<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
  <PropertyGroup>
    <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
    <TargetFramework>netcoreapp3.0</TargetFramework>
    <LangVersion>8.0</LangVersion>
    <NullableContextOptions>enable</NullableContextOptions>
  </PropertyGroup>
</Project>

CS8632: The annotation for nullable reference types should only be used in code within a ‘#nullable’ context.
CS8627: A nullable type parameter must be known to be a value-type or non-nullable reference type. Consider adding a ‘class’, ‘struct’ or type constraint.

<PropertyGroup>
  <LangVersion>preview</LangVersion>
  <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
</PropertyGroup>

    public class Person
    {
        public string FirstName { get; set; }

        public string MiddleName { get; set; }

        public string LastName { get; set; }

        public Person(string first, string last) =>
            (FirstName, LastName) = (first, last);

        public Person(string first, string middle, string last) =>
            (FirstName, MiddleName, LastName) = (first, middle, last);

        public override string ToString() => $"{FirstName} {MiddleName} {LastName}";
    }

public string? MiddleName { get; set; }

    public static class NullableReferenceTypes
    {
        //#nullable enable // Toggle to enable

        public static string Exemplify()
        {
            var vahid = new Person("Vahid", "N");
            var length = GetLengthOfMiddleName(vahid);

            return $"{vahid.FirstName}'s middle name has {length} characters in it.";

            static int GetLengthOfMiddleName(Person person)
            {
                string middleName = person.MiddleName;
                return middleName.Length;
            }
        }
    }

var middleName = person.MiddleName;

static int GetLengthOfMiddleName(Person person)
{
   var middleName = person.MiddleName;
   return middleName?.Length ?? 0;
}

public static class NullableReferenceTypes
{
#nullable disable // Toggle to enable

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
  <PropertyGroup>
    <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
    <TargetFramework>netcoreapp3.0</TargetFramework>
    <LangVersion>8.0</LangVersion>
    <NullableContextOptions>enable</NullableContextOptions>
    <TreatWarningsAsErrors>true</TreatWarningsAsErrors>
  </PropertyGroup>
</Project>

<WarningsAsErrors>CS8600;CS8602;CS8603</WarningsAsErrors>

string name = null; // ERROR
string? name = null; // OK!

public class Person
{
    public Address? Address { get; set; };
    public string Country => Address?.Country;   // ERROR! 
}

public class Person
{
    public Address? Address { get; set; };
    public string? Country => Address?.Country;  // OK!
}

var node = this; // Initialize non-nullable variable
while (node != null)
{
   node = null; // ERROR!
}

Node? node = this;   // Initialize nullable variable
while (node != null) {
   node = null; // OK!
}

public class Person
{
   public string Name { get; set; } // ERROR!
}

public class Person
{
   public string? Name { get; set; }
}

public class Person
{
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public Person(string name) {
        Name = name ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(name));
    }
}
 

public class Person
{
   public string Name { get; set; } = string.Empty;
   // -or-
   public string Name { get; set; } = "";
}

String.Empty
Array.Empty<T>()
Enumerable.Empty<T>()

public class Person
{
   public Address Address { get; set; } = new Address();
}

namespace MinimalBlog.Domain.Model;

public class Author
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string FirstName { get; set; } = default!;
    public string LastName { get; set; } = default!;

    public string FullName => FirstName + " " + LastName;
    public DateTime DateOfBirth { get; set; }
    public string? Bio { get; set; }
}

namespace MinimalBlog.Domain.Model;

public class Article
{
    public Article()
    {
        Categories = new List<Category>();
    }

    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Title { get; set; } = default!;
    public string? Subtitle { get; set; }
    public string Body { get; set; } = default!;

    public int AuthorId { get; set; }
    public Author Author { get; set; } = default!;
    public DateTime DateCreated { get; set; }
    public DateTime LastUpdated { get; set; }
    public int NumberOfLikes { get; set; }
    public int NumberOfShares { get; set; }
    public ICollection<Category> Categories { get; set; }
}

namespace MinimalBlog.Domain.Model;

public class Blog
{
    public Blog()
    {
        Contributors = new List<Author>();
    }

    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; } = default!;
    public string Description { get; set; } = default!;
    public DateTime CreatedDate { get; set; }

    public int AuthorId { get; set; }
    public Author Owner { get; set; } = default!;

    public ICollection<Author> Contributors { get; }
}

namespace MinimalBlog.Domain.Model;

public class Category
{
    public Category()
    {
        Articles = new List<Article>();
    }

    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; } = default!;
    public string Description { get; set; } = default!;
    public ICollection<Article> Articles { get; set; }
}

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
  <PropertyGroup>
    <TargetFramework>net6.0</TargetFramework>
    <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
  </PropertyGroup>
  <ItemGroup>
    <ProjectReference Include="..\MinimalBlog.Domain\MinimalBlog.Domain.csproj" />
  </ItemGroup>
  <ItemGroup>
    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore" Version="6.0.2" />
    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.SqlServer" Version="6.0.2" />
    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Tools" Version="6.0.2">
      <PrivateAssets>all</PrivateAssets>
      <IncludeAssets>runtime; build; native; contentfiles; analyzers; buildtransitive</IncludeAssets>
    </PackageReference>
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>

using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using MinimalBlog.Domain.Model;

namespace MinimalBlog.Dal;

public class MinimalBlogDbContext : DbContext
{
    public MinimalBlogDbContext(DbContextOptions options) : base(options)
    {
    }

    public DbSet<Article> Articles { get; set; } = default!;
    public DbSet<Category> Categories { get; set; } = default!;
    public DbSet<Author> Authors { get; set; } = default!;
    public DbSet<Blog> Blogs { get; set; } = default!;
}

{
  "Logging": {
    "LogLevel": {
      "Default": "Information",
      "Microsoft.AspNetCore": "Warning"
    }
  },
  "AllowedHosts": "*",
  "ConnectionStrings": {
    "Default": "Data Source=(localdb)\\MSSQLLocalDB;Initial Catalog=MinimalBlog;Integrated Security=True;Connect Timeout=30;Encrypt=False;TrustServerCertificate=False;ApplicationIntent=ReadWrite;MultiSubnetFailover=False"
  }
}

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk.Web">
  <PropertyGroup>
    <TargetFramework>net6.0</TargetFramework>
    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
    <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
  </PropertyGroup>
  <ItemGroup>
    <PackageReference Include="Swashbuckle.AspNetCore" Version="6.2.3" />
    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore" Version="6.0.2" />
    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.SqlServer" Version="6.0.2" />
    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Tools" Version="6.0.2">
      <PrivateAssets>all</PrivateAssets>
      <IncludeAssets>runtime; build; native; contentfiles; analyzers; buildtransitive</IncludeAssets>
    </PackageReference>
  </ItemGroup>
  <ItemGroup>
    <ProjectReference Include="..\MinimalBlog.Domain\MinimalBlog.Domain.csproj" />
    <ProjectReference Include="..\MinimalBlog.Dal\MinimalBlog.Dal.csproj" />
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>

using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using MinimalBlog.Dal;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

builder.Services.AddEndpointsApiExplorer();
builder.Services.AddSwaggerGen();

var connectionString = builder.Configuration.GetConnectionString("Default");
builder.Services.AddDbContext<MinimalBlogDbContext>(opt => opt.UseSqlServer(connectionString));

For /f "tokens=2-4 delims=/ " %%a in ('date /t') do (set mydate=%%c_%%a_%%b)
For /f "tokens=1-2 delims=/:" %%a in ("%TIME: =0%") do (set mytime=%%a%%b)
dotnet tool update --global dotnet-ef --version 6.0.2
dotnet build
dotnet ef migrations --startup-project ../MinimalBlog.Api/ add V%mydate%_%mytime% --context MinimalBlogDbContext
pause

[*.cs]
generated_code = true

dotnet tool update --global dotnet-ef --version 6.0.2
dotnet build
dotnet ef --startup-project ../MinimalBlog.Api/ database update --context MinimalBlogDbContext
pause

namespace Test
{
    internal class Person
    {
        public string FirstName { get; set; }
        public string LastName { get; set; }
    }
}

using System.Text.Json.Serialization;

namespace Test
{
    [JsonSerializable(typeof(Person))]
    internal partial class MyJsonContext : JsonSerializerContext
    {
    }
}

Person person = new() { FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Doe" };
byte[] utf8Json = JsonSerializer.SerializeToUtf8Bytes(person, MyJsonContext.Default.Person);
person = JsonSerializer.Deserialize(utf8Json, MyJsonContext.Default.Person);

namespace System.Text.Json
{
    public static class JsonSerializer
    {
        public static object? Deserialize(ReadOnlySpan<byte> utf8Json, Type returnType, JsonSerializerContext context) => ...;
        public static object? Deserialize(ReadOnlySpan<char> json, Type returnType, JsonSerializerContext context) => ...;
        public static object? Deserialize(string json, Type returnType, JsonSerializerContext context) => ...;
        public static object? Deserialize(ref Utf8JsonReader reader, Type returnType, JsonSerializerContext context) => ...;
        public static ValueTask<object?> DeserializeAsync(Stream utf8Json, Type returnType, JsonSerializerContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default(CancellationToken)) => ...;
        public static ValueTask<TValue?> DeserializeAsync<TValue>(Stream utf8Json, JsonTypeInfo<TValue> jsonTypeInfo, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default(CancellationToken)) => ...;
        public static TValue? Deserialize<TValue>(ReadOnlySpan<byte> utf8Json, JsonTypeInfo<TValue> jsonTypeInfo) => ...;
        public static TValue? Deserialize<TValue>(string json, JsonTypeInfo<TValue> jsonTypeInfo) => ...;
        public static TValue? Deserialize<TValue>(ReadOnlySpan<char> json, JsonTypeInfo<TValue> jsonTypeInfo) => ...;
        public static TValue? Deserialize<TValue>(ref Utf8JsonReader reader, JsonTypeInfo<TValue> jsonTypeInfo) => ...;
        public static string Serialize(object? value, Type inputType, JsonSerializerContext context) => ...;
        public static void Serialize(Utf8JsonWriter writer, object? value, Type inputType, JsonSerializerContext context) { }
        public static Task SerializeAsync(Stream utf8Json, object? value, Type inputType, JsonSerializerContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default(CancellationToken)) => ...;
        public static Task SerializeAsync<TValue>(Stream utf8Json, TValue value, JsonTypeInfo<TValue> jsonTypeInfo, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default(CancellationToken)) => ...;
        public static byte[] SerializeToUtf8Bytes(object? value, Type inputType, JsonSerializerContext context) => ...;
        public static byte[] SerializeToUtf8Bytes<TValue>(TValue value, JsonTypeInfo<TValue> jsonTypeInfo) => ...;
        public static void Serialize<TValue>(Utf8JsonWriter writer, TValue value, JsonTypeInfo<TValue> jsonTypeInfo) { }
        public static string Serialize<TValue>(TValue value, JsonTypeInfo<TValue> jsonTypeInfo) => ...;
    }
}

using System.Text.Json.Serialization;

namespace Test
{
    [JsonSourceGenerationOptions(PropertyNamingPolicy = JsonKnownNamingPolicy.CamelCase)]
    [JsonSerializable(typeof(Person))]
    internal partial class MyJsonContext : JsonSerializerContext
    {
    }
}

string json = JsonSerializer.Serialize(person, MyJsonContext.Default.Person);
Person person = JsonSerializer.Deserialize(json, MyJsonContext.Default.Person);

services.AddControllers().AddJsonOptions(options => options.AddContext<MyJsonContext>());

[JsonSerializable(typeof(WeatherForecast[]))]
internal partial class MyJsonContext : JsonSerializerContext { }

@code {
    private WeatherForecast[] forecasts;

    private static JsonSerializerOptions Options = new(JsonSerializerDefaults.Web);
    private static MyJsonContext Context = new MyJsonContext(Options);

    protected override async Task OnInitializedAsync()
    {
        forecasts = await Http.GetFromJsonAsync("sample-data/weather.json", Context.WeatherForecastArray);
    }
}

namespace System.Net.Http.Json
{
    public static partial class HttpClientJsonExtensions
    {
        public static Task<object?> GetFromJsonAsync(this HttpClient client, string? requestUri, Type type, JsonSerializerContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default(CancellationToken)) => ...;
        public static Task<object?> GetFromJsonAsync(this HttpClient client, System.Uri? requestUri, Type type, JsonSerializerContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default(CancellationToken)) => ...;
        public static Task<TValue?> GetFromJsonAsync<TValue>(this HttpClient client, string? requestUri, JsonTypeInfo<TValue> jsonTypeInfo, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default(CancellationToken)) => ...;
        public static Task<TValue?> GetFromJsonAsync<TValue>(this HttpClient client, System.Uri? requestUri, JsonTypeInfo<TValue> jsonTypeInfo, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default(CancellationToken)) => ...;
        public static Task<HttpResponseMessage> PostAsJsonAsync<TValue>(this HttpClient client, string? requestUri, TValue value, JsonTypeInfo<TValue> jsonTypeInfo, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default(CancellationToken)) => ...;
        public static Task<HttpResponseMessage> PostAsJsonAsync<TValue>(this HttpClient client, System.Uri? requestUri, TValue value, JsonTypeInfo<TValue> jsonTypeInfo, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default(CancellationToken)) => ...;
        public static Task<HttpResponseMessage> PutAsJsonAsync<TValue>(this HttpClient client, string? requestUri, TValue value, JsonTypeInfo<TValue> jsonTypeInfo, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default(CancellationToken)) => ...;
        public static Task<HttpResponseMessage> PutAsJsonAsync<TValue>(this HttpClient client, System.Uri? requestUri, TValue value, JsonTypeInfo<TValue> jsonTypeInfo, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default(CancellationToken)) => ...;
    }
    public static partial class HttpContentJsonExtensions
    {
        public static Task<object?> ReadFromJsonAsync(this HttpContent content, Type type, JsonSerializerContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default(CancellationToken)) => ...;
        public static Task<T?> ReadFromJsonAsync<T>(this HttpContent content, JsonTypeInfo<TValue> jsonTypeInfo, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default(CancellationToken)) => ...;
    }
}

[DataContract]
public class News
{
     [DataMember] public int Id;
     [DataMember] public string Body;
     [DataMember] public DateTime NewsDate;
}

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<MyCustomNews xmlns:i="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://www.my.com">
  <Body>NewsBody</Body>
  <MyCustomFieldName>111</MyCustomFieldName>
  <NewsDate>2012-10-04T00:00:00</NewsDate>
</MyCustomNews>

var s = new MemoryStream();
using (XmlDictionaryWriter w=XmlDictionaryWriter.CreateBinaryWriter(s))
{
         ds.WriteObject(w,news);
}

var s2 = new MemoryStream(s.ToArray());
News deserializednews;
using (XmlDictionaryReader r=XmlDictionaryReader.CreateBinaryReader(s2,XmlDictionaryReaderQuotas.Max))
{
     deserializednews = (News)ds.ReadObject(r);
}

namespace NET7Reflection;

public class Person
{
    private int _age;

    internal Person(int age) => _age = age;

    private int GetAge() => _age;

    private void SetAge(int age) => _age = age;
}

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">

  <PropertyGroup>
    <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
    <TargetFramework>net7.0</TargetFramework>
    <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
  </PropertyGroup>

  <ItemGroup>
    <PackageReference Include="BenchmarkDotNet" Version="0.13.4" />
  </ItemGroup>

</Project>

using System.Reflection;
using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;

namespace NET7Reflection;

[MemoryDiagnoser(false)]
public class Benchmarks
{
    private readonly object?[] _ageParams = { 30 };

    private readonly ConstructorInfo _ctor =
        typeof(Person).GetConstructor(BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance, new[] { typeof(int) })!;

    private readonly MethodInfo _getAgeMethod =
        typeof(Person).GetMethod("GetAge", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance)!;

    private readonly Person _person = new(10);

    private readonly MethodInfo _setAgeMethod =
        typeof(Person).GetMethod("SetAge", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance)!;

    [Benchmark]
    public int GetAge() =>
        (int)typeof(Person).GetMethod("GetAge", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance)!
                           .Invoke(_person, Array.Empty<object?>())!;

    [Benchmark]
    public int GetAgeCachedMethod() => (int)_getAgeMethod.Invoke(_person, Array.Empty<object?>())!;

    [Benchmark]
    public void SetAge() =>
        typeof(Person).GetMethod("SetAge", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance)!
                      .Invoke(_person, new object?[] { 30 });

    [Benchmark]
    public void SetAgeCachedMethod() => _setAgeMethod.Invoke(_person, new object?[] { 30 });

    [Benchmark]
    public void SetAgeCachedMethodCachedParams() => _setAgeMethod.Invoke(_person, _ageParams);

    [Benchmark]
    public Person Ctor() =>
        (Person)typeof(Person).GetConstructor(BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance, new[] { typeof(int) })!
                              .Invoke(_person, new object?[] { 30 })!;

    [Benchmark]
    public Person CtorCachedCtorInfo() => (Person)_ctor.Invoke(_person, new object?[] { 30 })!;

    [Benchmark]
    public Person CtorCachedCtorInfoCachedParams() => (Person)_ctor.Invoke(_person, _ageParams)!;
}

using BenchmarkDotNet.Running;
using NET7Reflection;

BenchmarkRunner.Run<Benchmarks>();

 PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR

using Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR;
using Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR.Hubs;

namespace SignalR02
{
    [HubName("chat")]
    public class ChatHub : Hub
    {
        public void SendMessage(string message)
        {
            Clients.All.hello(message);
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Routing;

namespace SignalR02
{
    public class Global : HttpApplication
    {
        protected void Application_Start(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            // Register the default hubs route: ~/signalr
            RouteTable.Routes.MapHubs();
        }
    }
}

 http://localhost/signalr/hubs

  proxies.chat = this.createHubProxy('chat');

 Web socket -> SSE -> Forever frame -> long polling

 C: cursor
M: Messages
H: Hub name
M: Method name
A: Method args
T: Time out
D: Disconnect

using Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR;
using Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR.Hubs;

namespace SignalR02
{
    [HubName("chat")]
    public class ChatHub : Hub
    {
        public void SendMessage(string message)
        {
            var msg = string.Format("{0}:{1}", Context.ConnectionId, message);
            Clients.All.hello(msg);
        }
    }
}

 //این دو عبارت هر دو یکی هستند
Clients.Caller.hello(msg);
Clients.Client(Context.ConnectionId).hello(msg);

 Clients.Others.hello(msg);

        public void JoinRoom(string room)
        {
            this.Groups.Add(Context.ConnectionId, room);
        }

        public void SendMessageToRoom(string room, string msg)
        {
            this.Clients.Group(room).hello(msg);
        }

    public abstract class Hub : IHub, IDisposable
    {
        protected Hub();
        public HubConnectionContext Clients { get; set; }
        public HubCallerContext Context { get; set; }
        public IGroupManager Groups { get; set; }

        public void Dispose();
        protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing);
        public virtual Task OnConnected();
        public virtual Task OnDisconnected();
        public virtual Task OnReconnected();
    }

        public override System.Threading.Tasks.Task OnDisconnected()
        {
            sendMonitorData("OnDisconnected", Context.ConnectionId);
            return base.OnDisconnected();
        }

        private void sendMonitorData(string type, string connection)
        {
            var ctx = GlobalHost.ConnectionManager.GetHubContext<MonitorHub>();
            ctx.Clients.All.newEvenet(type, connection);
        }