Introduction to SQL Server Identity 

// =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
//                    Captchafa demo for ASP.NET applications
//                                 by: Behrouz Rad
// =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
namespace Captcha
{
    using System;
    using System.Collections.Generic;
    using System.IO;
    using System.Net;
    using System.Text;
    using System.Web;

    public class Captchafa
    {
        private static readonly string PRIVATE_KEY = "your private key";
        private static readonly string PUBLIC_KEY = "your public key";
        private static readonly string CAPTCHAFA_API_SERVER = "http://www.captchafa.com/api";
        private static readonly string CAPTCHAFA_VERIFY_SERVER = "http://www.captchafa.com/api/verify/";

        private IDictionary<string, string> CaptchafaData
        {
            get
            {
                HttpContext httpContext = HttpContext.Current;

                string remoteIp = httpContext.Request.ServerVariables["REMOTE_ADDR"];
                string challenge = httpContext.Request.Form["captchafa_challenge_field"];
                string response = httpContext.Request.Form["captchafa_response_field"];

                IDictionary<string, string> data = new Dictionary<string, string>() 
                { 
                    {"privatekey" , PRIVATE_KEY },
                    {"remoteip"   , remoteIp    },
                    {"challenge"  , challenge   },
                    {"response"   , response    }
                };

                return data;
            }
        }

        public static string CaptchafaGetHtml()
        {
            return string.Format("<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"{0}/?challenge&k={1}\"></script>", CAPTCHAFA_API_SERVER, PUBLIC_KEY);
        }

        public bool IsAnswerCorrect()
        {
            string dataToSend = this.CaptchafaPrepareDataToSend(this.CaptchafaData);

            string result = this.CaptchafaPostResponse(dataToSend);

            return result.StartsWith("true");
        }

        private string CaptchafaPrepareDataToSend(IDictionary<string, string> data)
        {
            string result = string.Empty;
            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();

            foreach (var item in data)
            {
                sb.AppendFormat("{0}={1}&", item.Key, HttpUtility.UrlEncode(item.Value.Replace(@"\", string.Empty)));
            }

            result = sb.ToString();

            sb = null;

            result = result.Substring(0, result.LastIndexOf("&"));

            return result;
        }

        private string CaptchafaPostResponse(string data)
        {
            StreamReader reader = null;
            Stream dataStream = null;
            WebResponse response = null;
            string responseFromServer = string.Empty;

            try
            {
                WebRequest request = WebRequest.Create(CAPTCHAFA_VERIFY_SERVER);

                request.Method = "POST";
                request.ContentType = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded";

                byte[] byteData = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(data);

                request.ContentLength = byteData.Length;

                dataStream = request.GetRequestStream();

                dataStream.Write(byteData, 0, byteData.Length);

                dataStream.Close();

                response = request.GetResponse();

                dataStream = response.GetResponseStream();

                reader = new StreamReader(dataStream);

                responseFromServer = reader.ReadToEnd();
            }
            finally
            {
                if (reader != null)
                {
                    reader.Close();
                }

                if (dataStream != null)
                {
                    dataStream.Close();
                }

                if (response != null)
                {
                    response.Close();
                }
            }

            return responseFromServer;
        }
    }
}

if (!IsPostBack)
{
    litCaptcha.Text = Captchafa.CaptchafaGetHtml();
}

Captchafa captchaFa = new Captchafa();

bool isAnswerCorrect = captchaFa.IsAnswerCorrect();

if (isAnswerCorrect)
{
    // پاسخ صحیح است
}
else
{
   // پاسخ صحیح نیست
}

public static class CaptchaHelper
{
    public static MvcHtmlString Captchafa(this HtmlHelper htmlHelper)
    {
        return MvcHtmlString.Create(Captcha.Captchafa.CaptchafaGetHtml());
    }
}

[HttpPost]
[ActionName("Index")]
public ViewResult CaptchaCheck()
{
    Captchafa captchaFa = new Captchafa();

    bool isAnswerCorrect = captchaFa.IsAnswerCorrect();

    if (isAnswerCorrect)
    {
        ViewBag.IsAnswerCorrect = true;
    }
    else
    {
        ViewBag.IsAnswerCorrect = false;
    }

    return View();
}

@using CaptchafaDemoMvc.Helpers;

@{
    ViewBag.Title = "Index";
}

<form action="/" method="post">

@Html.Captchafa();

<input type="submit" id="btnCaptchafa" name="btnCaptchafa" value="آزمایش" />

@{
    bool isAnswerExists = ViewBag.IsAnswerCorrect != null;
}

@if (isAnswerExists)
{
    if ((bool)ViewBag.IsAnswerCorrect == true)
    {
       <span id="lblResult">پاسخ صحیح است</span>
    }
    else
    {
       <span id="lblResult">پاسخ صحیح نیست</span>
    }
}
</form>

public class Student{
    [Display(Name="نام خانوادگی")]
    public string FamilyName { get; set;}
}

<label asp-for="FamilyName"></label>

[Display(
     Name = "نام خانوادگی",
     Description = "بهتر است فقط در اینجا نام خانوادگی شخص وارد شود")]
public string FamilyName{ get; set; }

<span asp-description-for="FamilyName"></span>

<span>بهتر است فقط در اینجا نام خانوادگی شخص وارد شود</span>

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Rendering;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.ViewFeatures;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Razor.TagHelpers;

[HtmlTargetElement("div", Attributes = ForAttributeName)]
[HtmlTargetElement("p", Attributes = ForAttributeName)]
[HtmlTargetElement("span", Attributes = ForAttributeName)]
public sealed class DescriptionForTagHelper : TagHelper
{
    private const string ForAttributeName = "asp-description-for";

    [HtmlAttributeName(ForAttributeName)] 
    public ModelExpression For { get; set; } = default!;

    public override async Task ProcessAsync(TagHelperContext context, TagHelperOutput output)
    {
        if (context == null)
        {
            throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));
        }

        if (output == null)
        {
            throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(output));
        }

        var description = For.Metadata.Description;
        if (description != null)
        {
            // Do not update the content if another tag helper
            // targeting this element has already done so.
            if (!output.IsContentModified)
            {
                var childContent = await output.GetChildContentAsync();
                if (childContent.IsEmptyOrWhiteSpace)
                {
                    output.Content.SetHtmlContent(description);
                }
                else
                {
                    output.Content.SetHtmlContent(childContent);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

 public class Parent
    {
        public string Name { get; set; }
        public int X { get; set; }
        public int Y { get; set; }
        public Parent()
        {
            X = Y = 0;
        }
        public virtual void Move()
        {
            X += 5;
            Y += 5;
        }
        public void Shoot() { }
        public virtual void Pass() { } 
    }
    public class Child1 : Parent
    {
        public override void Move()
        {
            X += 10;
            Y += 10;
        }
    }
    public class Child2 : Parent
    {
        public override void Move()
        {
            X += 20;
            Y += 20;
        }
    }
    public enum State
    {
        Start,
        Move,
        Shoot,
        Pass
    }
    public class Creator
    {
        public static Parent GetInstance(bool? condition)
        {
            if (condition == null)
            {
                return new Parent();
            }
            if (condition == true)
            {
                return new Child1();
            }
            else
            {
                return new Child2();
            }
        }
    }
    public class Context
    {
        public void SetState(ref State s)
        {
            s = State.Move;
        }
        public void Main()
        {
            State state =State.Start;
            
            // در مورد نوع این شیء چیزی نمیدانیم و وابسته به شرایط نوع آن متغیر است
            // در حقیقت شیء کلاس فرزند را جای شیء کلاس والد  قرار می‌دهیم و نه بالعکس

            Parent obj = Creator.GetInstance(null);
            
            // منطق برنامه وضعیت را تغییر می‌دهد
            SetState(ref state);

            // قواعد کلی و عمومی که بدون در نظر گرفتن کلاس (نوع) شیء بر آن اعمال می‌شود
            switch (state)
            {
                case State.Move:
                    obj.Move();
                    break;
                case State.Shoot:
                    obj.Shoot();
                    break;
                case State.Pass:
                    obj.Pass();
                    break;
                default:
                    break;
            }           
        }
    }

Child1 obj = Creator.GetInstance(null);

 public interface IHuman
    {
        void Move();
        void Eat();
        void LevelUp();
        void FireBullet();
    }
    public class Player : IHuman
    {
        public void Eat() { }
        public void FireBullet() { }
        public void LevelUp() { }
        public void Move() { }
    }
    public class Enemy : IHuman
    {
        public void Eat() { }
        public void FireBullet() { }
        public void LevelUp() { }
        public void Move() { }
    }
    public class Citizen : IHuman
    {
        public void Eat() { }
        public void FireBullet() { }
        public void LevelUp() { }
        public void Move() { }
    }

public interface IMovable { void Move(); }
    public interface IEatable { void Eat(); }
    public interface IPlayer { void LevelUp(); }
    public interface IShooter { void FireBullet(); }
    public class PlayerBetter : IPlayer, IMovable, IEatable, IShooter
    {
        public void Eat() { }
        public void FireBullet() { }
        public void LevelUp() { }
        public void Move() { }
    }
    public class EnemyBetter : IMovable, IShooter
    {
        public void FireBullet() { }
        public void Move() { }
    }
    public class CitizenBetter : IMovable
    {
        public void Move() { }
    }

public class Controller
    {
        public Service Service { get; set; }
        public Controller()
        {
            // کنترلر باید نحوه نمونه گیری را بداند (ورودی‌های لازم) و این از وظایف آن خارج است
            Service = new Service(1);
        }
        public void DoWork()
        {
            Service.RunService();
        }
    }

    public class Service
    {
        public int State { get; set; }
        public Service(int s)
        {
            State = s;
        }
        public void RunService() { }
    }

public class ControllerBetter
    {
        // ارجاع به واسط باعث انعطاف و کاهش وابستگی شده است
        public IService Service { get; set; }
        public ControllerBetter(IService service)
        {
            // یک کلاس دیگر وظیفه ارسال سرویس به سازنده کلاس کنترلر را دارد 
            // و مسئولیت نمونه گیری را از دوش کنترلر برداشته است
            Service = service;
        }
        public void DoWork()
        {
            Service.RunService();
        }
    }
    // کاهش وابستگی با تعریف واسط و تغییر وابستگی مستقیم بین کنترلر و سرویس
    public interface IService
    {
        void RunService();
    }
    // وابستگی جزییات به انتزاع
    public class ServiceBetter : IService
    {
        public int State { get; set; }
        public ServiceBetter(int s)
        {
            State = s;
        }
        public void RunService() { }
    }

interface ILogger
{
    void Log(string message);
}

class ConsoleLogger : ILogger
{
    public void Log(string message)
    {
        Console.WriteLine(message);
    }
}

interface ILogger
{
    void Log(string message);
    void Log(Exception exception) => Console.WriteLine(exception);
}

    interface IDeveloper
    {
        void LearnNewLanguage(string language, DateTime dueDate);

        void LearnNewLanguage(string language)
        {
            // default implementation
            LearnNewLanguage(language, DateTime.Now.AddMonths(6));
        }
    }

    class BackendDev : IDeveloper // compiles OK
    {
        public void LearnNewLanguage(string language, DateTime dueDate)
        {
            // Learning new language...
        }
    }

IDeveloper dev1 = new BackendDev();
dev1.LearnNewLanguage("Rust");

var dev2 = new BackendDev();
dev2.LearnNewLanguage("Rust");
 

 There is no argument given that corresponds to the required formal parameter 'dueDate' of 'BackendDev.LearnNewLanguage(string, DateTime)' (CS7036) [ConsoleApp]

using System;

namespace ConsoleApp
{
    public interface IDev
    {
        void LearnNewLanguage(string language) => Console.Write($"Learning {language} in a default way.");
    }

    public interface IBackendDev : IDev
    {
        void LearnNewLanguage(string language) => Console.Write($"Learning {language} in a backend way.");
    }

    public interface IFrontendDev : IDev
    {
        void LearnNewLanguage(string language) => Console.Write($"Learning {language} in a frontend way.");
    }

    public interface IFullStackDev : IBackendDev, IFrontendDev { }

    public class Dev : IFullStackDev { }
}

IFullStackDev dev = new Dev();
dev.LearnNewLanguage("TypeScript");

The call is ambiguous between the following methods or properties: 'IBackendDev.LearnNewLanguage(string)' and 'IFrontendDev.LearnNewLanguage(string)' (CS0121)

namespace MyNamespace
{
    public interface IMyInterface
    {
        IList<int> Values { get; set; }
    }

    public static class MyInterfaceExtensions
    {
        public static int CountGreaterThan(this IMyInterface myInterface, int threshold)
        {
            return myInterface.Values?.Where(p => p > threshold).Count() ?? 0;
        }
    }
}

var myImplementation = new MyInterfaceImplementation();
// Note that there's no typecast to IMyInterface required
var countGreaterThanFive = myImplementation.CountGreaterThan(5);

public class Rider
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public EquineBeast Mount { get; set; }
}

public enum EquineBeast
{
    Donkey,
    Mule,
    Horse,
    Unicorn
}

protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder modelBuilder)
{
    modelBuilder
        .Entity<Rider>()
        .Property(e => e.Mount)
        .HasConversion(
            v => v.ToString(),
            v => (EquineBeast)Enum.Parse(typeof(EquineBeast), v));
}

var converter = new ValueConverter<EquineBeast, string>(
    v => v.ToString(),
    v => (EquineBeast)Enum.Parse(typeof(EquineBeast), v));
modelBuilder
    .Entity<Rider>()
    .Property(e => e.Mount)
    .HasConversion(converter);

var converter = new EnumToStringConverter<EquineBeast>();
modelBuilder
    .Entity<Rider>()
    .Property(e => e.Mount)
    .HasConversion(converter);

modelBuilder
    .Entity<Rider>()
    .Property(e => e.Mount)
    .HasConversion<string>();

public class Rider
{
    public int Id { get; set; }

    [Column(TypeName = "nvarchar(24)")]
    public EquineBeast Mount { get; set; }
}

namespace DbConfig.Web.DataLayer.Context
{
    public class MyAppContext : DbContext
    {
      // …

        protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder builder)
        {
            var encryptedConverter = new ValueConverter<string, string>(
               convertToProviderExpression: v => new string(v.Reverse().ToArray()), // encrypt
               convertFromProviderExpression: v => new string(v.Reverse().ToArray()) // decrypt
            );

            // Custom application mappings
            builder.Entity<ConfigurationValue>(entity =>
            {
                entity.Property(e => e.Value).IsRequired().HasConversion(encryptedConverter);
            });
        }
    }
}

using System;

namespace Test
{
    [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Property, Inherited = false, AllowMultiple = false)]
    public sealed class EncryptedAttribute : Attribute
    { }
}

namespace DbConfig.Web.DomainClasses
{
    public class ConfigurationValue
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Key { get; set; }

        [Encrypted]
        public string Value { get; set; }
    }
}

namespace DbConfig.Web.DataLayer.Context
{
    public class MyAppContext : DbContext
    {
        protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder builder)
        {
            var encryptedConverter = new ValueConverter<string, string>(
               convertToProviderExpression: v => new string(v.Reverse().ToArray()), // encrypt
               convertFromProviderExpression: v => new string(v.Reverse().ToArray()) // decrypt
            );

            foreach (var entityType in builder.Model.GetEntityTypes())
            {
                foreach (var property in entityType.GetProperties())
                {
                    var attributes = property.PropertyInfo.GetCustomAttributes(typeof(EncryptedAttribute), false);
                    if (attributes.Any())
                    {
                        property.SetValueConverter(encryptedConverter);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

 Executed DbCommand (22ms) 
   [Parameters=[@p1='1', 
                @p0='.tset ot eulav wen A' (Nullable = false) (Size = 4000)],
CommandType='Text', CommandTimeout='180']
SET NOCOUNT ON;
UPDATE [Configurations] SET [Value] = @p0
WHERE [Id] = @p1;
SELECT @@ROWCOUNT;

 db.Set<ConfigurationValue>().Where(x => x.Value.EndsWith("world!"))

SELECT [x].[Id], [x].[Key], [x].[Value]
FROM [Configurations] AS [x]
WHERE RIGHT([x].[Value], LEN(N'world!')) = N'!dlrow'