> Install-Package Castle.Core
> dotnet add package Castle.Core

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk.Web">
  <ItemGroup>
    <PackageReference Include="castle.core" Version="4.3.1" />
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>

using System;
using Castle.DynamicProxy;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;

namespace CoreIocSample02.Utils
{
    public class ExceptionHandlingInterceptor : IInterceptor
    {
        private readonly ILogger<ExceptionHandlingInterceptor> _logger;

        public ExceptionHandlingInterceptor(ILogger<ExceptionHandlingInterceptor> logger)
        {
            _logger = logger;
        }

        public void Intercept(IInvocation invocation)
        {
            try
            {
                invocation.Proceed(); //فراخوانی متد اصلی در اینجا صورت می‌گیرد
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                _logger.LogCritical(ex, "An unhandled exception has been occurred.");
            }
        }
    }
}

        public void Run()
        {
            try
            {
                _decorated.Run();
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                _logger.LogCritical(ex, "An unhandled exception has been occurred.");
            }
        }

namespace CoreIocSample02
{
    public class Startup
    {
        private static readonly ProxyGenerator _dynamicProxy = new ProxyGenerator();

        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.AddTransient<ITaskService, MyTaskService>();
            services.AddTransient<ExceptionHandlingInterceptor>();
            services.Decorate(typeof(ITaskService),
             (target, serviceProvider) =>
                _dynamicProxy.CreateInterfaceProxyWithTargetInterface(
                  interfaceToProxy: typeof(ITaskService),
                  target: target,
                  interceptors: serviceProvider.GetRequiredService<ExceptionHandlingInterceptor>())
            );

 The entity or complex type 'PWS.DataLayer.Context.Tag' cannot be constructed in a LINQ to Entities query.

return tags.Cacheable(x => x.Select(item => new Tag
            {
                Id = item.Id,
                ArticlesCount = item.Articles.Count(),
                Name = item.Name,
                CreatedBy = item.CreatedBy,
                CreatedOn = item.CreatedOn,
                ModifiedBy = item.ModifiedBy,
                ModifiedOn = item.ModifiedOn
            })).ToList();

[ServiceContract]
public interface IService1
{
    [OperationContract]
    Payment InsertPayment();
    [OperationContract]
    void DeletePayment(Payment payment);
}

public class Service1 : IService1
{
    public Payment InsertPayment()
    {
        using (var context = new EFRecipesEntities())
        {
            // delete the previous test data
            context.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand("delete from [payments]");
            context.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand("delete from [invoices]");
            var payment = new Payment { Amount = 99.95M, Invoice =
                new Invoice { Description = "Auto Repair" } };
            context.Payments.Add(payment);
            context.SaveChanges();
            return payment;
        }
    }

    public void DeletePayment(Payment payment)
    {
        using (var context = new EFRecipesEntities())
        {
            context.Entry(payment).State = EntityState.Deleted;
            context.SaveChanges();
        }
    }
}

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        var client = new Service1Client();
        var payment = client.InsertPayment();
        client.DeletePayment(payment);
    }
}

 TValue GetOrAdd(TKey key, Func<TKey, TValue> valueFactory);

var dictionary = new ConcurrentDictionary<string, string>();
 
var value = dictionary.GetOrAdd("key1", x => "item 1");
Console.WriteLine(value);
 
value = dictionary.GetOrAdd("key1", x => "item 2");
Console.WriteLine(value);

item 1
item 1

using System;
using System.Collections.Concurrent;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace Sample
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            var dictionary = new ConcurrentDictionary<int, int>();
            var options = new ParallelOptions { MaxDegreeOfParallelism = 100 };
            var addStack = new ConcurrentStack<int>();

            Parallel.For(1, 1000, options, i =>
            {
                var key = i % 10;
                dictionary.GetOrAdd(key, k =>
                {
                    addStack.Push(k);
                    return i;
                });
            });

            Console.WriteLine($"dictionary.Count: {dictionary.Count}");
            Console.WriteLine($"addStack.Count: {addStack.Count}");
        }
    }
}

dictionary.Count: 10
addStack.Count: 13

namespace Sample
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            var dictionary = new ConcurrentDictionary<int, Lazy<int>>();
            var options = new ParallelOptions { MaxDegreeOfParallelism = 100 };
            var addStack = new ConcurrentStack<int>();

            Parallel.For(1, 1000, options, i =>
            {
                var key = i % 10;
                dictionary.GetOrAdd(key, k => new Lazy<int>(() =>
                {
                    addStack.Push(k);
                    return i;
                }));
            });

            // Access the dictionary values to create lazy values.
            foreach (var pair in dictionary)
                Console.WriteLine(pair.Value.Value);

            Console.WriteLine($"dictionary.Count: {dictionary.Count}");
            Console.WriteLine($"addStack.Count: {addStack.Count}");
        }
    }
}

10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
dictionary.Count: 10
addStack.Count: 10

    public class LazyConcurrentDictionary<TKey, TValue>
    {
        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<TKey, Lazy<TValue>> _concurrentDictionary;
        public LazyConcurrentDictionary()
        {
            _concurrentDictionary = new ConcurrentDictionary<TKey, Lazy<TValue>>();
        }

        public TValue GetOrAdd(TKey key, Func<TKey, TValue> valueFactory)
        {
            var lazyResult = _concurrentDictionary.GetOrAdd(key,
             k => new Lazy<TValue>(() => valueFactory(k), LazyThreadSafetyMode.ExecutionAndPublication));
            return lazyResult.Value;
        }
    }

SET NOCOUNT ON;
DROP TABLE BillingInfo;
CREATE TABLE BillingInfo(
ID INT IDENTITY,
BillingDate DATETIME,
BillingAmt MONEY,
BillingDesc varchar(500));
 
DECLARE @I INT;
DECLARE @BD INT;
SET @I = 0;
WHILE @I < 1000000 
BEGIN
  SET @I = @I + 1;
  SET @BD=CAST(RAND()*10000 AS INT)%3650;
  INSERT BillingInfo (BillingDate, BillingAmt) 
  VALUES (DATEADD(DD,@BD,
    CAST('1999/01/01' AS DATETIME)),
    RAND()*5000);
END 
 
ALTER TABLE BillingInfo 
  ADD  CONSTRAINT [PK_BillingInfo_ID] 
  PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED (ID);
 
CREATE NONCLUSTERED INDEX IX_BillingDate
  ON dbo.BillingInfo(BillingDate);

CREATE PROC [dbo].[DisplayBillingInfo]
  @BeginDate DATETIME,
  @EndDate DATETIME
AS
SELECT BillingDate, BillingAmt
  FROM BillingInfo
  WHERE BillingDate between @BeginDate AND @EndDate;

SET STATISTICS IO ON;
DBCC FREEPROCCACHE;
EXEC dbo.DisplayBillingInfo 
  @BeginDate = '1999-01-01',  
  @EndDate  = '1999-12-31';  
  
EXEC dbo.DisplayBillingInfo 
  @BeginDate = '2005-01-01',  
  @EndDate  = '2005-01-03';

Table 'BillingInfo'. Scan count 1, logical reads 3593, physical reads 0, read-ahead reads 0, lob logical reads 0, lob physical reads 0, lob read-ahead reads 0.
 
Table 'BillingInfo'. Scan count 1, logical reads 3593, physical reads 0, read-ahead reads 0, lob logical reads 0, lob physical reads 0, lob read-ahead reads 0.

SET STATISTICS IO ON;
DBCC FREEPROCCACHE;
EXEC dbo.DisplayBillingInfo 
  @BeginDate = '2005-01-01',  
  @EndDate  = '2005-01-03';
  
EXEC dbo.DisplayBillingInfo 
  @BeginDate = '1999-01-01',  
  @EndDate  = '1999-12-31';

Table 'BillingInfo'. Scan count 1, logical reads 2965, physical reads 0, read-ahead reads 0, lob logical reads 0, lob physical reads 0, lob read-ahead reads 0.
 
Table 'BillingInfo'. Scan count 1, logical reads 337040, physical reads 0, read-ahead reads 0, lob logical reads 0, lob physical reads 0, lob read-ahead reads 0.

public class Category
{
    public int CategoryId { set; get; }
    public string CategoryName { set; get; }

    [JsonIgnore]
    public IList<Product> Products { set; get; }
}


public class Product
{
    public int ProductId { set; get; }
    public string ProductName { set; get; }
}

namespace AngularTemplateDrivenFormsLab.Controllers
{
    [Route("api/[controller]")]
    public class ProductController : Controller
    {
        [HttpGet("[action]")]
        public async Task<IActionResult> GetCategories()
        {
            await Task.Delay(500);

            return Json(CategoriesDataSource.Items);
        }

        [HttpGet("[action]/{categoryId:int}")]
        public async Task<IActionResult> GetProducts(int categoryId)
        {
            await Task.Delay(500);

            var products = CategoriesDataSource.Items
                            .Where(category => category.CategoryId == categoryId)
                            .SelectMany(category => category.Products)
                            .ToList();
            return Json(products);
        }
    }
}

 >ng g m Product -m app.module --routing

 >ng g c product/product-group

>ng g cl product/product
>ng g cl product/Category
>ng g cl product/product-group-form

export class ProductGroupForm {
  constructor(
    public categoryId?: number,
    public productId?: number
  ) { }
}

export class Product {
  constructor(
    public productId: number,
    public productName: string
  ) { }
}

export class Category {
  constructor(
    public categoryId: number,
    public categoryName: string
  ) { }
}

 >ng g s product/product-items -m product.module

import { Injectable } from "@angular/core";
import { Http, Response, Headers, RequestOptions } from "@angular/http";

import { Observable } from "rxjs/Observable";
import "rxjs/add/operator/do";
import "rxjs/add/operator/catch";
import "rxjs/add/observable/throw";
import "rxjs/add/operator/map";
import "rxjs/add/observable/of";

import { Category } from "./category";
import { Product } from "./product";

@Injectable()
export class ProductItemsService {

  private baseUrl = "api/product";

  constructor(private http: Http) { }

  private handleError(error: Response): Observable<any> {
    console.error("observable error: ", error);
    return Observable.throw(error.statusText);
  }

  getCategories(): Observable<Category[]> {
    return this.http
      .get(`${this.baseUrl}/GetCategories`)
      .map(response => response.json() || {})
      .catch(this.handleError);
  }

  getProducts(categoryId: number): Observable<Product[]> {
    return this.http
      .get(`${this.baseUrl}/GetProducts/${categoryId}`)
      .map(response => response.json() || {})
      .catch(this.handleError);
  }
}

export class ProductGroupComponent implements OnInit {

  categories: Category[] = [];
 model = new ProductGroupForm();

  constructor(private productItemsService: ProductItemsService) { }

  ngOnInit() {
    this.productItemsService.getCategories().subscribe(
      data => {
        this.categories = data;
      },
      err => console.log("get error: ", err)
    );
  }

<div class="container">
  <h3>Cascading Drop-down Lists</h3>
  <form #form="ngForm" (submit)="submitForm(form)" novalidate>
    <div class="form-group">
      <label class="control-label">Category</label>
      <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-refresh glyphicon-spin spinner" *ngIf="categories.length == 0"></span>
      <select class="form-control" name="categoryCtrl" #categoryCtrl (change)="fetchProducts(categoryCtrl.value)"
        [(ngModel)]="model.categoryId">
        <option value="undefined">Select a Category...</option>
        <option *ngFor="let category of categories" value="{{category.categoryId}}">
          {{ category.categoryName }}
        </option>
      </select>
    </div>

  products: Product[] = [];
  isLoadingProducts = false;

  fetchProducts(categoryId?: number) {
    console.log(categoryId);

    this.products = [];

    if (categoryId === undefined || categoryId.toString() === "undefined") {
      return;
    }

    this.isLoadingProducts = true;
    this.productItemsService.getProducts(categoryId).subscribe(
      data => {
        this.products = data;
        this.isLoadingProducts = false;
      },
      err => {
        console.log("get error: ", err);
        this.isLoadingProducts = false;
      }
    );
  }

 <option value="undefined">Select a Category...</option>

 public categoryId?: number

 model = new ProductGroupForm();

    <div class="form-group">
      <label class="control-label">Product</label>
      <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-refresh glyphicon-spin spinner" *ngIf="isLoadingProducts"></span>
      <select class="form-control" name="productCtrl" [(ngModel)]="model.productId">
        <option value="undefined">Select a Product...</option>
        <option *ngFor="let product of products" value="{{product.productId}}">
          {{ product.productName }}
        </option>
      </select>
    </div>

/* Spinner */
.spinner {
  font-size:15px;
  z-index:10
}

.glyphicon-spin {
    -webkit-animation: spin 1000ms infinite linear;
    animation: spin 1000ms infinite linear;
}
@-webkit-keyframes spin {
    0% {
        -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);
        transform: rotate(0deg);
    }
    100% {
        -webkit-transform: rotate(359deg);
        transform: rotate(359deg);
    }
}
@keyframes spin {
    0% {
        -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);
        transform: rotate(0deg);
    }
    100% {
        -webkit-transform: rotate(359deg);
        transform: rotate(359deg);
    }
}

>npm install
>ng build --watch

>dotnet restore
>dotnet watch run