public class UserFactory
{
    public User CreateUser(string email) {
        return new User(email);
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Linq.Expressions;
using System.Reflection;

namespace ValueOf
{
    public class ValueOf<TValue, TThis> where TThis : ValueOf<TValue, TThis>, new()
    {
        private static readonly Func<TThis> Factory;

        /// <summary>
        /// WARNING - THIS FEATURE IS EXPERIMENTAL. I may change it to do
        /// validation in a different way.
        /// Right now, override this method, and throw any exceptions you need to.
        /// Access this.Value to check the value
        /// </summary>
        protected virtual void Validate()
        {
        }

        static ValueOf()
        {
            ConstructorInfo ctor = typeof(TThis)
                .GetTypeInfo()
                .DeclaredConstructors
                .First();

            var argsExp = new Expression[0];
            NewExpression newExp = Expression.New(ctor, argsExp);
            LambdaExpression lambda = Expression.Lambda(typeof(Func<TThis>), newExp);

            Factory = (Func<TThis>)lambda.Compile();
        }

        public TValue Value { get; protected set; }

        public static TThis From(TValue item)
        {
            TThis x = Factory();
            x.Value = item;
            x.Validate();

            return x;
        }

        protected virtual bool Equals(ValueOf<TValue, TThis> other)
        {
            return EqualityComparer<TValue>.Default.Equals(Value, other.Value);
        }

        public override bool Equals(object obj)
        {
            if (obj is null)
                return false;

            if (ReferenceEquals(this, obj))
                return true;

            return obj.GetType() == GetType() && Equals((ValueOf<TValue, TThis>)obj);
        }

        public override int GetHashCode()
        {
            return EqualityComparer<TValue>.Default.GetHashCode(Value);
        }

        public static bool operator ==(ValueOf<TValue, TThis> a, ValueOf<TValue, TThis> b)
        {
            if (a is null && b is null)
                return true;

            if (a is null || b is null)
                return false;

            return a.Equals(b);
        }

        public static bool operator !=(ValueOf<TValue, TThis> a, ValueOf<TValue, TThis> b)
        {
            return !(a == b);
        }

        public override string ToString()
        {
            return Value.ToString();
        }
    }
}

public class EmailAddress : ValueOf<string, EmailAddress> { }

EmailAddress emailAddress = EmailAddress.From("foo@bar.com");

public class Address : ValueOf<(string firstLine, string secondLine, Postcode postcode), Address> { }

namespace Loans.Entities
{
    public class Applicant
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }

        public string Name { set; get; }

        public int Age { set; get; }

        public string Address { set; get; }

        public decimal Salary { set; get; }
    }
}

namespace Loans.Entities
{
    public class LoanProduct
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }

        public string ProductName { set; get; }

        public decimal InterestRate { set; get; }
    }
}

namespace Loans.Entities
{
    public class LoanApplication
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }

        public LoanProduct Product { set; get; }

        public LoanAmount Amount { set; get; }

        public Applicant Applicant { set; get; }

        public bool IsAccepted { set; get; }
    }

    public class LoanAmount
    {
        public string CurrencyCode { get; set; }

        public decimal Principal { get; set; }
    }
}

namespace Loans.Models
{
    public class IdentityVerificationStatus
    {
        public bool Passed { get; set; }
    }
}

using Loans.Models;

namespace Loans.Services.Contracts
{
    public interface IIdentityVerifier
    {
        void Initialize();

        bool Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress);

        void Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress, out bool isValid);

        void Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress,
            ref IdentityVerificationStatus status);
    }
}

namespace Loans.Services.Contracts
{
    public interface ICreditScorer
    {
        int Score { get; }

        void CalculateScore(string applicantName, string applicantAddress);
    }
}

using System;
using Loans.Entities;
using Loans.Services.Contracts;

namespace Loans.Services
{
    public class LoanApplicationProcessor
    {
        private const decimal MinimumSalary = 1_500_000_0;
        private const int MinimumAge = 18;
        private const int MinimumCreditScore = 100_000;

        private readonly IIdentityVerifier _identityVerifier;
        private readonly ICreditScorer _creditScorer;

        public LoanApplicationProcessor(
            IIdentityVerifier identityVerifier,
            ICreditScorer creditScorer)
        {
            _identityVerifier = identityVerifier ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(identityVerifier));
            _creditScorer = creditScorer ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(creditScorer));
        }

        public bool Process(LoanApplication application)
        {
            application.IsAccepted = false;

            if (application.Applicant.Salary < MinimumSalary)
            {
                return application.IsAccepted;
            }

            if (application.Applicant.Age < MinimumAge)
            {
                return application.IsAccepted;
            }

            _identityVerifier.Initialize();

            var isValidIdentity = _identityVerifier.Validate(
                application.Applicant.Name, application.Applicant.Age, application.Applicant.Address);

            if (!isValidIdentity)
            {
                return application.IsAccepted;
            }

            _creditScorer.CalculateScore(application.Applicant.Name, application.Applicant.Address);
            if (_creditScorer.Score < MinimumCreditScore)
            {
                return application.IsAccepted;
            }

            application.IsAccepted = true;
            return application.IsAccepted;
        }
    }
}

using System;
using Loans.Models;
using Loans.Services.Contracts;

namespace Loans.Services
{
    public class IdentityVerifierServiceGateway : IIdentityVerifier
    {
        public DateTime LastCheckTime { get; private set; }

        public void Initialize()
        {
            // Initialize connection to external service
        }

        public bool Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress)
        {
            Connect();
            var isValidIdentity = CallService(applicantName, applicantAge, applicantAddress);
            LastCheckTime = DateTime.Now;
            Disconnect();

            return isValidIdentity;
        }

        private void Connect()
        {
            // Open connection to external service
        }

        private bool CallService(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress)
        {
            // Make call to external service, interpret the response, and return result

            return false; // Simulate result for demo purposes
        }

        private void Disconnect()
        {
            // Close connection to external service
        }

        public void Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress, out bool isValid)
        {
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }

        public void Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress,
            ref IdentityVerificationStatus status)
        {
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }
    }
}

        public LoanApplicationProcessor(
            IIdentityVerifier identityVerifier,
            ICreditScorer creditScorer)
        {
            _identityVerifier = identityVerifier ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(identityVerifier));
            _creditScorer = creditScorer ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(creditScorer));
        }

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
  <PropertyGroup>
    <TargetFramework>netcoreapp2.2</TargetFramework>
  </PropertyGroup>
  <ItemGroup>
    <ProjectReference Include="..\Loans\Loans.csproj" />
  </ItemGroup>
  <ItemGroup>
    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.NET.Test.Sdk" Version="16.3.0" />
    <PackageReference Include="MSTest.TestAdapter" Version="2.0.0" />
    <PackageReference Include="MSTest.TestFramework" Version="2.0.0" />    
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>

using Loans.Entities;
using Loans.Services;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;

namespace Loans.Tests
{
    [TestClass]
    public class LoanApplicationProcessorShould
    {
        [TestMethod]
        public void DeclineLowSalary()
        {
            var product = new LoanProduct {Id = 99, ProductName = "Loan", InterestRate = 5.25m};
            var amount = new LoanAmount {CurrencyCode = "Rial", Principal = 2_000_000_0};
            var applicant =
                new Applicant {Id = 1, Name = "User 1", Age = 25, Address = "This place", Salary = 1_100_000_0};
            var application = new LoanApplication {Id = 42, Product = product, Amount = amount, Applicant = applicant};
            var processor = new LoanApplicationProcessor(null, null);
            processor.Process(application);

            Assert.IsFalse(application.IsAccepted);
        }
    }
}

public class LoanApplicationProcessor
{
    private const decimal MinimumSalary = 1_500_000_0;

Test method Loans.Tests.LoanApplicationProcessorShould.DeclineLowSalary threw exception:
System.ArgumentNullException: Value cannot be null.
Parameter name: identityVerifier

        public LoanApplicationProcessor(
            IIdentityVerifier identityVerifier,
            ICreditScorer creditScorer)
        {
            _identityVerifier = identityVerifier ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(identityVerifier));
            _creditScorer = creditScorer ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(creditScorer));
        }

> dotnet add package Moq
> Install-Package Moq

using Loans.Entities;
using Loans.Services;
using Loans.Services.Contracts;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using Moq;

namespace Loans.Tests
{
    [TestClass]
    public class LoanApplicationProcessorShould
    {
        [TestMethod]
        public void DeclineLowSalary()
        {
            var product = new LoanProduct {Id = 99, ProductName = "Loan", InterestRate = 5.25m};
            var amount = new LoanAmount {CurrencyCode = "Rial", Principal = 2_000_000_0};
            var applicant =
                new Applicant {Id = 1, Name = "User 1", Age = 25, Address = "This place", Salary = 1_100_000_0};
            var application = new LoanApplication {Id = 42, Product = product, Amount = amount, Applicant = applicant};

            var mockIdentityVerifier = new Mock<IIdentityVerifier>();
            var mockCreditScorer = new Mock<ICreditScorer>();

            var processor = new LoanApplicationProcessor(mockIdentityVerifier.Object, mockCreditScorer.Object);
            processor.Process(application);

            Assert.IsFalse(application.IsAccepted);
        }
    }
}

using Loans.Entities;
using Loans.Services;
using Loans.Services.Contracts;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using Moq;

namespace Loans.Tests
{
    [TestClass]
    public class LoanApplicationProcessorShould
    {        
        [TestMethod]
        public void Accept()
        {
            var product = new LoanProduct {Id = 99, ProductName = "Loan", InterestRate = 5.25m};
            var amount = new LoanAmount {CurrencyCode = "Rial", Principal = 2_000_000_0};
            var applicant =
                new Applicant {Id = 1, Name = "User 1", Age = 25, Address = "This place", Salary = 1_500_000_0};
            var application = new LoanApplication {Id = 42, Product = product, Amount = amount, Applicant = applicant};

            var mockIdentityVerifier = new Mock<IIdentityVerifier>();
            var mockCreditScorer = new Mock<ICreditScorer>();

            var processor = new LoanApplicationProcessor(mockIdentityVerifier.Object, mockCreditScorer.Object);
            processor.Process(application);

            Assert.IsTrue(application.IsAccepted);
        }
    }
}

_identityVerifier.Initialize();
var isValidIdentity = _identityVerifier.Validate(
    application.Applicant.Name, application.Applicant.Age, application.Applicant.Address);

public class SiteUser
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
 
    public virtual ICollection<Address> Addresses { get; set; }
    public virtual ICollection<Email> Emails { get; set; }
}

public class Email
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Text { get; set; }
 
    [ForeignKey("SiteUserId")]
    public virtual SiteUser SiteUser { get; set; }
    public int SiteUserId { get; set; }
}

public class Address
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Text { get; set; }
 
    [ForeignKey("SiteUserId")]
    public virtual SiteUser SiteUser { get; set; }
    public int SiteUserId { get; set; }
}

public class UserViewModel
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
 
    public ICollection<Address> Addresses { get; set; }
    public ICollection<Email> Emails { get; set; }
}

 var user1 = context.Users.Project().To<UserViewModel>().FirstOrDefault();

public class TestProfile : Profile
{
    protected override void Configure()
    {
        this.CreateMap<SiteUser, UserViewModel>()
                .ForMember(dest => dest.Addresses, opt => opt.ExplicitExpansion())
                .ForMember(dest => dest.Emails, opt => opt.ExplicitExpansion());
    }
 
    public override string ProfileName
    {
        get { return this.GetType().Name; }
    }
}

using (var context = new MyContext())
{
    var user1 = context.Users
                       .Project()
                       .To<UserViewModel>(parameters: new { }, membersToExpand: viewModel => viewModel.Emails)
                       .FirstOrDefault(); 
 
    if (user1 != null)
    {
        foreach (var email in user1.Emails)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(email.Text);
        }
    }
}

using System.Security.Claims;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization; // dotnet add package Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization

namespace BlazorServer.Common
{
    public static class PolicyTypes
    {
        public const string RequireAdmin = nameof(RequireAdmin);
        public const string RequireCustomer = nameof(RequireCustomer);
        public const string RequireEmployee = nameof(RequireEmployee);
        public const string RequireEmployeeOrCustomer = nameof(RequireEmployeeOrCustomer);

        public static AuthorizationOptions AddAppPolicies(this AuthorizationOptions options)
        {
            options.AddPolicy(RequireAdmin, policy => policy.RequireRole(ConstantRoles.Admin));
            options.AddPolicy(RequireCustomer, policy =>
                    policy.RequireAssertion(context =>
                        context.User.HasClaim(claim => claim.Type == ClaimTypes.Role
                            && (claim.Value == ConstantRoles.Admin || claim.Value == ConstantRoles.Customer))
                    ));
            options.AddPolicy(RequireEmployee, policy =>
                    policy.RequireAssertion(context =>
                        context.User.HasClaim(claim => claim.Type == ClaimTypes.Role
                            && (claim.Value == ConstantRoles.Admin || claim.Value == ConstantRoles.Employee))
                    ));

            options.AddPolicy(RequireEmployeeOrCustomer, policy =>
                                policy.RequireAssertion(context =>
                                    context.User.HasClaim(claim => claim.Type == ClaimTypes.Role
                                        && (claim.Value == ConstantRoles.Admin ||
                                            claim.Value == ConstantRoles.Employee ||
                                            claim.Value == ConstantRoles.Customer))
                                ));
            return options;
        }
    }
}

namespace BlazorWasm.WebApi
{
    public class Startup
    {
        // ...

        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            // ...

            services.AddAuthorization(options => options.AddAppPolicies());

            // ...

namespace BlazorWasm.Client
{
    public class Program
    {
        public static async Task Main(string[] args)
        {
            // ...

            builder.Services.AddAuthorizationCore(options => options.AddAppPolicies());

            // ...
        }
    }
}

@page "/hotel-room-details/{Id:int}"

// ...

@*
@attribute [Roles(ConstantRoles.Customer, ConstantRoles.Employee)]
*@

@attribute [Authorize(Policy = PolicyTypes.RequireEmployeeOrCustomer)]

<AuthorizeView  Policy="@PolicyTypes.RequireEmployeeOrCustomer">
    <p>You can only see this if you're an admin or an employee or a customer.</p>
</AuthorizeView>

var items = context.Bookings
                    .Where(booking => booking.StartTime.Year == 2012)
                    .Select(booking => new
                    {
                        booking.StartTime.Year,
                        booking.StartTime.Month,
                        DaysInMonth = EF.Functions.DateDiffDay(
                                        booking.StartTime.Date.AddDays(1 - booking.StartTime.Date.Day),
                                        booking.StartTime.Date.AddDays(1 - booking.StartTime.Date.Day).AddMonths(1)
                                        )
                    })
                    .Distinct()
                    .OrderBy(r => r.Year)
                        .ThenBy(r => r.Month)
                    .ToList();

var items = context.Bookings
                    .Select(x => new { x.StartTime, EndTime = x.StartTime.AddMinutes(x.Slots * 30) })
                    .OrderByDescending(x => x.EndTime)
                        .ThenByDescending(x => x.StartTime)
                    .Take(10)
                    .ToList();

var items = context.Bookings
                    .GroupBy(x => new { x.StartTime.Year, x.StartTime.Month })
                    .Select(x => new
                    {
                        x.Key.Year,
                        x.Key.Month,
                        Count = x.Count()
                    })
                    .OrderBy(x => x.Year)
                        .ThenBy(x => x.Month)
                    .ToList();

Round(100 * Sum(Slots) / (decimal)(25 * DaysInMonth), 1)

var items = context.Bookings
                    .Select(booking => new
                    {
                        booking.Facility.Name,
                        booking.StartTime.Year,
                        booking.StartTime.Month,
                        booking.Slots,
                        DaysInMonth = EF.Functions.DateDiffDay(
                                        booking.StartTime.Date.AddDays(1 - booking.StartTime.Date.Day),
                                        booking.StartTime.Date.AddDays(1 - booking.StartTime.Date.Day).AddMonths(1)
                                        )
                    })
                    .GroupBy(b => new { b.Name, b.Year, b.Month, b.DaysInMonth })
                    .Select(g => new
                    {
                        g.Key.Name,
                        g.Key.Year,
                        g.Key.Month,
                        Utilization = SqlDbFunctionsExtensions.SqlRound(
                                100 * g.Sum(b => b.Slots) / (decimal)(25 * g.Key.DaysInMonth),
                                1)
                    })
                    .OrderBy(r => r.Name)
                        .ThenBy(r => r.Year)
                            .ThenBy(r => r.Month)
                    .ToList();

namespace EFCorePgExercises.Utils
{
    public static class SqlDbFunctionsExtensions
    {
        public static decimal SqlRound(decimal value, int precision)
            => throw new InvalidOperationException($"{nameof(SqlRound)} method cannot be called from the client side.");

        private static readonly MethodInfo _sqlRoundMethodInfo = typeof(SqlDbFunctionsExtensions)
            .GetRuntimeMethod(
                nameof(SqlDbFunctionsExtensions.SqlRound),
                new[] { typeof(decimal), typeof(int) }
            );

        public static void AddCustomSqlFunctions(this ModelBuilder modelBuilder)
        {
            modelBuilder.HasDbFunction(_sqlRoundMethodInfo)
                .HasTranslation(args =>
                {
                    return SqlFunctionExpression.Create("ROUND",
                        args,
                        _sqlRoundMethodInfo.ReturnType,
                        typeMapping: null);
                });
        }
    }
}

namespace EFCorePgExercises.DataLayer
{
    public class ApplicationDbContext : DbContext
    {
         // ...

        protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder modelBuilder)
        {
         // ...
            modelBuilder.AddCustomSqlFunctions();
         // ...
        }
    }
}

public class OldCarDto
{
    public string Brand { get; set; }
    public string Model { get; set; }
    public uint Horsepower { get; set; }
}

var json = """
[
  {
    "brand": "Ferrari",
    "horsePower": 651
  },
  {
    "model": "F50",
    "horsePower": 512
  }
]
""";

var options = new JsonSerializerOptions
              {
                  PropertyNameCaseInsensitive = true,
                  PropertyNamingPolicy = JsonNamingPolicy.CamelCase
              };

var oldResults =  JsonSerializer.Deserialize<List<OldCarDto>>(json, options);

public class NewCarDto
{
    public required string Brand { get; init; }
    public required string Model { get; init; }
    public required uint Horsepower { get; init; }
}

var newResults =  JsonSerializer.Deserialize<List<NewCarDto>>(json, options);

System.Text.Json.JsonException: JSON deserialization for type 'NewCarDto'
was missing required properties, including the following: model