public interface ICalculator<T>
    {
        T Add(T operand1, T operand2);
    }

    public class Calculator<T> : ICalculator<T>
    {
        public T Add(T operand1, T operand2)
        {
            return operand1 + operand2;
        }
    }

 Operator '+' cannot be applied to operands of type 'T' and 'T'

    public class Calculator2<T>
    {
        public T Sum(List<T> list)
        {
            T sum = 0;
            for (int i = 0; i < list.Count; i++)
                sum += list[i];
            return sum;
        }
    }

    public interface ICalculator<T>
    {
        T Add(T operand1, T operand2);
    }

    public class Int32Calculator : ICalculator<int>
    {
        public int Add(int operand1, int operand2)
        {
            return operand1 + operand2;
        }
    }

    public class AlgorithmLibrary<T> where T : new() 
    {
        private readonly ICalculator<T> _calculator;
        public AlgorithmLibrary(ICalculator<T> calculator)
        {
            _calculator = calculator;
        }

        public T Sum(List<T> items)
        {
            var sum = new T();
            for (var i = 0; i < items.Count; i++)
            {
                sum = _calculator.Add(sum, items[i]);
            }
            return sum;
        }
    }

 var result = new AlgorithmLibrary<int>(new Int32Calculator()).Sum(new List<int> { 1, 2, 3 });

    public class Algorithms<T> where T : new() 
    {
        public T Calculate(Func<T, T, T> add, IEnumerable<T> numbers)
        {
            var sum = new T();
            foreach (var number in numbers)
            {
                sum = add(sum, number);
            }
            return sum;
        }
    }

 var result = new Algorithms<int>().Calculate((a, b) => a + b, new[] { 1, 2, 3 });

    public class Calculator<T> : ICalculator<T>
    {
        public T Add(T operand1, T operand2)
        {
            return (dynamic)operand1 + operand2;
        }
    }

 var test = new Calculator<int>().Add(1, 2);

public T Add(T t1, T t2)
{
    if (typeof(T) == typeof(double))
    {
        var d1 = (double)t1;
        var d2 = (double)t2;
        return (T)(d1 + d2);
    }
    else if (typeof(T) == typeof(int)){
        var i1 = (int)t1;
        var i2 = (int)t2;
        return (T)(i1 + i2);
    }
    else ...
}

using System;
using System.Linq.Expressions;

namespace GenericsArithmetic
{
    public class Solution3
    {
        public T Add<T>(T a, T b)
        {
            var paramA = Expression.Parameter(typeof(T), "a");
            var paramB = Expression.Parameter(typeof(T), "b");

            var body = Expression.Add(paramA, paramB);
            var add = Expression.Lambda<Func<T, T, T>>(body, paramA, paramB).Compile();
            return add(a, b);
        }
    }
}

public static T Sum<T>(this IEnumerable<T> source)
{
    T sum = Operator<T>.Zero;
    foreach (T value in source)
    {
            sum = Operator.Add(sum, value);
    }
    return sum;
}
 

 PM> Install-Package Twitter.BootstrapRTL

 PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.Web.Optimization

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Optimization;

namespace Mvc4TwitterBootStrapTest.Helper
{
    /// <summary>
    /// A custom bundle orderer (IBundleOrderer) that will ensure bundles are 
    /// included in the order you register them.
    /// </summary>
    public class AsIsBundleOrderer : IBundleOrderer
    {
        public IEnumerable<FileInfo> OrderFiles(BundleContext context, IEnumerable<FileInfo> files)
        {
            return files;
        }
    }

    public static class BundleConfig
    {
        private static void addBundle(string virtualPath, bool isCss, params string[] files)
        {
            BundleTable.EnableOptimizations = true;

            var existing = BundleTable.Bundles.GetBundleFor(virtualPath);
            if (existing != null)
                return;

            Bundle newBundle;
            if (HttpContext.Current.IsDebuggingEnabled)
            {
                newBundle = new Bundle(virtualPath);
            }
            else
            {
                newBundle = isCss ? new Bundle(virtualPath, new CssMinify()) : new Bundle(virtualPath, new JsMinify());
            }
            newBundle.Orderer = new AsIsBundleOrderer();

            foreach (var file in files)
                newBundle.Include(file);

            BundleTable.Bundles.Add(newBundle);
        }

        public static IHtmlString AddScripts(string virtualPath, params string[] files)
        {
            addBundle(virtualPath, false, files);
            return Scripts.Render(virtualPath);
        }

        public static IHtmlString AddStyles(string virtualPath, params string[] files)
        {
            addBundle(virtualPath, true, files);
            return Styles.Render(virtualPath);
        }

        public static IHtmlString AddScriptUrl(string virtualPath, params string[] files)
        {
            addBundle(virtualPath, false, files);
            return Scripts.Url(virtualPath);
        }

        public static IHtmlString AddStyleUrl(string virtualPath, params string[] files)
        {
            addBundle(virtualPath, true, files);
            return Styles.Url(virtualPath);
        }
    }
}

@using Mvc4TwitterBootStrapTest.Helper
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>@ViewBag.Title</title>
    @BundleConfig.AddStyles("~/Content/css",
                            "~/Content/bootstrap.css",
                            "~/Content/bootstrap-responsive.css",
                            "~/Content/Site.css"
                            )
    @BundleConfig.AddScripts("~/Scripts/js",
                            "~/Scripts/jquery-1.9.1.min.js",
                            "~/Scripts/jquery.validate.min.js",
                            "~/Scripts/jquery.unobtrusive-ajax.min.js",
                            "~/Scripts/jquery.validate.unobtrusive.min.js",
                            "~/Scripts/bootstrap.min.js"
                            )
    @RenderSection("JavaScript", required: false)
</head>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>Index</title>
    <link href="/Content/css?v=vsUQD0OJg4AJ-RZH8jSRRCu_rjl2U1nZrmSsaUyxoAc1" rel="stylesheet"/>
    <script src="/Scripts/js?v=GezdoTDiWY3acc3mI2Ujm_7nKKzh6Lu1Wr8TGyyLpW41"></script>
</head>

<body>
    <div>
        <div>
            <h1>
                Title Title
            </h1>
            Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text
        </div>
        <div>
            @RenderBody()
        </div>
    </div>
</body>

<body>
    <div class="row">
        <div class="span7">
            <h1>
                Title Title
            </h1>
            Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text
        </div>
        <div  class="span5">
            @RenderBody()
        </div>
    </div>
</body>

@{
    ViewBag.Title = "Index";
}
<h2>
    Index</h2>
<div class="hero-unit">
    <h2>@ViewBag.Message</h2>
    <p>
        This is a template to demonstrate the way to beautify the default MVC template
        using Twitter Bootstrap website. It is pretty simple and easy.</p>
    <p>
        <a href="http://asp.net/mvc" class="btn btn-primary btn-large" style="color: White;">
            To learn more about ASP.NET MVC visit &raquo;</a></p>
</div>

    <div class="row">
        <div class="span1">1</div>
        <div class="span1">1</div>
        <div class="span1">1</div>
        <div class="span1">1</div>
        <div class="span1">1</div>
        <div class="span1">1</div>
        <div class="span1">1</div>
        <div class="span1">1</div>
        <div class="span1">1</div>
        <div class="span1">1</div>
        <div class="span1">1</div>
        <div class="span1">1</div>
    </div>
    <div class="row">
        <div class="span3">3</div>
        <div class="span4">4</div>
        <div class="span5">5</div>
    </div>
    <div class="row">
        <div class="span5">5</div>
        <div class="span7">7</div>
    </div>
    <div class="row">
        <div class="span3">3</div>
        <div class="span7 offset2">7 offset 2</div>
    </div>
    <div class="row">
        <div class="span12">12</div>
    </div>

[class*="span"]
{
background-color: lightblue;
text-align: center;
margin-top: 15px;
}

@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 979px) {
    .hidden-desktop {
        display: inherit !important;
    }

    <div class="container-fluid">
        <div class="row-fluid">
            <div class="span4">
                <div class="visible-phone">
                    visible-phone</div>
            </div>
            <div class="span4">
                <div class="visible-tablet">
                    visible-tablet</div>
            </div>
            <div class="span4">
                <div class="visible-desktop">
                    visible-desktop</div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class="container-fluid">
        <div class="row-fluid">
            <div class="span4">
                <div class="hidden-phone">
                    hidden-phone</div>
            </div>
            <div class="span4">
                <div class="hidden-tablet">
                    hidden-tablet</div>
            </div>
            <div class="span4">
                <div class="hidden-desktop">
                    hidden-desktop</div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>

public class MySettings  
{
   public string StringSetting { get; set; }
   public int IntSetting { get; set; }

 public List<string> ListValues { get; } = new List<string>();

 public ISet<string> Values { get; set; }

 public ISet<string> Values { get; } = new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);

using System.ComponentModel;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;

namespace Mvc4TwitterBootStrapTest.Models
{
    public class User
    {
        [DisplayName("نام")]
        [Required(ErrorMessage="لطفا نام را تکمیل کنید")]
        public string Name { set; get; }

        [DisplayName("نام خانوادگی")]
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "لطفا نام خانوادگی را تکمیل کنید")]
        public string LastName { set; get; }
    }
}

using System.Web.Mvc;
using Mvc4TwitterBootStrapTest.Models;

namespace Mvc4TwitterBootStrapTest.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        [HttpGet]
        public ActionResult Index()
        {
            return View();
        }

        [HttpPost]
        public ActionResult Index(User user)
        {
            if (this.ModelState.IsValid)
            {
                if (user.Name != "Vahid")
                {
                    this.ModelState.AddModelError("", "لطفا مشکلات را برطرف کنید!");
                    this.ModelState.AddModelError("Name", "نام فقط باید وحید باشد!");
                    return View(user);
                }
                // todo: save ...
                return RedirectToAction("Index");
            }
            return View(user);
        }
    }
}

@model Mvc4TwitterBootStrapTest.Models.User
@{
    ViewBag.Title = "تعریف کاربر";
}
@using (Html.BeginForm("Index", "Home", FormMethod.Post, new { @class = "form-horizontal" }))
{
    @Html.ValidationSummary(true, null, new { @class = "alert alert-error alert-block" })

    <fieldset>
        <legend>تعریف کاربر</legend>
        <div class="control-group">
            @Html.LabelFor(x => x.Name, new { @class = "control-label" })
            <div class="controls">
                @Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Name)
                @Html.ValidationMessageFor(x => x.Name, null, new { @class = "help-inline" })
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="control-group">
            @Html.LabelFor(x => x.LastName, new { @class = "control-label" })
            <div class="controls">
                @Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.LastName)
                @Html.ValidationMessageFor(x => x.LastName, null, new { @class = "help-inline" })
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="form-actions">
            <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">
                ارسال</button>
        </div>
    </fieldset>
}

@section javaScript
{
    <script type="text/javascript">
        $.validator.setDefaults({
            highlight: function (element, errorClass, validClass) {
                if (element.type === 'radio') {
                    this.findByName(element.name).addClass(errorClass).removeClass(validClass);
                } else {
                    $(element).addClass(errorClass).removeClass(validClass);
                    $(element).closest('.control-group').removeClass('success').addClass('error');
                }
                $(element).trigger('highlated');
            },
            unhighlight: function (element, errorClass, validClass) {
                if (element.type === 'radio') {
                    this.findByName(element.name).removeClass(errorClass).addClass(validClass);
                } else {
                    $(element).removeClass(errorClass).addClass(validClass);
                    $(element).closest('.control-group').removeClass('error').addClass('success');
                }
                $(element).trigger('unhighlated');
            }
        });

        $(function () {
            $('form').each(function () {
                $(this).find('div.control-group').each(function () {
                    if ($(this).find('span.field-validation-error').length > 0) {
                        $(this).addClass('error');
                    }
                });
            });
        });
    </script>
}

using System.Web;
using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Web.Helpers;
using System.Globalization;

namespace Parsnet
{
    public class ParsnetModelBinder : DefaultModelBinder
    {
        public override object BindModel(ControllerContext controllerContext, ModelBindingContext bindingContext)
        {
            try
            {
                return base.BindModel(controllerContext, bindingContext);
            }
            catch (HttpRequestValidationException ex)
            {
                var modelState = new ModelState();
                modelState.Errors.Add("اطلاعات ارسالی شما دارای کدهای HTML می‌باشند.");
                var key = bindingContext.ModelName;
                var value = controllerContext.RequestContext.HttpContext.Request.Unvalidated().Form[key];
                modelState.Value = new ValueProviderResult(value, value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
                bindingContext.ModelState.Add(key, modelState);
            }

            return null;
        }
    }
}

    ModelBinders.Binders.DefaultBinder = new ParsnetModelBinder();

public abstract class BaseEntity
{
    protected BaseEntity()
    {
        TrackingState = TrackingState.Nochange;
    }

    public TrackingState TrackingState { get; set; }
}

public enum TrackingState
{
    Nochange,
    Add,
    Update,
    Remove,
}

public class Customer : BaseEntity
{
    public int CustomerId { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public string Company { get; set; }
    public virtual ICollection<Phone> Phones { get; set; }
}

public class Phone : BaseEntity
{
    public int PhoneId { get; set; }
    public string Number { get; set; }
    public string PhoneType { get; set; }
    public int CustomerId { get; set; }
    public virtual Customer Customer { get; set; }
}

public class Recipe4Context : DbContext
{
    public Recipe4Context() : base("Recipe4ConnectionString") { }
    public DbSet<Customer> Customers { get; set; }
    public DbSet<Phone> Phones { get; set; }

    protected override void OnModelCreating(DbModelBuilder modelBuilder)
    {
        // Do not persist TrackingState property to data store
        // This property is used internally to track state of
        // disconnected entities across service boundaries.
        // Leverage the Custom Code First Conventions features from Entity Framework 6.
        // Define a convention that performs a configuration for every entity
        // that derives from a base entity class.
        modelBuilder.Types<BaseEntity>().Configure(x => x.Ignore(y => y.TrackingState));
        modelBuilder.Entity<Customer>().ToTable("Customers");
        modelBuilder.Entity<Phone>().ToTable("Phones");
}
}

<connectionStrings>
  <add name="Recipe4ConnectionString"
    connectionString="Data Source=.;
    Initial Catalog=EFRecipes;
    Integrated Security=True;
    MultipleActiveResultSets=True"
    providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" />
</connectionStrings>

protected void Application_Start()
{
    // Disable Entity Framework Model Compatibilty
    Database.SetInitializer<Recipe1Context>(null);
    // The bidirectional navigation properties between related entities
    // create a self-referencing loop that breaks Web API's effort to
    // serialize the objects as JSON. By default, Json.NET is configured
    // to error when a reference loop is detected. To resolve problem,
    // simply configure JSON serializer to ignore self-referencing loops.
    GlobalConfiguration.Configuration.Formatters.JsonFormatter
        .SerializerSettings.ReferenceLoopHandling =
            Newtonsoft.Json.ReferenceLoopHandling.Ignore;
    ...
}

public static EntityState Set(TrackingState trackingState)
{
    switch (trackingState)
    {
        case TrackingState.Add:
            return EntityState.Added;
        case TrackingState.Update:
            return EntityState.Modified;
        case TrackingState.Remove:
            return EntityState.Deleted;
        default:
            return EntityState.Unchanged;
    }
}

public class CustomerController : ApiController
{
    // GET api/customer
    public IEnumerable<Customer> Get()
    {
        using (var context = new Recipe4Context())
        {
            return context.Customers.Include(x => x.Phones).ToList();
        }
    }

    // GET api/customer/5
    public Customer Get(int id)
    {
        using (var context = new Recipe4Context())
        {
            return context.Customers.Include(x => x.Phones).FirstOrDefault(x => x.CustomerId == id);
        }
    }

    [ActionName("Update")]
    public HttpResponseMessage UpdateCustomer(Customer customer)
    {
        using (var context = new Recipe4Context())
        {
            // Add object graph to context setting default state of 'Added'.
            // Adding parent to context automatically attaches entire graph
            // (parent and child entities) to context and sets state to 'Added'
            // for all entities.
            context.Customers.Add(customer);
            foreach (var entry in context.ChangeTracker.Entries<BaseEntity>())
            {
                entry.State = EntityStateFactory.Set(entry.Entity.TrackingState);
                if (entry.State == EntityState.Modified)
                {
                    // For entity updates, we fetch a current copy of the entity
                    // from the database and assign the values to the orginal values
                    // property from the Entry object. OriginalValues wrap a dictionary
                    // that represents the values of the entity before applying changes.
                    // The Entity Framework change tracker will detect
                    // differences between the current and original values and mark
                    // each property and the entity as modified. Start by setting
                    // the state for the entity as 'Unchanged'.
                    entry.State = EntityState.Unchanged;
                    var databaseValues = entry.GetDatabaseValues();
                    entry.OriginalValues.SetValues(databaseValues);
                }
            }

        context.SaveChanges();
    }

    return Request.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.OK, customer);
}

    [HttpDelete]
    [ActionName("Cleanup")]
    public HttpResponseMessage Cleanup()
    {
        using (var context = new Recipe4Context())
        {
            context.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand("delete from phones");
            context.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand("delete from customers");
            return Request.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.OK);
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Web;

namespace OPMLCleaner
{
    public static class UrlNormalization
    {
        public static bool AreTheSameUrls(this string url1, string url2)
        {
            url1 = url1.NormalizeUrl();
            url2 = url2.NormalizeUrl();
            return url1.Equals(url2);
        }

        public static bool AreTheSameUrls(this Uri uri1, Uri uri2)
        {
            var url1 = uri1.NormalizeUrl();
            var url2 = uri2.NormalizeUrl();
            return url1.Equals(url2);
        }

        public static string[] DefaultDirectoryIndexes = new[]
            {
                "default.asp",
                "default.aspx",
                "index.htm",
                "index.html",
                "index.php"
            };

        public static string NormalizeUrl(this Uri uri)
        {
            var url = urlToLower(uri);
            url = limitProtocols(url);
            url = removeDefaultDirectoryIndexes(url);
            url = removeTheFragment(url);
            url = removeDuplicateSlashes(url);
            url = addWww(url);
            url = removeFeedburnerPart(url);
            return removeTrailingSlashAndEmptyQuery(url);
        }

        public static string NormalizeUrl(this string url)
        {
            return NormalizeUrl(new Uri(url));
        }

        private static string removeFeedburnerPart(string url)
        {
            var idx = url.IndexOf("utm_source=", StringComparison.Ordinal);
            return idx == -1 ? url : url.Substring(0, idx - 1);
        }

        private static string addWww(string url)
        {
            if (new Uri(url).Host.Split('.').Length == 2 && !url.Contains("://www."))
            {
                return url.Replace("://", "://www.");
            }
            return url;
        }

        private static string removeDuplicateSlashes(string url)
        {
            var path = new Uri(url).AbsolutePath;
            return path.Contains("//") ? url.Replace(path, path.Replace("//", "/")) : url;
        }

        private static string limitProtocols(string url)
        {
            return new Uri(url).Scheme == "https" ? url.Replace("https://", "http://") : url;
        }

        private static string removeTheFragment(string url)
        {
            var fragment = new Uri(url).Fragment;
            return string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(fragment) ? url : url.Replace(fragment, string.Empty);
        }

        private static string urlToLower(Uri uri)
        {
            return HttpUtility.UrlDecode(uri.AbsoluteUri.ToLowerInvariant());
        }

        private static string removeTrailingSlashAndEmptyQuery(string url)
        {
            return url
                    .TrimEnd(new[] { '?' })
                    .TrimEnd(new[] { '/' });
        }

        private static string removeDefaultDirectoryIndexes(string url)
        {
            foreach (var index in DefaultDirectoryIndexes)
            {
                if (url.EndsWith(index))
                {
                    url = url.TrimEnd(index.ToCharArray());
                    break;
                }
            }
            return url;
        }
    }
}

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<opml xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" version="1.0">
  <body>
    <outline text="آی تی ایرانی">
    <outline type="rss" 
                           text="‫فید کلی آخرین نظرات، مطالب، اشتراک‌ها و پروژه‌های .NET Tips" 
                           title="‫فید کلی آخرین نظرات، مطالب، اشتراک‌ها و پروژه‌های .NET Tips" 
                           xmlUrl="https://www.dntips.ir/Feed/LatestChanges"
                           htmlUrl="https://www.dntips.ir/" />
    </outline> 
  </body>
</opml>

using System.Xml.Serialization;

namespace OPMLCleaner
{
    [XmlType(TypeName="outline")]
    public class Opml
    {
        [XmlAttribute(AttributeName="text")]
        public string Text { get; set; }

        [XmlAttribute(AttributeName = "title")]
        public string Title { get; set; }

        [XmlAttribute(AttributeName = "type")]
        public string Type { get; set; }

        [XmlAttribute(AttributeName = "xmlUrl")]
        public string XmlUrl { get; set; }

        [XmlAttribute(AttributeName = "htmlUrl")]
        public string HtmlUrl { get; set; }
    }
}

var document = XDocument.Load("it-92-03-01.opml");
var results = (from node in document.Descendants("outline")
                           where node.Attribute("htmlUrl") != null && node.Parent.Attribute("text") != null 
                            && node.Parent.Attribute("text").Value == "آی تی ایرانی"
                           select new Opml
                           {
                               HtmlUrl = (string)node.Attribute("htmlUrl"),
                               Text = (string)node.Attribute("text"),
                               Title = (string)node.Attribute("title"),
                               Type = (string)node.Attribute("type"),
                               XmlUrl = (string)node.Attribute("xmlUrl")
                           }).ToList();

using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace OPMLCleaner
{
    public class OpmlCompare : EqualityComparer<Opml>
    {
        public override bool Equals(Opml x, Opml y)
        {
            return UrlNormalization.AreTheSameUrls(x.HtmlUrl, y.HtmlUrl);                
        }

        public override int GetHashCode(Opml obj)
        {
            return obj.HtmlUrl.GetHashCode();
        }
    }
}

 var distinctResults = results.Distinct(new OpmlCompare()).ToList();