public class User
    {
        public User()
        {
            UserRoles = new HashSet<UserRole>();
        }

        public int Id { get; set; }

        public string Username { get; set; }

        public string Password { get; set; }

        public string DisplayName { get; set; }

        public bool IsActive { get; set; }

        public DateTimeOffset? LastLoggedIn { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// every time the user changes his Password,
        /// or an admin changes his Roles or stat/IsActive,
        /// create a new `SerialNumber` GUID and store it in the DB.
        /// </summary>
        public string SerialNumber { get; set; }

        public virtual ICollection<UserRole> UserRoles { get; set; }
    }

    public class Role
    {
        public Role()
        {
            UserRoles = new HashSet<UserRole>();
        }

        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }

        public virtual ICollection<UserRole> UserRoles { get; set; }
    }

    public static class CustomRoles
    {
        public const string Admin = nameof(Admin);
        public const string User = nameof(User);
    }

    public class UserRole
    {
        public int UserId { get; set; }
        public int RoleId { get; set; }

        public virtual User User { get; set; }
        public virtual Role Role { get; set; }
    }

    public interface IUnitOfWork : IDisposable
    {
        DbSet<TEntity> Set<TEntity>() where TEntity : class;

        int SaveChanges(bool acceptAllChangesOnSuccess);
        int SaveChanges();
        Task<int> SaveChangesAsync(bool acceptAllChangesOnSuccess, CancellationToken cancellationToken = new CancellationToken());
        Task<int> SaveChangesAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = new CancellationToken());
    }

    public class ApplicationDbContext : DbContext, IUnitOfWork
    {
        public ApplicationDbContext(DbContextOptions options) : base(options)
        { }

        public virtual DbSet<User> Users { set; get; }
        public virtual DbSet<Role> Roles { set; get; }
        public virtual DbSet<UserRole> UserRoles { get; set; }

        protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder builder)
        {
            // it should be placed here, otherwise it will rewrite the following settings!
            base.OnModelCreating(builder);

            // Custom application mappings
            builder.Entity<User>(entity =>
            {
                entity.Property(e => e.Username).HasMaxLength(450).IsRequired();
                entity.HasIndex(e => e.Username).IsUnique();
                entity.Property(e => e.Password).IsRequired();
                entity.Property(e => e.SerialNumber).HasMaxLength(450);
            });

            builder.Entity<Role>(entity =>
            {
                entity.Property(e => e.Name).HasMaxLength(450).IsRequired();
                entity.HasIndex(e => e.Name).IsUnique();
            });

            builder.Entity<UserRole>(entity =>
            {
                entity.HasKey(e => new { e.UserId, e.RoleId });
                entity.HasIndex(e => e.UserId);
                entity.HasIndex(e => e.RoleId);
                entity.Property(e => e.UserId);
                entity.Property(e => e.RoleId);
                entity.HasOne(d => d.Role).WithMany(p => p.UserRoles).HasForeignKey(d => d.RoleId);
                entity.HasOne(d => d.User).WithMany(p => p.UserRoles).HasForeignKey(d => d.UserId);
            });
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Only used by EF Tooling
    /// </summary>
    public class ApplicationDbContextFactory : IDesignTimeDbContextFactory<ApplicationDbContext>
    {
        public ApplicationDbContext CreateDbContext(string[] args)
        {
            var basePath = Directory.GetCurrentDirectory();
            Console.WriteLine($"Using `{basePath}` as the BasePath");
            var configuration = new ConfigurationBuilder()
                                    .SetBasePath(basePath)
                                    .AddJsonFile("appsettings.json")
                                    .Build();
            var builder = new DbContextOptionsBuilder<ApplicationDbContext>();
            var connectionString = configuration.GetConnectionString("DefaultConnection");
            builder.UseSqlServer(connectionString);
            return new ApplicationDbContext(builder.Options);
        }
    }

{
  "ConnectionStrings": {
    "DefaultConnection": "Data Source=(LocalDB)\\MSSQLLocalDB;Initial Catalog=ASPNETCore2CookieAuthenticationDB;Integrated Security=True;MultipleActiveResultSets=True;"
  },
  "LoginCookieExpirationDays": 30
}

    public interface IUsersService
    {
        Task<string> GetSerialNumberAsync(int userId);
        Task<User> FindUserAsync(string username, string password);
        Task<User> FindUserAsync(int userId);
        Task UpdateUserLastActivityDateAsync(int userId);
    }

    public interface IRolesService
    {
        Task<List<Role>> FindUserRolesAsync(int userId);
        Task<bool> IsUserInRole(int userId, string roleName);
        Task<List<User>> FindUsersInRoleAsync(string roleName);
    }

    public interface IDbInitializerService
    {
        void Initialize();
        void SeedData();
    }

    public interface ICookieValidatorService
    {
        Task ValidateAsync(CookieValidatePrincipalContext context);
    }

    public class CookieValidatorService : ICookieValidatorService
    {
        private readonly IUsersService _usersService;
        public CookieValidatorService(IUsersService usersService)
        {
            _usersService = usersService;
            _usersService.CheckArgumentIsNull(nameof(usersService));
        }

        public async Task ValidateAsync(CookieValidatePrincipalContext context)
        {
            var userPrincipal = context.Principal;

            var claimsIdentity = context.Principal.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;
            if (claimsIdentity?.Claims == null || !claimsIdentity.Claims.Any())
            {
                // this is not our issued cookie
                await handleUnauthorizedRequest(context);
                return;
            }

            var serialNumberClaim = claimsIdentity.FindFirst(ClaimTypes.SerialNumber);
            if (serialNumberClaim == null)
            {
                // this is not our issued cookie
                await handleUnauthorizedRequest(context);
                return;
            }

            var userIdString = claimsIdentity.FindFirst(ClaimTypes.UserData).Value;
            if (!int.TryParse(userIdString, out int userId))
            {
                // this is not our issued cookie
                await handleUnauthorizedRequest(context);
                return;
            }

            var user = await _usersService.FindUserAsync(userId).ConfigureAwait(false);
            if (user == null || user.SerialNumber != serialNumberClaim.Value || !user.IsActive)
            {
                // user has changed his/her password/roles/stat/IsActive
                await handleUnauthorizedRequest(context);
            }

            await _usersService.UpdateUserLastActivityDateAsync(userId).ConfigureAwait(false);
        }

        private Task handleUnauthorizedRequest(CookieValidatePrincipalContext context)
        {
            context.RejectPrincipal();
            return context.HttpContext.SignOutAsync(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme);
        }
    }

        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.AddScoped<IUnitOfWork, ApplicationDbContext>();
            services.AddScoped<IUsersService, UsersService>();
            services.AddScoped<IRolesService, RolesService>();
            services.AddScoped<ISecurityService, SecurityService>();
            services.AddScoped<ICookieValidatorService, CookieValidatorService>();
            services.AddScoped<IDbInitializerService, DbInitializerService>();

            services.AddDbContext<ApplicationDbContext>(options =>
            {
                options.UseSqlServer(
                    Configuration.GetConnectionString("DefaultConnection"),
                    serverDbContextOptionsBuilder =>
                        {
                            var minutes = (int)TimeSpan.FromMinutes(3).TotalSeconds;
                            serverDbContextOptionsBuilder.CommandTimeout(minutes);
                            serverDbContextOptionsBuilder.EnableRetryOnFailure();
                        });
            });

            // Only needed for custom roles.
            services.AddAuthorization(options =>
                    {
                        options.AddPolicy(CustomRoles.Admin, policy => policy.RequireRole(CustomRoles.Admin));
                        options.AddPolicy(CustomRoles.User, policy => policy.RequireRole(CustomRoles.User));
                    });

            // Needed for cookie auth.
            services
                .AddAuthentication(options =>
                {
                    options.DefaultChallengeScheme = CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;
                    options.DefaultSignInScheme = CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;
                    options.DefaultAuthenticateScheme = CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;
                })
                .AddCookie(options =>
                {
                    options.SlidingExpiration = false;
                    options.LoginPath = "/api/account/login";
                    options.LogoutPath = "/api/account/logout";
                    //options.AccessDeniedPath = new PathString("/Home/Forbidden/");
                    options.Cookie.Name = ".my.app1.cookie";
                    options.Cookie.HttpOnly = true;
                    options.Cookie.SecurePolicy = CookieSecurePolicy.SameAsRequest;
                    options.Cookie.SameSite = SameSiteMode.Lax;
                    options.Events = new CookieAuthenticationEvents
                    {
                        OnValidatePrincipal = context =>
                        {
                            var cookieValidatorService = context.HttpContext.RequestServices.GetRequiredService<ICookieValidatorService>();
                            return cookieValidatorService.ValidateAsync(context);
                        }
                    };
                });

public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env)
{
   app.UseAuthentication();

            var scopeFactory = app.ApplicationServices.GetRequiredService<IServiceScopeFactory>();
            using (var scope = scopeFactory.CreateScope())
            {
                var dbInitializer = scope.ServiceProvider.GetService<IDbInitializerService>();
                dbInitializer.Initialize();
                dbInitializer.SeedData();
            }

        [AllowAnonymous]
        [HttpPost("[action]")]
        public async Task<IActionResult> Login([FromBody]  User loginUser)
        {
            if (loginUser == null)
            {
                return BadRequest("user is not set.");
            }

            var user = await _usersService.FindUserAsync(loginUser.Username, loginUser.Password).ConfigureAwait(false);
            if (user == null || !user.IsActive)
            {
                await HttpContext.SignOutAsync(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme);
                return Unauthorized();
            }

            var loginCookieExpirationDays = _configuration.GetValue<int>("LoginCookieExpirationDays", defaultValue: 30);
            var cookieClaims = await createCookieClaimsAsync(user).ConfigureAwait(false);
            await HttpContext.SignInAsync(
                CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme,
                cookieClaims,
                new AuthenticationProperties
                {
                    IsPersistent = true, // "Remember Me"
                    IssuedUtc = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow,
                    ExpiresUtc = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow.AddDays(loginCookieExpirationDays)
                });

            await _usersService.UpdateUserLastActivityDateAsync(user.Id).ConfigureAwait(false);

            return Ok();
        }

        private async Task<ClaimsPrincipal> createCookieClaimsAsync(User user)
        {
            var identity = new ClaimsIdentity(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme);
            identity.AddClaim(new Claim(ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier, user.Id.ToString()));
            identity.AddClaim(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Name, user.Username));
            identity.AddClaim(new Claim("DisplayName", user.DisplayName));

            // to invalidate the cookie
            identity.AddClaim(new Claim(ClaimTypes.SerialNumber, user.SerialNumber));

            // custom data
            identity.AddClaim(new Claim(ClaimTypes.UserData, user.Id.ToString()));

            // add roles
            var roles = await _rolesService.FindUserRolesAsync(user.Id).ConfigureAwait(false);
            foreach (var role in roles)
            {
                identity.AddClaim(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Role, role.Name));
            }

            return new ClaimsPrincipal(identity);
        }

[Route("api/[controller]")]
[Authorize(Policy = CustomRoles.Admin)]
public class MyProtectedAdminApiController : Controller

        [AllowAnonymous]
        [HttpGet("[action]"), HttpPost("[action]")]
        public async Task<bool> Logout()
        {
            await HttpContext.SignOutAsync(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme);
            return true;
        }

ممکن است بپرسید، "من فقط یک توسعه دهنده اندرویدی کوچکی هستم که قصد دارم برنامه خودم را در یک مارکت اندرویدی بفروشم و قیمت این برنامه خیلی پایین است. بنابراین آیا واقعا باید زمانی را برای انجام این کار امنیتی از قبل هدر دهم؟

و من با صدای رسا جواب می‌دهم : "بله! باید این کار را انجام دهید." این کار باعث می‌شود تا در حین گسترش اپلیکیشن کوچک خود، دیگر نگران مشکلات حملات مستقیم یا غیرمستقیم نباشید.

حملات مستقیم (Direct Attacks) 

حملات مستقیم به طور قابل‌توجهی متفاوت هستند و می‌توانند شکل‌های گوناگونی برای حمله داشته باشند. یک حمله مستقیم می‌تواند به عنوان فردی که مستقیما در برنامه شما هدف قرار داده می‌شود، طبقه‌بندی شود. بنابراین، مهاجم به دنبال آسیب پذیری برای نفوذ در طراحی برنامه شما برای جمع‌آوری اطلاعات حساس در مورد شما و کاربران‌تان است. استفاده از کاربران برنامه و یا حمله به کارگزار، از مواردی است که یک مهاجم در اولویت کار خود قرار می‌دهد! یک مهاجم ممکن است به دنبال برنامه‌های کاربردی تلفن همراه باشد که متعلق به یک نهاد دولتی است مثل، یک بانک خاص که شما اپلیکیشن آنرا روی تلفن خود نصب کرده‌اید و آپدیت‌های امنیتی راهم انجام نداده‌اید! اگر طرح امنیتی روی برنامه ضعیف باشد و داده‌های حساس و حیاتی کاربران در محلی امن نگه داری نشود یا حتی ارتباط بین برنامه و ssl و سرور بدرستی برقرار نباشد، مهاجم میتواند حملات خاصی را روی ssl انجام دهد و نقاط ضعف را شناسایی کرده و در کسری از زمان به سرور متصل شود! این حمله یک حمله مستقیم و بدون دخالت فایل یا ابزار خاصی است. این یک حمله مستقیم به یک برنامه خاص است.

Proxim و ذخیره داده 

بیایید با یک مثال ساده با نام Proxim شروع کنیم: برای نوشتن یک برنامه که می‌تواند یک SMS را به افراد خاص و معین ارسال کند، قرار دادی بسته‌ایم؛ با توجه به نزدیکی به مجموعه‌ای از مختصات مکانی آنها روی GPS. برای مثال: کاربر در این برنامه می‌تواند شماره تماس همسر خود را ذخیره کرده و هر زمان که به فاصله 3 مایلی به خانه یا محل کار برسد، با او تماس میگیرد. بدین صورت همسر فرد مطلع می‌شود که او نزدیک به محل کار یا خانه است و با یک تماس تلفنی او را آگاه می‌سازد.

کدهای زیر بخشی از فایل (Save Routine, SaveController. java) هستند:

package net.zenconsult.android.controller;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import net.zenconsult.android.model.Contact;
import net.zenconsult.android.model.Location;
import android.content.Context;
import android.os.Environment;
import android.util.Log;
public class SaveController {
 private static final String TAG = "SaveController";
 public static void saveContact(Context context, Contact contact) {
  if (isReadWrite()) {
   try {
    File outputFile = new File(context.getExternalFilesDir(null), contact.getFirstName());
    FileOutputStream outputStream = new FileOutputStream(outputFile);
    outputStream.write(contact.getBytes());
    outputStream.close();
   } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
    Log.e(TAG, "File not found");
   } catch (IOException e) {
    Log.e(TAG, "IO Exception");
   }
  } else {
   Log.e(TAG, "Error opening media card in read/write mode!");
  }
 }
 public static void saveLocation(Context context, Location location) {
  if (isReadWrite()) {
   try {
    File outputFile = new File(context.getExternalFilesDir(null), location.getIdentifier());
    FileOutputStream outputStream = new FileOutputStream(outputFile);
    outputStream.write(location.getBytes());
    outputStream.close();
   } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
    Log.e(TAG, "File not found");
   } catch (IOException e) {
    Log.e(TAG, "IO Exception");
   }
  } else {
   Log.e(TAG, "Error opening media card in read/write mode!");
  }
 }
 private static boolean isReadOnly() {
  Log.e(TAG, Environment
   .getExternalStorageState());
  return Environment.MEDIA_MOUNTED_READ_ONLY.equals(Environment
   .getExternalStorageState());
 }
 private static boolean isReadWrite() {
  Log.e(TAG, Environment
   .getExternalStorageState());
  return Environment.MEDIA_MOUNTED.equals(Environment
   .getExternalStorageState());
 }
}

  کدهای فایل ( Location .java)

package net.zenconsult.android.model;
publicclass Location {
 private String identifier;
 privatedouble latitude;
 privatedouble longitude;
 public Location() {}
 publicdouble getLatitude() {
  return latitude;
 }
 publicvoid setLatitude(double latitude) {
  this.latitude = latitude;
 }
 publicdouble getLongitude() {
  return longitude;
 }
 publicvoid setLongitude(double longitude) {
  this.longitude = longitude;
 }
 publicvoid setIdentifier(String identifier) {
  this.identifier = identifier;
 }
 public String getIdentifier() {
  return identifier;
 }
 public String toString() {
  StringBuilder ret = new StringBuilder();
  ret.append(getIdentifier());
  ret.append(String.valueOf(getLatitude()));
  ret.append(String.valueOf(getLongitude()));
  return ret.toString();
 }
 publicbyte[] getBytes() {
  return toString().getBytes();
 }
}

کدهای فایل (Contact.java)

package net.zenconsult.android.model;
publicclass Contact {
 private String firstName;
 private String lastName;
 private String address1;
 private String address2;
 private String email;
 private String phone;
 public Contact() {}
 public String getFirstName() {
  return firstName;
 }
 publicvoid setFirstName(String firstName) {
  this.firstName = firstName;
 }
 public String getLastName() {
  return lastName;
 }
 publicvoid setLastName(String lastName) {
  this.lastName = lastName;
 }
 public String getAddress1() {
  return address1;
 }
 publicvoid setAddress1(String address1) {
  this.address1 = address1;
 }
 public String getAddress2() {
  return address2;
 }
 publicvoid setAddress2(String address2) {
  this.address2 = address2;
 }
 public String getEmail() {
  return email;
 }
 publicvoid setEmail(String email) {
  this.email = email;
 }
 public String getPhone() {
  return phone;
 }
 publicvoid setPhone(String phone) {
  this.phone = phone;
 }
 public String toString() {
  StringBuilder ret = new StringBuilder();
  ret.append(getFirstName() + "|");
  ret.append(getLastName() + "|");
  ret.append(getAddress1() + "|");
  ret.append(getAddress2() + "|");
  ret.append(getEmail() + "|");
  ret.append(getPhone() + "|");
  return ret.toString();
 }
 publicbyte[] getBytes() {
  return toString().getBytes();
 }
}

using System;
using System.Reflection;
using PostSharp.Aspects;

namespace AOP03
{
    public class ApplicationExceptionHandlerAspect : OnExceptionAspect
    {
        public override void OnException(MethodExecutionArgs args)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Exception Type: {0}, StackTrace: {1}",
                               args.Exception.GetType().Name,
                               args.Exception.StackTrace);
        }

        public override Type GetExceptionType(MethodBase targetMethod)
        {
            return typeof(ApplicationException);
        }
    }
}

using System;
using PostSharp.Aspects;

namespace AOP03
{
    public class ObjectInitializationAspect : LocationInterceptionAspect
    {
        public override void OnGetValue(LocationInterceptionArgs args)
        {
            if (args.GetCurrentValue() == null)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Property {0} is null.", args.LocationFullName);
            }
        }
    }
}

using PostSharp.Aspects;
using System;

namespace AOP03
{
    public class LogEventAspect : EventInterceptionAspect
    {
        public override void OnAddHandler(EventInterceptionArgs args)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Event {0} added", args.Event.Name);
            args.ProceedAddHandler();
        }

        public override void OnRemoveHandler(EventInterceptionArgs args)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Event {0} removed", args.Event.Name);
            args.ProceedRemoveHandler();
        }

        public override void OnInvokeHandler(EventInterceptionArgs args)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Event {0} invoked", args.Event.Name);
            args.ProceedInvokeHandler();
        }
    }
}

    public class LoggingAspect : OnMethodBoundaryAspect
    {
        public override bool CompileTimeValidate(System.Reflection.MethodBase method)
        {
            return !method.IsStatic;
        }

> npm install --save axios

{
   "apiUrl": "https://localhost:5001/api"
}

import React from "react";
import {apiUrl} from "../../config.json";

export default function App() {
  return <></>;
}

import App from "./components/part03/Search";

import axios from "axios";
import React, { useEffect, useState } from "react";

import { apiUrl } from "../../config.json";

export default function App() {
  useEffect(() => {
    axios
      .get(apiUrl + "/posts/search?query=")
      .then(response => console.log(response.data));
  });
  return <></>;
}

import axios from "axios";
import React, { useEffect, useState } from "react";

import { apiUrl } from "../../config.json";

export default function App() {
  const [results, setResults] = useState([]);

  useEffect(() => {
    axios.get(apiUrl + "/posts/search?query=").then(response => {
      console.log(response.data);
      setResults(response.data);
    });
  });

  useEffect(() => {
   // ...
  }, []);
 

//...

export default function App() {
  // ...
  return (
    <>
      <table className="table">
        <thead>
          <tr>
            <th>Title</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          {results.map(post => (
            <tr key={post.id}>
              <td>{post.title}</td>
            </tr>
          ))}
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </>
  );
}

  useEffect(async () => {
    const { data } = await axios.get(apiUrl + "/posts/search?query=");
    console.log(data);
    setResults(data);
  }, []);

Warning: An effect function must not return anything besides a function, which is used for clean-up.
It looks like you wrote useEffect(async () => ...) or returned a Promise.

  useEffect(() => {
    getResults();
  }, []);

  const getResults = async () => {
    const { data } = await axios.get(apiUrl + "/posts/search?query=");
    console.log(data);
    setResults(data);
  };

export default function App() {
  // ...
  const [query, setQuery] = useState("Title");

<input
  type="text"
  name="query"
  className="form-control my-3"
  placeholder="Search..."
  onChange={event => setQuery(event.target.value)}
  value={query}
/>

const { data } = await axios.get(
   `${apiUrl}/posts/search?query=${encodeURIComponent(query)}`
);

  useEffect(() => {
    getResults();
  }, [query]);

<button
  className="btn btn-primary"
  type="button"
  onClick={getResults}
>
  Search
</button>

<form onSubmit={handleSearch}>
  <div className="input-group my-3">
    <label htmlFor="query" className="form-control-label sr-only"></label>
    <input
type="text"
id="query"
name="query"
className="form-control"
placeholder="Search ..."
onChange={event => setQuery(event.target.value)}
value={query}
    />
    <div className="input-group-append">
<button className="btn btn-primary" type="submit">
  Search
</button>
    </div>
  </div>
</form>

  const handleSearch = event => {
    event.preventDefault();
    getResults();
  };

<button
  type="button"
  onClick={handleClearSearch}
  className="btn btn-info"
>
  Clear
</button>

import React, { useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
// ...

export default function App() {
  // ...
  const searchInputRef = useRef();


  const handleClearSearch = () => {
    setQuery("");
    searchInputRef.current.focus();
  };

<input
  type="text"
  id="query"
  name="query"
  className="form-control"
  placeholder="Search ..."
  onChange={event => setQuery(event.target.value)}
  value={query}
  ref={searchInputRef}
/>

const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false);

  const getResults = async () => {
    setLoading(true);
    const { data } = await axios.get(
      `${apiUrl}/posts/search?query=${encodeURIComponent(query)}`
    );
    console.log(data);
    setResults(data);
    setLoading(false);
  };

      {loading ? (
        <div className="alert alert-info">Loading results...</div>
      ) : (
        <table className="table">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>Title</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            {results.map(post => (
              <tr key={post.id}>
                <td>{post.title}</td>
              </tr>
            ))}
          </tbody>
        </table>
      )}

// ...

export default function App() {
  // ...
  const [error, setError] = useState(null);

  // ...

  const getResults = async () => {
    setLoading(true);

    try {
      const { data } = await axios.get(
        `${apiUrl}/posts/search?query=${encodeURIComponent(query)}`
      );
      console.log(data);
      setResults(data);
    } catch (err) {
      setError(err);
    }

    setLoading(false);
  };

{error && <div className="alert alert-warning">{error.message}</div>}

using System;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;

namespace EFGeneral
{
    public class User
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
    }

    public class MyContext : DbContext
    {
        public DbSet<User> Users { get; set; }
    }

    public class Configuration : DbMigrationsConfiguration<MyContext>
    {
        public Configuration()
        {
            AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;
            AutomaticMigrationDataLossAllowed = true;
        }

        protected override void Seed(MyContext context)
        {            
            for (int i = 0; i < 21000; i++)
            {
                context.Users.Add(new User { Name = "name " + i });
                if (i % 1000 == 0)
                    context.SaveChanges();
            }
            base.Seed(context);
        }
    }

    public class PerformanceHelper
    {
        public static string RunActionMeasurePerformance(Action action)
        {
            GC.Collect();
            long initMemUsage = Process.GetCurrentProcess().WorkingSet64;

            var stopwatch = new Stopwatch();
            stopwatch.Start();

            action();

            stopwatch.Stop();

            var currentMemUsage = Process.GetCurrentProcess().WorkingSet64;
            var memUsage = currentMemUsage - initMemUsage;
            if (memUsage < 0) memUsage = 0;

            return string.Format("Elapsed time: {0}, Memory Usage: {1:N2} KB", stopwatch.Elapsed, memUsage / 1024);
        }
    }

    public static class Test
    {
        public static void RunTests()
        {
            Database.SetInitializer(new MigrateDatabaseToLatestVersion<MyContext, Configuration>());
            StartDb();            

            for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("\nRun {0}", i + 1);

                var memUsage = PerformanceHelper.RunActionMeasurePerformance(() => LoadWithTracking());
                Console.WriteLine("LoadWithTracking:\n{0}", memUsage);

                memUsage = PerformanceHelper.RunActionMeasurePerformance(() => LoadWithoutTracking());
                Console.WriteLine("LoadWithoutTracking:\n{0}", memUsage);
            }
        }

        private static void StartDb()
        {
            using (var ctx = new MyContext())
            {
                var user = ctx.Users.Find(1);
                if (user != null)
                {
                    // keep the object in memory
                }
            }
        }

        private static void LoadWithTracking()
        {
            using (var ctx = new MyContext())
            {
                var list = ctx.Users.ToList();
                if (list.Any())
                {
                    // keep the list in memory
                }
            }
        }

        private static void LoadWithoutTracking()
        {
            using (var ctx = new MyContext())
            {
                var list = ctx.Users.AsNoTracking().ToList();
                if (list.Any())
                {
                    // keep the list in memory
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

public class MyContext : DbContext
    {
        protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
        {
            Debug.WriteLine("MyContext Dispose() is called.");
            base.Dispose(disposing);
        }
    }