Type Safety

string text = “String value”;
int textLength = text.Length;
int textMonth = text.Month; // won’t compile

public interface IGeometricShape
{
     double Circumference { get; }
     double Area { get; }
}
public class Square : IGeometricShape
{
     public double Side { get; set; }
     public double Circumference => 4 * Side;
     public double Area => Side * Side;
}
public class Circle : IGeometricShape
{
     public double Radius { get; set; }
     public double Circumference => 2 * Math.PI * Radius;
     public double Area => Math.PI * Radius * Radius;
}

IGeometricShape circle = new Circle { Radius = 1 };
Square square = ((Square)circle); // no compiler error
var side = square.Side;

dynamic text = “String value”;
int textLength = text.Length;
int textMonth = text.Month; // throws exception at runtime

public dynamic GetAnonymousType()
{
  return new
    {
        Name = “John”,
        Surname = “Doe”,
        Age = 42
    };
}

dynamic value = GetAnonymousType();
Console.WriteLine($”{value.Name} {value.Surname}, {value.Age}”);

string json = @"
{
     ""name"": ""John"",
     ""surname"": ""Doe"",
     ""age"": 42
}";

dynamic value = JObject.Parse(json);
Console.WriteLine($"{ value.name} { value.surname}, { value.age}");

dynamic person = new ExpandoObject();
person.Name = "John";
person.Surname = "Doe";
person.Age = 42;
person.ToString = (Func<string>)(() => $”{person.Name} {person.Surname}, {person. Age}”);

Console.WriteLine($"{ person.Name}{ person.Surname}, { person.Age}");

var dictionary = (IDictionary<string, object>)person;
foreach (var member in dictionary)
{
     Console.WriteLine($”{member.Key} = {member.Value}”);
}
dictionary.Remove(“ToString”);

class MyDynamicObject : DynamicObject
{
       private readonly Dictionary<string, object> members = new Dictionary<string, object>();

       public override bool TryGetMember(GetMemberBinder binder, out object result)
       {
              if (members.ContainsKey(binder.Name))
              {
                  result = members[binder.Name];
                  return true;
              }
              else
              {
                  result = null;
                  return false;
             }
       }

      public override bool TrySetMember(SetMemberBinder binder, object value)
      {
               members[binder.Name] = value;
              return true;
      }

      public bool RemoveMember(string name)
      {
            return members.Remove(name);
      }

}

dynamic person = new MyDynamicObject();
person.Name = “John”;
person.Surname = “Doe”;
person.Age = 42;
person.AsString = (Func<string>)(() => $”{person.Name} {person.Surname}, {person.
Age}”);

        public void ScalarExecuted(DbCommand command,
                                   DbCommandInterceptionContext<object> interceptionContext)
        {
        }

        public static string GetCallingMethodInfo()
        {
            var stackTrace = new StackTrace(true);
            var frameCount = stackTrace.FrameCount;

            var info = new StringBuilder();
            var prefix = "-- ";
            for (var i = frameCount - 1; i >= 0; i--)
            {
                var frame = stackTrace.GetFrame(i);
                var methodInfo = getStackFrameInfo(frame);
                if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(methodInfo))
                    continue;

                info.AppendLine(prefix + methodInfo);
                prefix = "-" + prefix;
            }

            return info.ToString();
        }

        private static string getStackFrameInfo(StackFrame stackFrame)
        {
            if (stackFrame == null)
                return string.Empty;

            var method = stackFrame.GetMethod();
            if (method == null)
                return string.Empty;

            if (isFromCurrentAsm(method) || isMicrosoftType(method))
            {
                return string.Empty;
            }

            var methodSignature = method.ToString();
            var lineNumber = stackFrame.GetFileLineNumber();
            var filePath = stackFrame.GetFileName();

            var fileLine = string.Empty;
            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(filePath))
            {
                var fileName = Path.GetFileName(filePath);
                fileLine = string.Format("[File={0}, Line={1}]", fileName, lineNumber);
            }

            var methodSignatureFull = string.Format("{0} {1}", methodSignature, fileLine);
            return methodSignatureFull;
        }

 Void Main(System.String[]) [File=Program.cs, Line=28]

 -- Void Main(System.String[]) [File=Program.cs, Line=28]
--- Void disposedContext() [File=Program.cs, Line=76]
---- Void Opened(System.Data.Common.DbConnection, System.Data.Entity.Infrastructure.Interception.DbConnectionInterceptionContext) [File=DatabaseInterceptor.cs,Line=157]

        private static bool isFromCurrentAsm(MethodBase method)
        {
            return method.ReflectedType == typeof(CallingMethod);
        }

        private static bool isMicrosoftType(MethodBase method)
        {
            if (method.ReflectedType == null)
                return false;

            return method.ReflectedType.FullName.StartsWith("System.") ||
                   method.ReflectedType.FullName.StartsWith("Microsoft.");
        }

namespace jQueryMvcSample03.Models
{
    public class BlogPost
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public string Title { set; get; }
        public string Body { set; get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// اطلاعات رای گیری یک مطلب به صورت یک خاصیت تو در تو یا پیچیده
        /// </summary>
        public Rating Rating { set; get; }

        public BlogPost()
        {
            Rating = new Rating();
        }
    }
}

namespace jQueryMvcSample03.Models
{
    //[ComplexType]
    public class Rating
    {
        public double? TotalRating { get; set; }
        public int? TotalRaters { get; set; }
        public double? AverageRating { get; set; }
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using jQueryMvcSample03.Models;

namespace jQueryMvcSample03.DataSource
{
    /// <summary>
    /// منبع داده فرضی
    /// </summary>
    public static class BlogPostDataSource
    {
        private static IList<BlogPost> _cachedItems;
        /// <summary>
        /// با توجه به استاتیک بودن سازنده کلاس، تهیه کش، پیش از سایر فراخوانی‌ها صورت خواهد گرفت
        /// باید دقت داشت که این فقط یک مثال است و چنین کشی به معنای
        /// تهیه یک لیست برای تمام کاربران سایت است
        /// </summary>
        static BlogPostDataSource()
        {
            _cachedItems = createBlogPostsInMemoryDataSource();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// هدف صرفا تهیه یک منبع داده آزمایشی ساده تشکیل شده در حافظه است
        /// </summary>        
        private static IList<BlogPost> createBlogPostsInMemoryDataSource()
        {
            var results = new List<BlogPost>();
            for (int i = 1; i < 30; i++)
            {
                results.Add(new BlogPost { Id = i, Title = "عنوان " + i, Body = "متن ... متن ... متن " + i, Rating = new Rating { TotalRaters = i + 1, AverageRating = 3.5 } });
            }
            return results;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// پارامترهای شماره صفحه و تعداد رکورد به ازای یک صفحه برای صفحه بندی نیاز هستند
        /// شماره صفحه از یک شروع می‌شود
        /// </summary>
        public static IList<BlogPost> GetLatestBlogPosts(int pageNumber, int recordsPerPage = 4)
        {
            var skipRecords = pageNumber * recordsPerPage;
            return _cachedItems
                        .OrderByDescending(x => x.Id)
                        .Skip(skipRecords)
                        .Take(recordsPerPage)
                        .ToList();
        }
    }
}

/* star rating system */
.post_rating
{
direction: ltr;
}
.rating
{
text-indent: -99999px;
overflow: hidden;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
display: inline-block;
width: 8px;
height: 16px;
}
.rating.stars
{
background-image: url('Images/star_rating.png');
}
.rating.stars.active
{
cursor: pointer;
}
.star-left_off
{
background-position: -0px -0px;
}
.star-left_on
{
background-position: -16px -0px;
}
.star-right_off
{
background-position: -8px -0px;
}
.star-right_on
{
background-position: -24px -0px;
}

// <![CDATA[
(function ($) {
    $.fn.StarRating = function (options) {
        var defaults = {            
            ratingStarsSpan: '.rating.stars',
            postInfoUrl: '/',
            loginUrl: '/login',
            errorHandler: null,
            completeHandler: null,
            onlyOneTimeHandler: null
        };
        var options = $.extend(defaults, options);

        return this.each(function () {
            var ratingStars = $(this);

            $(ratingStars).unbind('mouseover');
            $(ratingStars).mouseover(function () {
                var span = $(this).parent("span");
                var newRating = $(this).attr("value");
                setRating(span, newRating);
            });

            $(ratingStars).unbind('mouseout');
            $(ratingStars).mouseout(function () {
                var span = $(this).parent("span");
                var rating = span.attr("rating");
                setRating(span, rating);
            });

            $(ratingStars).unbind('click');
            $(ratingStars).click(function () {
                var span = $(this).parent("span");
                var newRating = $(this).attr("value");
                var text = span.children("span");
                var pID = span.attr("post");
                var type = span.attr("sectiontype");
                postData({ postID: pID, rating: newRating, sectionType: type });
                span.attr("rating", newRating);
                setRating(span, newRating);
            });

            function setRating(span, rating) {
                span.find(options.ratingStarsSpan).each(function () {
                    var value = parseFloat($(this).attr("value"));
                    var imgSrc = $(this).attr("class");
                    if (value <= rating)
                        $(this).attr("class", imgSrc.replace("_off", "_on"));
                    else
                        $(this).attr("class", imgSrc.replace("_on", "_off"));
                });
            }

            function postData(dataJsonArray) {
                $.ajax({
                    type: "POST",
                    url: options.postInfoUrl,
                    data: JSON.stringify(dataJsonArray),
                    contentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8",
                    dataType: "json",
                    complete: function (xhr, status) {
                        var data = xhr.responseText;
                        if (xhr.status == 403) {
                            window.location = options.loginUrl;
                        }
                        else if (status === 'error' || !data) {
                            if (options.errorHandler)
                                options.errorHandler(this);
                        }
                        else if (data == "nok") {
                            if (options.onlyOneTimeHandler)
                                options.onlyOneTimeHandler(this);
                        }
                        else {
                            if (options.completeHandler)
                                options.completeHandler(this);
                        }
                    }
                });
            }
        });
    };
})(jQuery);
// ]]>

 { postID: pID, rating: newRating, sectionType: type }

<head>
    <title>@ViewBag.Title</title>    
    <link href="@Url.Content("Content/starRating.css")" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
    <link href="@Url.Content("Content/Site.css")" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
    <script src="@Url.Content("~/Scripts/jquery-1.9.1.min.js")" type="text/javascript"></script>
    <script src="@Url.Content("~/Scripts/jquery.validate.min.js")" type="text/javascript"></script>
    <script src="@Url.Content("~/Scripts/jquery.unobtrusive-ajax.min.js")" type="text/javascript"></script>
    <script src="@Url.Content("~/Scripts/jquery.validate.unobtrusive.min.js")" type="text/javascript"></script>
    <script src="@Url.Content("~/Scripts/jquery.StarRating.js")" type="text/javascript"></script>
    @RenderSection("JavaScript", required: false)
</head>

@using System.Globalization
@helper AddStarRating(int postId,
                      double? average = 0, int? postRatingsCount = 0, string type = "BlogPost",
                      string tooltip = "لطفا جهت رای دادن کلیک نمائید")
    {
        string actIt = "active ";
        if (!average.HasValue) { average = 0; }
        if (!postRatingsCount.HasValue) { postRatingsCount = 0; }
    
    <span class='postRating' rating='@average' post='@postId' title='@tooltip' sectiontype='@type'>
        @for (double i = .5; i <= 5.0; i = i + .5)
        {
            string left;
            if (i <= average)
            {
                left = (i * 2) % 2 == 1 ? "left_on" : "right_on";
            }
            else
            {
                left = (i * 2) % 2 == 1 ? "left_off" : "right_off";
            }
            <span class='rating stars @(actIt)star-@left' value='@i'></span>
        }
        &nbsp;
        @if (postRatingsCount > 0)
        {
            var ratingInfo = string.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, "امتیاز {0:0.00} از 5 توسط {1} نفر", average, postRatingsCount);
            <span>@ratingInfo</span>                
        }
        else
        {
            <span></span>
        }
    </span>
}

using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Web.UI;
using jQueryMvcSample03.DataSource;
using jQueryMvcSample03.Security;

namespace jQueryMvcSample03.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        public ActionResult Index()
        {
            var postsList = BlogPostDataSource.GetLatestBlogPosts(pageNumber: 0);
            return View(postsList); //نمایش صفحه اصلی
        }


        [HttpPost]
        [AjaxOnly]
        [OutputCache(Location = OutputCacheLocation.None, NoStore = true)]
        public ActionResult SaveRatings(int? postId, double? rating, string sectionType)
        {
            if (postId == null || rating == null || string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(sectionType))
                return Content(null); //اعلام بروز خطا

            if (!this.HttpContext.CanUserVoteBasedOnCookies(postId.Value, sectionType))
                return Content("nok"); //اعلام فقط یکبار مجاز هستید رای دهید

            switch (sectionType) //قسمت‌های مختلف سایت که در جداول مختلفی قرار دارند نیز می‌توانند گزینه امتیاز دهی داشته باشند
            {
                case "BlogPost":
                    //الان شماره مطلب و رای ارسالی را داریم که می‌توان نسبت به ذخیره آن اقدام کرد
                    //مثلا
                    //_blogPostsService.SaveRating(postId.Value, rating.Value);
                    break;

                //... سایر قسمت‌های دیگر سایت

                default:
                    return Content(null); //اعلام بروز خطا
            }

            return Content("ok"); //اعلام موفقیت آمیز بودن ثبت اطلاعات
        }

        [HttpGet]
        public ActionResult Post(int? id)
        {
            if (id == null)
                return Redirect("/");

            //todo: show the content here
            return Content("Post " + id.Value);
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Web;

namespace jQueryMvcSample03.Security
{
    public static class CookieHelper
    {
        public static bool CanUserVoteBasedOnCookies(this HttpContextBase httpContext, int postId, string sectionType)
        {
            string key = sectionType + "-" + postId;
            var value = httpContext.GetCookieValue(key);
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(value))
            {
                httpContext.AddCookie(key, key);
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }

        public static void AddCookie(this HttpContextBase httpContextBase, string cookieName, string value)
        {
            httpContextBase.AddCookie(cookieName, value, DateTime.Now.AddDays(30));
        }

        public static void AddCookie(this HttpContextBase httpContextBase, string cookieName, string value, DateTime expires)
        {
            var cookie = new HttpCookie(cookieName)
            {
                Expires = expires,
                Value = httpContextBase.Server.UrlEncode(value) // For Cookies and Unicode characters
            };
            httpContextBase.Response.Cookies.Add(cookie);
        }

        public static string GetCookieValue(this HttpContextBase httpContext, string cookieName)
        {
            var cookie = httpContext.Request.Cookies[cookieName];
            if (cookie == null)
                return string.Empty; //cookie doesn't exist

            // For Cookies and Unicode characters
            return httpContext.Server.UrlDecode(cookie.Value);
        }
    }
}

using jQueryMvcSample03.Models;

namespace jQueryMvcSample03.DataSource
{
    public interface IBlogPostsService
    {
        void SaveRating(int postId, double rating);
    }

    public class SampleService : IBlogPostsService
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// یک نمونه از متد ذخیره سازی اطلاعات پیشنهادی
        /// فقط برای ایده گرفتن
        /// بدیهی است محل قرارگیری اصلی آن در لایه سرویس برنامه شما خواهد بود
        /// </summary>
        public void SaveRating(int postId, double rating)
        {
            BlogPost post = null;
            //post = _blogCtx.Find(postId); // بر اساس شماره مطلب، مطلب یافت شده و فیلدهای آن تنظیم می‌شوند
            if (post == null) return;

            if (!post.Rating.TotalRaters.HasValue) post.Rating.TotalRaters = 0;
            if (!post.Rating.TotalRating.HasValue) post.Rating.TotalRating = 0;
            if (!post.Rating.AverageRating.HasValue) post.Rating.AverageRating = 0;

            post.Rating.TotalRaters++;
            post.Rating.TotalRating += rating;
            post.Rating.AverageRating = post.Rating.TotalRating / post.Rating.TotalRaters;

            // todo: call save changes at the end.
        }
    }
}

@using System.Text.RegularExpressions
@model IList<jQueryMvcSample03.Models.BlogPost>
<ul>
    @foreach (var item in Model)
    {
        <li>
            <fieldset>
            <legend>مطلب @item.Id</legend>
                <h5>
                    @Html.ActionLink(linkText: item.Title,
                                 actionName: "Post",
                                 controllerName: "Home",
                                 routeValues: new { id = item.Id },
                                 htmlAttributes: null)
                </h5>
                @item.Body
                <div class="post_rating">
                    @Html.Raw(Regex.Replace(@StarRatingHelper.AddStarRating(item.Id, item.Rating.AverageRating, item.Rating.TotalRaters, "BlogPost").ToHtmlString(), @">\s+<", "><"))
                </div>
            </fieldset>
        </li>
    }
</ul>

@model IList<jQueryMvcSample03.Models.BlogPost>
@{
    ViewBag.Title = "Index";
    var postInfoUrl = Url.Action(actionName: "SaveRatings", controllerName: "Home");
}
<h2>
    سیستم امتیاز دهی</h2>
@{ Html.RenderPartial("_ItemsList", Model); }
@section JavaScript
{
    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(document).ready(function () {
            $(".rating.stars.active").StarRating({
                ratingStarsSpan: '.rating.stars',
                postInfoUrl: '@postInfoUrl',
                loginUrl: '/login',
                errorHandler: function () {
                    alert('خطایی رخ داده است');
                },
                completeHandler: function () {
                    alert('با تشکر! رای شما با موفقیت ثبت شد');
                },
                onlyOneTimeHandler: function () {
                    alert('فقط یکبار می‌توانید به ازای هر مطلب رای دهید');
                }
            });
        });
    </script>
}

namespace CS11Tests;

public static class NewLinesStringInterpolations
{
    public static void Test()
    {
        var month = 8;
        var season = $"The season is {month switch
        {
            >= 1 and <= 3 => "spring",
            >= 4 and <= 6 => "summer",
            >= 7 and <= 9 => "autumn",
            10 or 11 or 12 => "winter",
            _ => "Wrong month number",
        }}.";
        Console.WriteLine(season);

        int[] numbers = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 };
        var message = $"The reversed even values of {nameof(numbers)} are {string.Join(", ",
            numbers.Where(n => n % 2 == 0).Reverse())}.";
        Console.WriteLine(message);
    }
}

if (diff <= 2)
    {
        lastNumber = diff;
        return diff ==(11- Int32.Parse(array[9].ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)));
    }

 var allDigitEqual = new[] { "0000000000", "1111111111", "2222222222", "3333333333", "4444444444", "5555555555", "6666666666", "7777777777", "8888888888", "9999999999" };
            if (allDigitEqual.Contains(nationalcode)) return false;

public class ImageInfo
{
    public Mat Image { set; get; }
    public int ImageGroupId { set; get; }
    public int ImageId { set; get; }
}

var images = new List<ImageInfo>();
 
var imageId = 0;
foreach (var dir in new DirectoryInfo(@"..\..\Images").GetDirectories())
{
    var groupId = int.Parse(dir.Name.Replace("s", string.Empty)) - 1;
    foreach (var imageFile in dir.GetFiles("*.pgm"))
    {
        images.Add(new ImageInfo
        {
            Image = new Mat(imageFile.FullName, LoadMode.GrayScale),
            ImageId = imageId++,
            ImageGroupId = groupId
        });
    }
}

var model = FaceRecognizer.CreateFisherFaceRecognizer();
model.Train(images.Select(x => x.Image), images.Select(x => x.ImageGroupId));
 
var rnd = new Random();
var randomImageId = rnd.Next(0, images.Count - 1);
var testSample = images[randomImageId];
 
Console.WriteLine("Actual group: {0}", testSample.ImageGroupId);
Cv2.ImShow("actual", testSample.Image);
 
var predictedGroupId = model.Predict(testSample.Image);
Console.WriteLine("Predicted group: {0}", predictedGroupId);

• Unit test
  
• Integration test
  
• Smoke test
  
• Regression test
  
• Acceptance test