{
    "type": "https://example.com/probs/out-of-credit",
    "title": "You do not have enough credit.",
    "detail": "Your current balance is 30, but that costs 50.",
    "instance": "/account/12345/msgs/abc",
    "status": 403,
}

var mediaType = response.Content.Headers.ContentType?.MediaType;
if (mediaType != null && mediaType.Equals("application/problem+json", StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase))
{
   var problemDetails = await response.Content.ReadFromJsonAsync<ProblemDetails>(null, ct) ?? new ProblemDetails();
   // ...
}

[HttpPost("/sales/products/{sku}/availableForSale")]
public async Task<IActionResult> AvailableForSale([FromRoute] string sku)
{
   return Problem(
            "Product is already Available For Sale.",
            "/sales/products/1/availableForSale",
            400,
            "Cannot set product as available.",
            "http://example.com/problems/already-available");
}

HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
Content-Type: application/problem+json
Content-Language: en
{
    "type": "https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-6.5.1",
    "title": "One or more validation errors occurred.",
    "status": 400,
    "errors": {
        "User": [
            "The user name is not verified."
        ]
    }
}

namespace WebApplication.Controllers
{
    [ApiController]
    [Route("[controller]")]
    public class DemoController : ControllerBase
    {
        [HttpPost]
        public ActionResult Post()
        {
            var problemDetails = new ProblemDetails
            {
                Detail = "The request parameters failed to validate.",
                Instance = null,
                Status = 400,
                Title = "Validation Error",
                Type = "https://example.net/validation-error",
            };

            problemDetails.Extensions.Add("invalidParams", new List<ValidationProblemDetailsParam>()
            {
                new("name", "Cannot be blank."),
                new("age", "Must be great or equals to 18.")
            });

            return new ObjectResult(problemDetails)
            {
                StatusCode = 400
            };
        }
    }

    public class ValidationProblemDetailsParam
    {
        public ValidationProblemDetailsParam(string name, string reason)
        {
            Name = name;
            Reason = reason;
        }

        public string Name { get; set; }
        public string Reason { get; set; }
    }
}

services.AddProblemDetails();

app.UseExceptionHandler();

app.UseStatusCodePages();

app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();

builder.Services.AddProblemDetails(options =>
    options.CustomizeProblemDetails = ctx =>
            ctx.ProblemDetails.Extensions.Add("MachineName", Environment.MachineName));

public class MyErrorFeature
{
    public ErrorType Error  { get; set; }
}
​
public enum ErrorType
{
    ArgumentException
}

    [HttpGet("{value}")]
    public IActionResult MyErrorTest(int value)
    {
        if (value <= 0)
        {
            var errorType = new MyErrorFeature
            {
                Error = ErrorType.ArgumentException
            };
            HttpContext.Features.Set(errorType);
            return BadRequest();
        }
​
        return Ok(value);
    }

services.AddProblemDetails(options =>
    options.CustomizeProblemDetails = ctx =>
    {
        var MyErrorFeature = ctx.HttpContext.Features.Get<MyErrorFeature>();
​
        if (MyErrorFeature is not null)
        {
            (string Title, string Detail, string Type) details = MyErrorFeature.Error switch
            {
                ErrorType.ArgumentException =>
                (
                    nameof(ArgumentException),
                    "This is an argument-exception.",
                    "https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7231#section-6.5.1"
                ),
                _ =>
                (
                    nameof(Exception),
                    "default-exception",
                    "https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7231#section-6.6.1"
                )
            };
​
            ctx.ProblemDetails.Title = details.Title;
            ctx.ProblemDetails.Detail = details.Detail;
            ctx.ProblemDetails.Type = details.Type;
        }
    }
);

public class MyCustomException : Exception
{
    public MyCustomException(
        string message,
        HttpStatusCode statusCode = HttpStatusCode.BadRequest
    ) : base(message)
    {
        StatusCode = statusCode;
    }
​
    public HttpStatusCode StatusCode { get; }
}

    [HttpGet("{value}")]
    public IActionResult MyErrorTest(int value)
    {
        if (value <= 0)
        {
            throw new MyCustomException("The value should be positive!");
        }
​
        return Ok(value);
    }

app.UseExceptionHandler(exceptionHandlerApp =>
{
    exceptionHandlerApp.Run(async context =>
    {
        context.Response.ContentType = "application/problem+json";
​
        if (context.RequestServices.GetService<IProblemDetailsService>() is { } problemDetailsService)
        {
            var exceptionHandlerFeature = context.Features.Get<IExceptionHandlerFeature>();
            var exceptionType = exceptionHandlerFeature?.Error;
​
            if (exceptionType is not null)
            {
                (string Title, string Detail, string Type, int StatusCode) details = exceptionType switch
                {
                    MyCustomException MyCustomException =>
                    (
                        exceptionType.GetType().Name,
                        exceptionType.Message,
                        "https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7231#section-6.5.1",
                        context.Response.StatusCode = (int)MyCustomException.StatusCode
                    ),
                    _ =>
                    (
                        exceptionType.GetType().Name,
                        exceptionType.Message,
                        "https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7231#section-6.6.1",
                        context.Response.StatusCode = StatusCodes.Status500InternalServerError
                    )
                };
​
                await problemDetailsService.WriteAsync(new ProblemDetailsContext
                {
                    HttpContext = context,
                    ProblemDetails =
                    {
                        Title = details.Title,
                        Detail = details.Detail,
                        Type = details.Type,
                        Status = details.StatusCode
                    }
                });
            }
        }
    });
});
​

public IEnumerable<Product> GetProducts()
{
    using (var stream = File.Read(Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "products.xml")))
    {
        var serializer = new XmlSerializer();
        return (IEnumerable<Product>)serializer.Deserialize(stream);
    }
}

public IEnumerable<Product> GetCachedProducts()
{
    var fullPath = Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "ProductCache.xml");
    if (!File.Exists(fullPath))
        return new Product[0];
         
    using (var stream = File.Read(fullPath))
    {
        var serializer = new XmlSerializer();
        return (IEnumerable<Product>)serializer.Deserialize(stream);
    }
}

IEnumerable<Product> GetProducts()

IEnumerable<Product> GetCachedProducts()

public class UserRepository : IUserRepository
{
    public IList<User> Search(string value)
    {
        try
        {
              return CreateConnectionAndACommandAndReturnAList("WHERE value=@value", Parameter.New("value", value));
        }
        catch (SqlException err)
        {
             var msg = String.Format("Ohh no!  Failed to search after users with '{0}' as search string", value);
             throw new DataSourceException(msg, err);
        }
    }
}

public void PrintName(string name)
{
     Console.WriteLine(name);
}

public void PrintName(string name)
{
    if (name == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("name");
     
     Console.WriteLine(name);
}

public void PrintName(string name)
{
    if (name == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("name");
    if (name.Length < 5 || name.Length > 10) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("name", name, "Name must be between 5 or 10 characters long");
    if (name.Any(x => !char.IsAlphaNumeric(x)) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("name", name, "May only contain alpha numerics");
     
     Console.WriteLine(name);
}

public User GetUser(int id)
{
}

var user = datasource.GetUser(userId);
if (user == null)
    throw new InvalidOperationException("Failed to find user: " + userId);
// actual logic here

public User GetUser(int id)
{
    if (id <= 0) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("id", id, "Valid ids are from 1 and above. Do you have a parsing error somewhere?");
    
    var user = db.Execute<User>("WHERE Id = ?", id);
    if (user == null)
        throw new EntityNotFoundException("Failed to find user with id " + id);
        
    return user;
}

try
{
    FutileAttemptToResist();
}
catch (BorgException err)
{
     _myDearLog.Error("I'm in da cube! Ohh no!", err);
    throw err;
}

try
{
    GreaseTinMan();
}
catch (InvalidOperationException err)
{
    throw new TooScaredLion("The Lion was not in the m00d", err); //<---- استثناء اصلی بهتر است به استثناء جدید پاس داده شود
}

try
{
   socket.Connect("somethingawful.com", 80);
}
catch (SocketException err)
{
    throw new InvalidOperationException("Socket failed", err);  
}

void IncreaseStatusForUser(int userId, int newStatus)
{
    try
    {
         var user  = _repository.Get(userId);
         if (user == null)
             throw new UpdateException(string.Format("Failed to find user #{0} when trying to increase status to {1}", userId, newStatus));
    
         user.Status = newStatus;
         _repository.Save(user);
    }
   catch (DataSourceException err)
   {
       var errMsg = string.Format("Failed to find modify user #{0} when trying to increase status to {1}", userId, newStatus);
        throw new UpdateException(errMsg, err);
   }

public NewException()
public NewException(string description )
public NewException(string description, Exception inner)
protected or private NewException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)

“The given key was not present in the dictionary.”

“The key ‘abrakadabra’ was not present in the dictionary.”

public class SampleException : Exception
{
    public SampleException(string description)
        : base(description)
    {
        if (description == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("description");
    }
 
    public SampleException(string description, Exception inner)
        : base(description, inner)
    {
        if (description == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("description");
        if (inner == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("inner");
    }
 
    public SampleException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
        : base(info, context)
    {
    }
}

public class HttpException : Exception
{
    System.Net.HttpStatusCode _statusCode;
     
    public HttpException(System.Net.HttpStatusCode statusCode, string description)
        : base(description)
    {
        if (description == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("description");
        _statusCode = statusCode;
    }
 
    public HttpException(System.Net.HttpStatusCode statusCode, string description, Exception inner)
        : base(description, inner)
    {
        if (description == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("description");
        if (inner == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("inner");
        _statusCode = statusCode;
    }
 
    public HttpException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
        : base(info, context)
    {
    }
     
    public System.Net.HttpStatusCode StatusCode { get; private set; }
 
}

public override string Message
{
        get { return base.Message + "\r\nStatus code: " + StatusCode; }
}

public class HttpException : Exception
{
    // [...]
 
    public HttpException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
        : base(info, context)
    {
        // this is new
        StatusCode = (HttpStatusCode) info.GetInt32("HttpStatusCode");
    }
 
    public HttpStatusCode StatusCode { get; private set; }
 
    public override string Message
    {
        get { return base.Message + "\r\nStatus code: " + StatusCode; }
    }
 
    // this is new
    public override void GetObjectData(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
    {
        base.GetObjectData(info, context);
        info.AddValue("HttpStatusCode", (int) StatusCode);
    }
}

throw new Exception("Unknown FaileType");
throw new Exception("Unecpected workingDirectory");

"Unecpected workingDirectory"

@model ControllerExtensibility.Models.Result
@{
Layout = null;
}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
<title>Result</title>
</head>
<body>
<div>Controller: @Model.ControllerName</div>
<div>Action: @Model.ActionName</div>
</body>
</html>

default:
requestContext.RouteData.Values["controller"] = "Product";
targetType = typeof(ProductController);
break;

https://idpHostAddress/connect/authorize? 
client_id=imagegalleryclient 
&redirect_uri=https://clientapphostaddress/signin-oidcoidc 
&scope=openid profile 
&response_type=code id_token 
&response_mode=form_post
&nonce=63626...n2eNMxA0

namespace DNT.IDP
{
    public static class Config
    {
        public static IEnumerable<Client> GetClients()
        {
            return new List<Client>
            {
                new Client
                {
                    ClientName = "Image Gallery",
                    ClientId = "imagegalleryclient",
                    AllowedGrantTypes = GrantTypes.Hybrid,
                    RedirectUris = new List<string>
                    {
                        "https://localhost:5001/signin-oidc"
                    },
                    PostLogoutRedirectUris = new List<string>
                    {
                        "https://localhost:5001/signout-callback-oidc"
                    },
                    AllowedScopes =
                    {
                        IdentityServerConstants.StandardScopes.OpenId,
                        IdentityServerConstants.StandardScopes.Profile
                    },
                    ClientSecrets =
                    {
                        new Secret("secret".Sha256())
                    }
                }
             };
        }
    }
}

namespace ImageGallery.MvcClient.WebApp
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.AddAuthentication(options =>
            {
                options.DefaultScheme = "Cookies";
                options.DefaultChallengeScheme = "oidc";
            }).AddCookie("Cookies")
              .AddOpenIdConnect("oidc", options =>
              {
                  options.SignInScheme = "Cookies";
                  options.Authority = "https://localhost:6001";
                  options.ClientId = "imagegalleryclient";
                  options.ResponseType = "code id_token";
                  //options.CallbackPath = new PathString("...")
                  //options.SignedOutCallbackPath = new PathString("...")
                  options.Scope.Add("openid");
                  options.Scope.Add("profile");
                  options.SaveTokens = true;
                  options.ClientSecret = "secret";
                  options.GetClaimsFromUserInfoEndpoint = true;
              });

namespace ImageGallery.MvcClient.WebApp
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env)
        {
            app.UseAuthentication();

namespace ImageGallery.MvcClient.WebApp.Controllers
{
    [Authorize]
    public class GalleryController : Controller
    {
    // .... 
   
        public async Task WriteOutIdentityInformation()
        {
            var identityToken = await HttpContext.GetTokenAsync(OpenIdConnectParameterNames.IdToken);
            Debug.WriteLine($"Identity token: {identityToken}");

            foreach (var claim in User.Claims)
            {
                Debug.WriteLine($"Claim type: {claim.Type} - Claim value: {claim.Value}");
            }
        }

        public async Task<IActionResult> Index()
        {
            await WriteOutIdentityInformation();
            // ....

<div class="navbar-collapse collapse">
    <ul class="nav navbar-nav">
        <li><a asp-area="" asp-controller="Gallery" asp-action="Index">Home</a></li>
        <li><a asp-area="" asp-controller="Gallery" asp-action="AddImage">Add an image</a></li>
        @if (User.Identity.IsAuthenticated)
        {
            <li><a asp-area="" asp-controller="Gallery" asp-action="Logout">Logout</a></li>
        }
    </ul>
</div>

namespace ImageGallery.MvcClient.WebApp.Controllers
{
    [Authorize]
    public class GalleryController : Controller
    {
        public async Task Logout()
        {
            // Clears the  local cookie ("Cookies" must match the name of the scheme)
            await HttpContext.SignOutAsync("Cookies");
            await HttpContext.SignOutAsync("oidc");
        }

PostLogoutRedirectUris = new List<string>
{
     "https://localhost:5001/signout-callback-oidc"
},

options.Scope.Add("openid");
options.Scope.Add("profile");

options.GetClaimsFromUserInfoEndpoint = true;

 PM> install-package AvalonEdit

<Window x:Class="SyntaxHighlighter.MainWindow"
   xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
   xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
   xmlns:avalonEdit="http://icsharpcode.net/sharpdevelop/avalonedit"
   Title="MainWindow" Height="401" Width="617">
  <Grid>
<avalonEdit:TextEditor  
    Name="txtCode"
    SyntaxHighlighting="C#"
  FontFamily="Consolas"
  FontSize="10pt"/>   
  </Grid>
</Window>

using System;
using System.Collections.Concurrent;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Windows;
using System.Xml;
using ICSharpCode.AvalonEdit;
using ICSharpCode.AvalonEdit.Highlighting;
using ICSharpCode.AvalonEdit.Highlighting.Xshd;

namespace AvalonEditWpfTest.Controls
{
    public class BindableAvalonTextEditor : TextEditor
    {
        public static readonly DependencyProperty BoundTextProperty =
            DependencyProperty.Register("BoundText",
                typeof(string),
                typeof(BindableAvalonTextEditor),
                new FrameworkPropertyMetadata(default(string), propertyChangedCallback));
 
        public static string GetBoundText(DependencyObject obj)
        {
            return (string)obj.GetValue(BoundTextProperty);
        }

        public static void SetBoundText(DependencyObject obj, string value)
        {
            obj.SetValue(BoundTextProperty, value);
        }

        protected override void OnTextChanged(EventArgs e)
        {
            SetCurrentValue(BoundTextProperty, Text);
            base.OnTextChanged(e);
        }

        private static void propertyChangedCallback(DependencyObject obj,
                                    DependencyPropertyChangedEventArgs args)
        {
            var target = (BindableAvalonTextEditor)obj;
            var value = args.NewValue;
            if (value == null)
                return;

            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(target.Text) ||
                !target.Text.Equals(args.NewValue.ToString()))
            {
                target.Text = args.NewValue.ToString();
            }
        }
    }
}

<Window x:Class="AvalonEditWpfTest.MainWindow"
        xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
        xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
        xmlns:viewModels="clr-namespace:AvalonEditTests.ViewModels"
        xmlns:controls="clr-namespace:AvalonEditWpfTest.Controls"
        Title="MainWindow" Height="350" Width="525">
    <Window.Resources>
        <viewModels:MainWindowViewModel x:Key="MainWindowViewModel"/>
    </Window.Resources>
    <Grid DataContext="{Binding Source={StaticResource MainWindowViewModel}}">
        <controls:BindableAvalonTextEditor
                BoundText="{Binding SourceCode, Mode=TwoWay, UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged}"
                        WordWrap="True"
                        ShowLineNumbers="True"
                        LineNumbersForeground="MediumSlateBlue"
                        FontFamily="Consolas"
                        VerticalScrollBarVisibility="Auto"
                        Margin="3"          
                        HorizontalScrollBarVisibility="Auto"
                        FontSize="10pt"/>
    </Grid>
</Window>

        private static IHighlightingDefinition getHighlightingDefinition(string resourceName)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(resourceName))
                throw new NullReferenceException("Please specify SyntaxHighlightingResourceName.");

            using (var stream = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().GetManifestResourceStream(resourceName))
            {
                if (stream == null)
                    throw new NullReferenceException(string.Format("{0} resource is null.", resourceName));

                using (var reader = new XmlTextReader(stream))
                {
                    return HighlightingLoader.Load(reader, HighlightingManager.Instance);
                }
            }
        }

 txtCode.SyntaxHighlighting = getHighlightingDefinition(resourceName);

using System;
using System.Collections.Concurrent;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Windows;
using System.Xml;
using ICSharpCode.AvalonEdit;
using ICSharpCode.AvalonEdit.Highlighting;
using ICSharpCode.AvalonEdit.Highlighting.Xshd;

namespace AvalonEditWpfTest.Controls
{
    public class BindableAvalonTextEditor : TextEditor
    {
         public static readonly DependencyProperty SyntaxHighlightingResourceNameProperty =
           DependencyProperty.Register("SyntaxHighlightingResourceName",
               typeof(string),
               typeof(BindableAvalonTextEditor),
               new FrameworkPropertyMetadata(default(string), resourceNamePropertyChangedCallback));
 
        public static string GetSyntaxHighlightingResourceName(DependencyObject obj)
        {
            return (string)obj.GetValue(SyntaxHighlightingResourceNameProperty);
        }

        public static void SetSyntaxHighlightingResourceName(DependencyObject obj, string value)
        {
            obj.SetValue(SyntaxHighlightingResourceNameProperty, value);
        }

        private static void loadHighlighter(TextEditor @this, string resourceName)
        {
            if (@this.SyntaxHighlighting != null)
                return;

            @this.SyntaxHighlighting = getHighlightingDefinition(resourceName);
        }

        private static void resourceNamePropertyChangedCallback(DependencyObject obj,
                                            DependencyPropertyChangedEventArgs args)
        {
            var target = (BindableAvalonTextEditor)obj;
            var value = args.NewValue;
            if (value == null)
                return;

            loadHighlighter(target, value.ToString());
        }
    }
}

   <controls:BindableAvalonTextEditor
SyntaxHighlightingResourceName = "AvalonEditWpfTest.Controls.sql-ce.xshd"
/>

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;
using System.Data.Entity.ModelConfiguration;

namespace EF_General.Models.Ex18
{
    public class UserProfile
    {
        public int UserProfileId { set; get; }
        public string UserName { set; get; }

        [ForeignKey("CartableId")]
        public virtual Cartable Cartable { set; get; } // one-to-zero-or-one
        public int? CartableId { set; get; }

        public virtual ICollection<Doc> Docs { set; get; } // one-to-many
    }

    public class Doc
    {
        public int DocId { set; get; }
        public string Title { set; get; }
        public string Body { set; get; }

        [ForeignKey("UserProfileId")]
        public virtual UserProfile UserProfile { set; get; }
        public int UserProfileId { set; get; }

        public virtual ICollection<Cartable> Cartables { set; get; } // many-to-many
    }

    public class Cartable
    {
        public int CartableId { set; get; }

        [ForeignKey("UserProfileId")]
        public virtual UserProfile UserProfile { set; get; }
        public int UserProfileId { set; get; }

        public virtual ICollection<Doc> Docs { set; get; } // many-to-many
    }

    public class UserProfileMap : EntityTypeConfiguration<UserProfile>
    {
        public UserProfileMap()
        {
            this.HasOptional(x => x.Cartable)
                .WithRequired(x => x.UserProfile)
                .WillCascadeOnDelete();
        }
    }

    public class MyContext : DbContext
    {
        public DbSet<UserProfile> UserProfiles { get; set; }
        public DbSet<Doc> Docs { get; set; }
        public DbSet<Cartable> Cartables { get; set; }

        protected override void OnModelCreating(DbModelBuilder modelBuilder)
        {
            modelBuilder.Configurations.Add(new UserProfileMap());
            base.OnModelCreating(modelBuilder);
        }
    }

    public class Configuration : DbMigrationsConfiguration<MyContext>
    {
        public Configuration()
        {
            AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;
            AutomaticMigrationDataLossAllowed = true;
        }
    }

    public static class Test
    {
        public static void RunTests()
        {
            Database.SetInitializer(new MigrateDatabaseToLatestVersion<MyContext, Configuration>());
            using (var context = new MyContext())
            {
                var user = context.UserProfiles.Find(1);
                if (user != null)
                    Console.WriteLine(user.UserName);
            }
        }
    }
}

Introducing FOREIGN KEY constraint 'FK_DocCartables_Cartables_Cartable_CartableId' 
on table 'DocCartables' may cause cycles or multiple cascade paths. Specify 
ON DELETE NO ACTION or ON UPDATE NO ACTION, or modify other FOREIGN KEY constraints.
Could not create constraint. See previous errors.

public int? UserProfileId { set; get; }

The referential relationship will result in a cyclical reference that is not allowed. [ Constraint name =  ]

class LoginForm extends Component {
  state = {
    account: { username: "", password: "" },
    errors: {
      username: "Username is required"
    }
  };

  validate = () => {
    return { username: "Username is required." };
  };

  handleSubmit = e => {
    e.preventDefault();

    const errors = this.validate();
    console.log("Validation errors", errors);
    this.setState({ errors });
    if (errors) {
      return;
    }

    // call the server
    console.log("Submitted!");
  };

  validate = () => {
    const { account } = this.state;

    const errors = {};
    if (account.username.trim() === "") {
      errors.username = "Username is required.";
    }

    if (account.password.trim() === "") {
      errors.password = "Password is required.";
    }

    return Object.keys(errors).length === 0 ? null : errors;
  };

import React from "react";

const Input = ({ name, label, value, error, onChange }) => {
  return (
    <div className="form-group">
      <label htmlFor={name}>{label}</label>
      <input
        value={value}
        onChange={onChange}
        id={name}
        name={name}
        type="text"
        className="form-control"
      />
      {error && <div className="alert alert-danger">{error}</div>}
    </div>
  );
};

export default Input;

  render() {
    const { account, errors } = this.state;
    return (
      <form onSubmit={this.handleSubmit}>
        <Input
          name="username"
          label="Username"
          value={account.username}
          onChange={this.handleChange}
          error={errors.username}
        />
        <Input
          name="password"
          label="Password"
          value={account.password}
          onChange={this.handleChange}
          error={errors.password}
        />
        <button className="btn btn-primary">Login</button>
      </form>
    );
  }

loginForm.jsx:55 Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read property 'username' of null
at LoginForm.render (loginForm.jsx:55)

this.setState({ errors: errors || {} });

  handleChange = ({ currentTarget: input }) => {
    const errors = { ...this.state.errors }; //cloning an object
    const errorMessage = this.validateProperty(input);
    if (errorMessage) {
      errors[input.name] = errorMessage;
    } else {
      delete errors[input.name];
    }

    const account = { ...this.state.account }; //cloning an object
    account[input.name] = input.value;

    this.setState({ account, errors });
  };

  validateProperty = ({ name, value }) => {
    if (name === "username") {
      if (value.trim() === "") {
        return "Username is required.";
      }
      // ...
    }

    if (name === "password") {
      if (value.trim() === "") {
        return "Password is required.";
      }
      // ...
    }
  };

const Joi = require('@hapi/joi');
const schema = Joi.object({
    username: Joi.string().alphanum().min(3).max(30).required(),
    password: Joi.string().pattern(/^[a-zA-Z0-9]{3,30}$/),
    email: Joi.string().email({ minDomainSegments: 2, tlds: { allow: ['com', 'net'] } })
});
schema.validate({ username: 'abc', birth_year: 1994 });

> npm install @hapi/joi --save
> npm i --save-dev @types/hapi__joi

import Joi from "@hapi/joi";

  schema = {
    username: Joi.string()
      .required()
      .label("Username"),
    password: Joi.string()
      .required()
      .label("Password")
  };

  validate = () => {
    const { account } = this.state;
    const validationResult = Joi.object(this.schema).validate(account, {
      abortEarly: false
    });
    console.log("validationResult", validationResult);

  validate = () => {
    const { account } = this.state;
    const validationResult = Joi.object(this.schema).validate(account, {
      abortEarly: false
    });
    console.log("validationResult", validationResult);

    if (!validationResult.error) {
      return null;
    }

    const errors = {};
    for (let item of validationResult.error.details) {
      errors[item.path[0]] = item.message;
    }
    return errors;
  };

  validateProperty = ({ name, value }) => {
    const userInputObject = { [name]: value };
    const propertySchema = Joi.object({ [name]: this.schema[name] });
    const { error } = propertySchema.validate(userInputObject, {
      abortEarly: true
    });
    return error ? error.details[0].message : null;
  };

 <button disabled={this.validate()} className="btn btn-primary">
 Login
</button>