);
            return View(vm);
        }

 await HttpContext.SignInAsync(scheme: Startup.TwoFactorAuthenticationScheme, principal: new ClaimsPrincipal(id));

    public interface ITwoFactorAuthenticationService
    {
        Task SendTemporaryCodeAsync(string subjectId);
        Task<bool> IsValidTemporaryCodeAsync(string subjectId, string code);
    }

using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;

namespace DNT.IDP.Controllers.Account
{
    public class AdditionalAuthenticationFactorViewModel
    {
        [Required]
        public string Code { get; set; }

        public string ReturnUrl { get; set; }

        public bool RememberLogin { get; set; }
    }
}

namespace DNT.IDP.Controllers.Account
{
    public class AccountController : Controller
    {
        [HttpGet]
        public IActionResult AdditionalAuthenticationFactor(string returnUrl, bool rememberLogin)
        {
            // create VM
            var vm = new AdditionalAuthenticationFactorViewModel
            {
                RememberLogin = rememberLogin,
                ReturnUrl = returnUrl
            };

            return View(vm);
        }

        [HttpPost]
        [ValidateAntiForgeryToken]
        public async Task<IActionResult> AdditionalAuthenticationFactor(
            AdditionalAuthenticationFactorViewModel model)
        {
            if (!ModelState.IsValid)
            {
                return View(model);
            }

            // read identity from the temporary cookie
            var info = await HttpContext.AuthenticateAsync(Startup.TwoFactorAuthenticationScheme);
            var tempUser = info?.Principal;
            if (tempUser == null)
            {
                throw new Exception("2FA error");
            }

            // ... check code for user
            if (!await _twoFactorAuthenticationService.IsValidTemporaryCodeAsync(tempUser.GetSubjectId(), model.Code))
            {
                ModelState.AddModelError("code", "2FA code is invalid.");
                return View(model);
            }

            // login the user
            AuthenticationProperties props = null;
            if (AccountOptions.AllowRememberLogin && model.RememberLogin)
            {
                props = new AuthenticationProperties
                {
                    IsPersistent = true,
                    ExpiresUtc = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow.Add(AccountOptions.RememberMeLoginDuration)
                };
            }

            // issue authentication cookie for user
            var user = await _usersService.GetUserBySubjectIdAsync(tempUser.GetSubjectId());
            await _events.RaiseAsync(new UserLoginSuccessEvent(user.Username, user.SubjectId, user.Username));
            await HttpContext.SignInAsync(user.SubjectId, user.Username, props);

            // delete temporary cookie used for 2FA
            await HttpContext.SignOutAsync(Startup.TwoFactorAuthenticationScheme);

            if (_interaction.IsValidReturnUrl(model.ReturnUrl) || Url.IsLocalUrl(model.ReturnUrl))
            {
                return Redirect(model.ReturnUrl);
            }

            return Redirect("~/");
        }

@model AdditionalAuthenticationFactorViewModel

<div>
    <div class="page-header">
        <h1>2-Factor Authentication</h1>
    </div>

    @Html.Partial("_ValidationSummary")

    <div class="row">
        <div class="panel panel-default">
            <div class="panel-heading">
                <h3 class="panel-title">Input your 2FA code</h3>
            </div>
            <div class="panel-body">
                <form asp-route="Login">
                    <input type="hidden" asp-for="ReturnUrl" />
                    <input type="hidden" asp-for="RememberLogin" />

                    <fieldset>
                        <div class="form-group">
                            <label asp-for="Code"></label>
                            <input class="form-control" placeholder="Code" asp-for="Code" autofocus>
                        </div>

                        <div class="form-group">
                            <button class="btn btn-primary">Submit code</button>
                        </div>
                    </fieldset>
                </form>

            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
</div>

public class Client
{
    public virtual int ClientId { get; set; }
    public virtual string Name { get; set; }
    public virtual string Email { get; set; }
}

using System.ServiceModel.Description;
using System.ServiceModel.Channels;
using System.ServiceModel.Dispatcher;
using System.Data.Objects;

namespace Recipe8
{
    public class ApplyProxyDataContractResolverAttribute : 
        Attribute, IOperationBehavior
    {
        public void AddBindingParameters(OperationDescription description,
            BindingParameterCollection parameters)
        {
        }
        public void ApplyClientBehavior(OperationDescription description,
            ClientOperation proxy)
        {
            DataContractSerializerOperationBehavior
                dataContractSerializerOperationBehavior =
                    description.Behaviors
                    .Find<DataContractSerializerOperationBehavior>();
                dataContractSerializerOperationBehavior.DataContractResolver =
                    new ProxyDataContractResolver();
        }
        public void ApplyDispatchBehavior(OperationDescription description,
            DispatchOperation dispatch)
        {
            DataContractSerializerOperationBehavior
                dataContractSerializerOperationBehavior =
                    description.Behaviors
                    .Find<DataContractSerializerOperationBehavior>();
            dataContractSerializerOperationBehavior.DataContractResolver =
                new ProxyDataContractResolver();
        }
        public void Validate(OperationDescription description)
        {
        }
    }
}

[ServiceContract]
public interface IService1
{
    [OperationContract]
    void InsertTestRecord();
    [OperationContract]
    Client GetClient();
    [OperationContract]
    void Update(Client client);
}

public class Client
{
    [ApplyProxyDataContractResolver]
    public Client GetClient()
    {
        using (var context = new EFRecipesEntities())
        {
            context.Cofiguration.LazyLoadingEnabled = false;
            return context.Clients.Single();
        }
    }
    public void Update(Client client)
    {
        using (var context = new EFRecipesEntities())
        {
            context.Entry(client).State = EntityState.Modified;
            context.SaveChanges();
        }
    }
    public void InsertTestRecord()
    {
        using (var context = new EFRecipesEntities())
        {
            // delete previous test data
            context.ExecuteSqlCommand("delete from [clients]");
            // insert new test data
            context.ExecuteStoreCommand(@"insert into
                [clients](Name, Email) values ('Armin Zia','armin.zia@gmail.com')");
        }
    }
}

using Recipe8Client.ServiceReference1;

namespace Recipe8Client
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            using (var serviceClient = new Service1Client())
            {
                serviceClient.InsertTestRecord();
                
                var client = serviceClient.GetClient();
                Console.WriteLine("Client is: {0} at {1}", client.Name, client.Email);
                
                client.Name = "Armin Zia";
                client.Email = "arminzia@live.com";
                serviceClient.Update(client);
                
                client = serviceClient.GetClient();
                Console.WriteLine("Client changed to: {0} at {1}", client.Name, client.Email);
            }
        }
    }
}

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
  <PropertyGroup>
    <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
    <TargetFramework>netcoreapp2.0</TargetFramework>
    <LangVersion>latest</LangVersion>
  </PropertyGroup>
  <ItemGroup>
    <PackageReference Include="System.Memory" Version="4.4.0-preview1-25305-02" />
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>

    static class NameValidatorUsingString
    {
        public static bool IsValidName(string name)
        {
            if (name.Length < 2)
                return false;

            if (char.IsLetter(name[0]))
                return true;

            return false;
        }
    }

string fullName = "User 1";
string firstName = fullName.Substring(0, 4);
NameValidatorUsingString.IsValidName(firstName);

char[] anotherFullName = { 'A', 'B' };

NameValidatorUsingString.IsValidName(anotherFullName);

NameValidatorUsingString.IsValidName(new string(anotherFullName));

    static class NameValidatorUsingSpan
    {
        public static bool IsValidName(ReadOnlySpan<char> name)
        {
            if (name.Length < 2)
                return false;

            if (char.IsLetter(name[0]))
                return true;

            return false;

        }
    }

ReadOnlySpan<char> fullName = "User 1".AsSpan();
ReadOnlySpan<char> firstName = fullName.Slice(0, 4);
NameValidatorUsingSpan.IsValidName(firstName);

char[] anotherFullName = { 'A', 'B' };
NameValidatorUsingSpan.IsValidName(anotherFullName);

var arr = new byte[10];
Span<byte> bytes = arr; // Implicit cast from T[] to Span<T>

Span<byte> slicedBytes = bytes.Slice(start: 5, length: 2);
slicedBytes[0] = 42;
slicedBytes[1] = 43;
slicedBytes[2] = 44; // Throws IndexOutOfRangeException
bytes[2] = 45; // OK

var array = new byte[100];
Span<byte> interiorRef1 = array.AsSpan().Slice(start: 20);

Span<byte> interiorRef2 = new Span<byte>(array: array, start: 20, length: array.Length - 20);

class Impossible
{
   Span<byte> field;
}

static async Task<int> ChecksumReadAsync(Memory<byte> buffer, Stream stream)
{
   int bytesRead = await stream.ReadAsync(buffer);
   return Checksum(buffer.Span.Slice(0, bytesRead));
   // Or buffer.Slice(0, bytesRead).Span
}

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { CanActivate } from '@angular/router';

@Injectable()
export class AuthGuard implements CanActivate {
    canActivate(route: ActivatedRouteSnapshot, state: RouterStateSnapshot): boolean {

    }
}

 >ng g guard user/auth -m user/user.module

 installing guard
  create src\app\user\auth.guard.spec.ts
  create src\app\user\auth.guard.ts
  update src\app\user\user.module.ts

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { ActivatedRouteSnapshot, RouterStateSnapshot, CanActivate, Router } from '@angular/router';

import { AuthService } from './auth.service';

@Injectable()
export class AuthGuard implements CanActivate {

  constructor(private authService: AuthService,
    private router: Router) { }

  canActivate(route: ActivatedRouteSnapshot, state: RouterStateSnapshot): boolean {
    return this.checkLoggedIn(state.url);
  }

  checkLoggedIn(url: string): boolean {
    if (this.authService.isLoggedIn()) {
      return true;
    }
    this.authService.redirectUrl = url;
    this.router.navigate(['/login']);
    return false;
  }
}

export class AuthService {
   currentUser: IUser;
   redirectUrl: string;

export class AuthGuard implements CanActivate {
    canActivate(route: ActivatedRouteSnapshot, state: RouterStateSnapshot): boolean {

isLoggedIn(): boolean {
   return !this.currentUser;
}

import { AuthGuard } from './../user/auth.guard';

const routes: Routes = [
  {
    path: 'products',
    canActivate: [ AuthGuard ],
    children: [    ]
  }
];

      if (this.authService.login(userName, password)) {
        if (this.authService.redirectUrl) {
          this.router.navigateByUrl(this.authService.redirectUrl);
        } else {
          this.router.navigate(['/products']);
        }
      }

 >ng g guard product/ProductEdit -m product/product.module

 installing guard
  create src\app\product\product-edit.guard.spec.ts
  create src\app\product\product-edit.guard.ts
  update src\app\product\product.module.ts

export  class ProductEditGuard implements CanDeactivate<ProductEditComponent> {
    canDeactivate(component: ProductEditComponent): boolean {

  get product(): IProduct {
    return this.currentProduct;
  }
  set product(value: IProduct) {
    this.currentProduct = value;
    // Clone the object to retain a copy
    this.originalProduct = Object.assign({}, value);
  }

  get isDirty(): boolean {
    return JSON.stringify(this.originalProduct) !== JSON.stringify(this.currentProduct);
  }

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { CanDeactivate } from '@angular/router';

import { ProductEditComponent } from './product-edit/product-edit.component';

@Injectable()
export class ProductEditGuard implements CanDeactivate<ProductEditComponent> {

  canDeactivate(component: ProductEditComponent): boolean {
    if (component.isDirty) {
      let productName = component.product.productName || 'New Product';
      return confirm(`Navigate away and lose all changes to ${productName}?`);
    }
    return true;
  }
}

import { ProductEditGuard } from './product-edit.guard';

const routes: Routes = [
  {
    path: 'products',
    canActivate: [ AuthGuard ],    
    children: [
      {
        path: '',
        component: ProductListComponent
      },
      {
        path: ':id',
        component: ProductDetailComponent,
        resolve: { product: ProductResolverService }
      },
      {
        path: ':id/edit',
        component: ProductEditComponent,
        resolve: { product: ProductResolverService },
        canDeactivate: [ ProductEditGuard ],
        children: [
          { path: '', redirectTo: 'info', pathMatch: 'full' },
          { path: 'info', component: ProductEditInfoComponent },
          { path: 'tags', component: ProductEditTagsComponent }
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
];

reset(): void {
    this.dataIsValid = null;
    this.currentProduct = null;
    this.originalProduct = null;
  }

  onSaveComplete(message?: string): void {
    if (message) {
      this.messageService.addMessage(message);
    }
    this.reset();

    // Navigate back to the product list
    this.router.navigate(['/products']);
  }

public interface IGenericService<T>: IDisposable where

 T : class

Using MVVM in your Xamarin.Forms app