public class PersonDiscountCalculator : DiscountCalculator 
{ 
    private decimal AddSpecificDiscountForPerson(decimal baseDiscount) 
    { 
        // calculate base discount for person 
        return 0; 
    } 
    protected override decimal GetFinalDiscount() 
    { 
        var baseDiscount = CalculateGeneralDiscount(); 
        var added = AddSpecificDiscountForPerson(baseDiscount); 
        return added; 
    } 
}

public abstract class DiscountCalculator 
{ 
    protected decimal CalculateGeneralDiscount() 
    { 
        // calculate general discount 
        return 0; 
    } 
    protected abstract decimal AddSpecificDiscount(decimal baseDiscount); 
    protected virtual decimal GetFinalDiscount() 
    { 
        var baseDiscount = CalculateGeneralDiscount(); 
        var addedDiscount = AddSpecificDiscount(baseDiscount); 
        return addedDiscount; 
    } 
}

public class CompanyDiscountCalculator: DiscountCalculator 
{ 
    protected override decimal AddSpecificDiscount(decimal baseDiscount) 
        { 
            // add some customer specific discounts to base discount 
            return 0; 
        } 
    } 
    public class PersonDiscountCalculator : DiscountCalculator 
    { 
        protected override decimal AddSpecificDiscount(decimal baseDiscount) 
        { 
            // calculate base discount for person 
            return 0; 
        } 
}

جمع بندی 

در صورتیکه این کد بد بو اصلاح شود، معمولا با کدی قابل درک‌تر و با سازماندهی منطقی بهتری روبرو خواهیم بود. به طور کلی رعایت رابطه منطقی بین کلاس‌ها، علاوه بر جلوگیری از بروز مشکل «میراث رد شده»، خوانایی کد را افزایش داده و اعمال تغییرات در آن را نیز آسان‌تر می‌کند.

 <div id="my-element-id"></div>

 var result = $('#my-element-id');

 var result = document.getElementById('my-element-id');

  var result = document.querySelector('#my-element-id');

 result.id === 'my-element-id'; // returns true

<span class="some-class"></span>

 var result = $('.some-class');

  var result = document.getElementsByClassName('some-class');

 var result = document.querySelectorAll('.some-class');

 result[0].className === 'some-class'; // returns true

 <code>Console.WriteLine("Hello world!");</code>

 var result = $('code');

 var result = document.getElementsByTagName('code');

 var result = document.querySelectorAll('code');

 result[0].tagName === 'code'; // returns true

  <form>
     <label>Full Name
        <input name="full-name">
     </label>
     <label>Company
        <input name="company">
     </label>
  </form>

  var focusedInputs = $('INPUT:focus');

 var companyInput = document.querySelector('INPUT:focus');

  <div>
     <a href="https://www.dntips.ir">
        <span>Go to site</span>
     </a>
     <p>Some text</p>
     Some other text
  </div>

 var $result = $a.parent();

 var result = a.parentNode;

 var result = $('#myParent').children();

 var result = document.querySelectorAll('DIV > *');

  var result = document.querySelectorAll('DIV > P');

 var result = document.getElementById('myParent').childNodes;
var result = div.childNodes;

 var result =document.getElementById('myParent').children;

 var result =document.querySelectorAll('#myParent A');

  <ul role="menu">
     <li>choice 1</li>
     <li class="active">choice 2</li>
     <li>choice 3</li>
  </ul>

 var $result = $('UL LI').not('.active');

 var result = document.querySelectorAll('UL LI:not(.active)');

  <div id="link-container">
     <a href="https://github.com/VahidN">GitHub</a>
  </div>
  <ol>
     <li>one</li>
     <li>two</li>
  </ol>
  <span class="my-name">VahidN</span>

 var $result = $('#link-container, .my-name, OL');

 var result = document.querySelectorAll('#link-container, .my-name, OL');

 var result = document.querySelectorAll(
 'BUTTON[type="submit"], INPUT[type="submit"]'
);

window.$ = function(selector) {
     return document.querySelectorAll(selector);
};

  $('.some-class');
  $('#some-id');
  $('.some-parent > .some-child');
  $('UL LI:not(.active)');

using System;
using System.Net;

namespace Async15
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            using (var webClient = new WebClient { })
            {
                webClient.Headers.Add("User-Agent", "AsyncContext 1.0");
                var data = await webClient.DownloadStringTaskAsync("https://www.dntips.ir");
                Console.WriteLine(data);
            }
        }
    }
}

 PM> Install-Package Nito.AsyncEx

using System;
using System.Net;
using Nito.AsyncEx;

namespace Async15
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            AsyncContext.Run(async () =>
            {
                using (var webClient = new WebClient())
                {
                    webClient.Headers.Add("User-Agent", "AsyncContext 1.0");
                    var data = await webClient.DownloadStringTaskAsync("https://www.dntips.ir");
                    Console.WriteLine(data);
                }
            });
        }
    }
}

Action, () => { }
Func<Task>, async () => { await Task.Yield(); }

Func<TResult>, () => { return 13; }
Func<Task<TResult>>, async () => { await Task.Yield(); return 13; }

class Program
{
  static async Task<int> AsyncMain()
  {
    ..
  }

  static int Main(string[] args)
  {
    return AsyncContext.Run(AsyncMain);
  }
}

public class MyContext : DbContext, IUnitOfWork

<form method="post"
      asp-action="Index"
      asp-controller="TestFileUpload"
      enctype="multipart/form-data">
    <input type="file" name="files" multiple />
    <input type="submit" value="Upload" />
</form>

[HttpPost]
[ValidateAntiForgeryToken]
public async Task<IActionResult> Index(IList<IFormFile> files)

public class TestFileUploadController : Controller
{
    private readonly IHostingEnvironment _environment;
    public TestFileUploadController(IHostingEnvironment environment)
    {
        _environment = environment;
    }

[HttpPost]
[ValidateAntiForgeryToken]
public async Task<IActionResult> Index(IList<IFormFile> files)
{
    var uploadsRootFolder = Path.Combine(_environment.WebRootPath, "uploads");
    if (!Directory.Exists(uploadsRootFolder))
    {
        Directory.CreateDirectory(uploadsRootFolder);
    }
 
    foreach (var file in files)
    {
        if (file == null || file.Length == 0)
        {
            continue;
        }
 
        var filePath = Path.Combine(uploadsRootFolder, file.FileName);
        using (var fileStream = new FileStream(filePath, FileMode.Create))
        {
            await file.CopyToAsync(fileStream).ConfigureAwait(false);
        }
    }
    return View();
}

public class UserViewModel
{
    [Required(ErrorMessage = "Please select a file.")]
    [DataType(DataType.Upload)]
    public IFormFile Photo { get; set; }
}

@model UserViewModel
 
<form method="post"
      asp-action="UploadPhoto"
      asp-controller="TestFileUpload"
      enctype="multipart/form-data">
    <div asp-validation-summary="ModelOnly" class="text-danger"></div>
 
    <input asp-for="Photo" />
    <span asp-validation-for="Photo" class="text-danger"></span>
    <input type="submit" value="Upload"/>
</form>

[HttpPost]
[ValidateAntiForgeryToken]
public async Task<IActionResult> UploadPhoto(UserViewModel userViewModel)
{
    if (ModelState.IsValid)
    {
        var formFile = userViewModel.Photo;
        if (formFile == null || formFile.Length == 0)
        {
            ModelState.AddModelError("", "Uploaded file is empty or null.");
            return View(viewName: "Index");
        }
 
        var uploadsRootFolder = Path.Combine(_environment.WebRootPath, "uploads");
        if (!Directory.Exists(uploadsRootFolder))
        {
            Directory.CreateDirectory(uploadsRootFolder);
        }
 
        var filePath = Path.Combine(uploadsRootFolder, formFile.FileName);
        using (var fileStream = new FileStream(filePath, FileMode.Create))
        {
            await formFile.CopyToAsync(fileStream).ConfigureAwait(false);
        }
 
        RedirectToAction("Index");
    }
    return View(viewName: "Index");
}

 [FileExtensions(Extensions = ".png,.jpg,.jpeg,.gif", ErrorMessage = "Please upload an image file.")]

[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Field | AttributeTargets.Property)]
public class UploadFileExtensionsAttribute : ValidationAttribute
{
    private readonly IList<string> _allowedExtensions;
    public UploadFileExtensionsAttribute(string fileExtensions)
    {
        _allowedExtensions = fileExtensions.Split(new[] { ',' }, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries).ToList();
    }
 
    public override bool IsValid(object value)
    {
        var file = value as IFormFile;
        if (file != null)
        {
            return isValidFile(file);
        }
 
        var files = value as IList<IFormFile>;
        if (files == null)
        {
            return false;
        }
 
        foreach (var postedFile in files)
        {
            if (!isValidFile(postedFile)) return false;
        }
 
        return true;
    }
 
    private bool isValidFile(IFormFile file)
    {
        if (file == null || file.Length == 0)
        {
            return false;
        }
 
        var fileExtension = Path.GetExtension(file.FileName);
        return !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(fileExtension) &&
               _allowedExtensions.Any(ext => fileExtension.Equals(ext, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
    }
}

public class UserViewModel
{
    [Required(ErrorMessage = "Please select a file.")]
    //`FileExtensions` needs to be applied to a string property. It doesn't work on IFormFile properties, and definitely not on IEnumerable<IFormFile> properties.
    //[FileExtensions(Extensions = ".png,.jpg,.jpeg,.gif", ErrorMessage = "Please upload an image file.")]
    [UploadFileExtensions(".png,.jpg,.jpeg,.gif", ErrorMessage = "Please upload an image file.")]
    [DataType(DataType.Upload)]
    public IFormFile Photo { get; set; }
}