IEnumerable input = new object[] { "Apple", 33, "Sugar", 44, 'a', new DateTime()};
IEnumerable<string> query = input.OfType<string>();
foreach (var item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item);
}

 class Ingredient
  {
     public string Name { get; set; }
  }
  class DryIngredient : Ingredient
  {
     public int Grams { get; set; }
  }

  class WetIngredient : Ingredient
  {
     public int Millilitres { get; set; }
  }

IEnumerable<Ingredient> input = new Ingredient[]
{
   new DryIngredient { Name = "Flour" },
   new WetIngredient { Name = "Milk" },
   new WetIngredient { Name = "Water" }
};

IEnumerable<WetIngredient> query = input.OfType<WetIngredient>();
foreach (WetIngredient item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item.Name);
}

IEnumerable input = new object[]
{
   "Apple", 33, "Sugar", 44, 'a', new DateTime()
};

IEnumerable<string> query = input.Cast<string>();
foreach (string item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item);
}

IEnumerable input = new object[]{ "Apple", "Sugar", "Flour" };
IEnumerable<string> query =
from string i in input
select i;

foreach (var item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item);
}

class Recipe
{
   public int Id { get; set; }
   public string Name { get; set; }
   public int Rating { get; set; }
}

IEnumerable<Recipe> recipes = new[]
{
   new Recipe { Id = 1, Name = "Apple Pie", Rating = 5 },
   new Recipe { Id = 2, Name = "Cherry Pie", Rating = 2 },
   new Recipe { Id = 3, Name = "Beef Pie", Rating = 3 }
};

Dictionary<int, Recipe> dict = recipes.ToDictionary(x => x.Id);
foreach (KeyValuePair<int, Recipe> item in dict)
{
   Console.WriteLine($"Key={item.Key}, Recipe={item.Value}");
}

class Recipe
{
   public int Id { get; set; }
   public string Name { get; set; }
   public byte Rating { get; set; }
}

IEnumerable<Recipe> recipes = new[]
{
   new Recipe { Id = 1, Name = "Apple Pie", Rating = 5 },
   new Recipe { Id = 1, Name = "Banana Pie", Rating = 5 },
   new Recipe { Id = 2, Name = "Cherry Pie", Rating = 2 },
   new Recipe { Id = 3, Name = "Beef Pie", Rating = 3 }
};

ILookup<byte, Recipe> look = recipes.ToLookup(x => x.Rating);
foreach (IGrouping<byte, Recipe> ratingGroup in look)
{
   byte rating = ratingGroup.Key;
   Console.WriteLine($"Rating {rating}");
   foreach (var recipe in ratingGroup)
   {
      Console.WriteLine($" - {recipe.Name}");
   }
}

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.First();
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.First(x=>x.Calories==150);
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

 Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.First(x=>x.Calories==1500);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.FirstOrDefault(x=>x.Calories==1500);
Console.WriteLine(element==null);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.Last(x=>x.Calories==500);
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 }
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.Single();
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 500}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.Single(x => x.Calories == 150);
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

 Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 50}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.SingleOrDefault(x => x.Calories == 9999);
Console.WriteLine(element==null);

 Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 50}
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.ElementAt(2);
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 50}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.ElementAtOrDefault(5);
Console.WriteLine(element==null);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 50}
};

IEnumerable<Ingredient> query = ingredients.DefaultIfEmpty();
foreach (Ingredient item in query)
{
  Console.WriteLine(item.Name);
}

Ingredient[] ingredients = { };
IEnumerable<Ingredient> query = ingredients.DefaultIfEmpty();
foreach (Ingredient item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item == null);
}

public interface IVehicleFactory     {
        IDiesel GetDiesel();
        IMotorCar GetMotorCar();
    }

    public class IranKhodro : IVehicleFactory
    {
        public IDiesel GetDiesel() { return new Arena(); }
        public IMotorCar GetMotorCar() { return new Peugeot206(); }
    }
    public class Saipa : IVehicleFactory
    {
        public IDiesel GetDiesel() { return new Foton(); }
        public IMotorCar GetMotorCar() { return new Peride(); }
    }

    public interface IDiesel { string GetName();}
    public interface IMotorCar { string GetName();}

    public class Foton : IDiesel { public string GetName() { return "This is Foton"; } }
    public class Arena : IDiesel { public string GetName() { return "This is Arena"; } }
    public class Peugeot206 : IMotorCar { public string GetName() { return "This is Peugeot206"; } }
    public class Peride : IMotorCar { public string GetName() { return "This is Peride"; } }

 IVehicleFactory factory = new IranKhodro();
 Console.WriteLine("***" + factory.GetType().Name + "***");
 IDiesel diesel = factory.GetDiesel();
 Console.WriteLine(diesel.GetName());
 IMotorCar motorCar = factory.GetMotorCar();
 Console.WriteLine(motorCar.GetName());

 factory = new Saipa();
 Console.WriteLine("***" + factory.GetType().Name + "***");
 diesel = factory.GetDiesel();
 Console.WriteLine(diesel.GetName());
 motorCar = factory.GetMotorCar();
 Console.WriteLine(motorCar.GetName());

public class RemoveWhitespacesAttribute : ActionFilterAttribute
    {

        public override void OnActionExecuted(ActionExecutedContext filterContext)
        {

            var response = filterContext.HttpContext.Response;
      
            if (filterContext.HttpContext.Request.RawUrl != "/sitemap.xml")
            {

                if (response.ContentType == "text/html" && response.Filter != null)
                {
                    response.Filter = new HelperClass(response.Filter);
                }
            }
        }

        private class HelperClass : Stream
        {

            private System.IO.Stream Base;

            public HelperClass(System.IO.Stream ResponseStream)
            {

                if (ResponseStream == null)
                    throw new ArgumentNullException("ResponseStream");
                this.Base = ResponseStream;
            }

            StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder();

            public override void Write(byte[] buffer, int offset, int count)
            {

                string HTML = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(buffer, offset, count);

                Regex reg = new Regex(@"(?<=\s)\s+(?![^<>]*</pre>)");
                HTML = reg.Replace(HTML, string.Empty);

                buffer = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(HTML);
                this.Base.Write(buffer, 0, buffer.Length);
            }

            #region Other Members

            public override int Read(byte[] buffer, int offset, int count)
            {

                throw new NotSupportedException();
            }

            public override bool CanRead { get { return false; } }

            public override bool CanSeek { get { return false; } }

            public override bool CanWrite { get { return true; } }

            public override long Length { get { throw new NotSupportedException(); } }

            public override long Position
            {

                get { throw new NotSupportedException(); }
                set { throw new NotSupportedException(); }
            }

            public override void Flush()
            {

                Base.Flush();
            }

            public override long Seek(long offset, SeekOrigin origin)
            {

                throw new NotSupportedException();
            }

            public override void SetLength(long value)
            {

                throw new NotSupportedException();
            }

            #endregion
        }

    }

 protected void Application_Start()
        {
            try
            {
                GlobalFilters.Filters.Add(new App_Start.RemoveWhitespacesAttribute());
            }
            catch
            {
                HttpRuntime.UnloadAppDomain(); // سبب ری استارت برنامه و آغاز مجدد آن با درخواست بعدی می‌شود
                throw;
            }

        }