using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Data;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Data.Objects;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Caching;

namespace EfSecondLevelCaching.Core
{
    public static class EfHttpRuntimeCacheProvider
    {
        #region Methods (6)

        // Public Methods (2) 

        public static IList<TEntity> ToCacheableList<TEntity>(
                            this IQueryable<TEntity> query,
                            int durationMinutes = 15,
                            CacheItemPriority priority = CacheItemPriority.Normal)
        {
            return query.Cacheable(x => x.ToList(), durationMinutes, priority);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns the result of the query; if possible from the cache, otherwise
        /// the query is materialized and the result cached before being returned.
        /// The cache entry has a one minute sliding expiration with normal priority.
        /// </summary>
        public static TResult Cacheable<TEntity, TResult>(
                            this IQueryable<TEntity> query,
                            Func<IQueryable<TEntity>, TResult> materializer,
                            int durationMinutes = 15,
                            CacheItemPriority priority = CacheItemPriority.Normal)
        {
            // Gets a cache key for a query.
            var queryCacheKey = query.GetCacheKey();

            // The name of the cache key used to clear the cache. All cached items depend on this key.
            var rootCacheKey = typeof(TEntity).FullName;

            // Try to get the query result from the cache.
            printAllCachedKeys();
            var result = HttpRuntime.Cache.Get(queryCacheKey);
            if (result != null)
            {
                debugWriteLine("Fetching object '{0}__{1}' from the cache.", rootCacheKey, queryCacheKey);
                return (TResult)result;
            }

            // Materialize the query.
            result = materializer(query);

            // Adding new data.
            debugWriteLine("Adding new data: queryKey={0}, dependencyKey={1}", queryCacheKey, rootCacheKey);
            storeRootCacheKey(rootCacheKey);
            HttpRuntime.Cache.Insert(
                    key: queryCacheKey,
                    value: result,
                    dependencies: new CacheDependency(null, new[] { rootCacheKey }),
                    absoluteExpiration: DateTime.Now.AddMinutes(durationMinutes),
                    slidingExpiration: Cache.NoSlidingExpiration,
                    priority: priority,
                    onRemoveCallback: null);

            return (TResult)result;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Call this method in `public override int SaveChanges()` of your DbContext class 
        /// to Invalidate Second Level Cache automatically.
        /// </summary>        
        public static void InvalidateSecondLevelCache(this DbContext ctx)
        {
            var changedEntityNames = ctx.ChangeTracker
                                      .Entries()
                                      .Where(x => x.State == EntityState.Added ||
                                                  x.State == EntityState.Modified ||
                                                  x.State == EntityState.Deleted)
                                      .Select(x => ObjectContext.GetObjectType(x.Entity.GetType()).FullName)
                                      .Distinct()
                                      .ToList();

            if (!changedEntityNames.Any()) return;

            printAllCachedKeys();
            foreach (var item in changedEntityNames)
            {
                item.removeEntityCache();
            }
            printAllCachedKeys();
        }
        // Private Methods (4) 

        private static void debugWriteLine(string format, params object[] args)
        {
            if (!Debugger.IsAttached) return;
            Debug.WriteLine(format, args);
        }

        private static void printAllCachedKeys()
        {
            if (!Debugger.IsAttached) return;
            debugWriteLine("Available cached keys list:");
            int count = 0;
            var enumerator = HttpRuntime.Cache.GetEnumerator();
            while (enumerator.MoveNext())
            {
                if (enumerator.Key.ToString().StartsWith("__")) continue; // such as __System.Web.WebPages.Deployment
                debugWriteLine("queryKey: {0}", enumerator.Key.ToString());
                count++;
            }
            debugWriteLine("count: {0}", count);
        }

        private static void removeEntityCache(this string rootCacheKey)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(rootCacheKey)) return;
            debugWriteLine("Removing items with dependencyKey={0}", rootCacheKey);
            // Removes all cached items depend on this key.
            HttpRuntime.Cache.Remove(rootCacheKey);
        }

        private static void storeRootCacheKey(string rootCacheKey)
        {
            // The cacheKeys of a cacheDependency that are not already in cache ARE NOT inserted into the cache 
            // on the Insert of the item in which the dependency is used.
            if (HttpRuntime.Cache.Get(rootCacheKey) != null)
                return;

            HttpRuntime.Cache.Add(
                rootCacheKey,
                rootCacheKey,
                null,
                Cache.NoAbsoluteExpiration,
                Cache.NoSlidingExpiration,
                CacheItemPriority.Default,
                null);
        }

        #endregion Methods
    }
}

var data = context.Products.AsQueryable().Cacheable(x => x.FirstOrDefault());

using System.Data.Entity;
using EfSecondLevelCaching.Core;
using EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.Models;

namespace EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.DataLayer
{
    public class ProductContext : DbContext
    {
        public DbSet<Product> Products { get; set; }

        public override int SaveChanges()
        {
            this.InvalidateSecondLevelCache();
            return base.SaveChanges();
        }        
    }
}

using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Linq;
using EfSecondLevelCaching.Core;
using EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.DataLayer;
using EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.Models;
using System;

namespace EfSecondLevelCaching
{
    public static class TestUsages
    {
        public static void RunQueries()
        {
            using (ProductContext context = new ProductContext())
            {
                var isActive = true;
                var name = "Product1";

                // reading from db
                var list1 = context.Products
                                   .OrderBy(one => one.ProductNumber)
                                   .Where(x => x.IsActive == isActive && x.ProductName == name)
                                   .ToCacheableList();

                // reading from cache
                var list2 = context.Products
                                   .OrderBy(one => one.ProductNumber)
                                   .Where(x => x.IsActive == isActive && x.ProductName == name)
                                   .ToCacheableList();

                // reading from cache
                var list3 = context.Products
                                   .OrderBy(one => one.ProductNumber)
                                   .Where(x => x.IsActive == isActive && x.ProductName == name)
                                   .ToCacheableList();

                // reading from db
                var list4 = context.Products
                                   .OrderBy(one => one.ProductNumber)
                                   .Where(x => x.IsActive == isActive && x.ProductName == "Product2")
                                   .ToCacheableList();
            }

            // removes products cache
            using (ProductContext context = new ProductContext())
            {
                var p = new Product()
                {
                    IsActive = false,
                    ProductName = "P4",
                    ProductNumber = "004"
                };
                context.Products.Add(p);
                context.SaveChanges();
            }

            using (ProductContext context = new ProductContext())
            {
                var data = context.Products.AsQueryable().Cacheable(x => x.FirstOrDefault());
                var data2 = context.Products.AsQueryable().Cacheable(x => x.FirstOrDefault());
                context.SaveChanges();
            }
        }
    }
}

Adding new data: queryKey=72AF5DA1BA9B91E24DCCF83E88AD1C5F, dependencyKey=EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.Models.Product

Available cached keys list:
queryKey: EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.Models.Product
queryKey: 72AF5DA1BA9B91E24DCCF83E88AD1C5F
count: 2

Fetching object 'EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.Models.Product__72AF5DA1BA9B91E24DCCF83E88AD1C5F' from the cache.

Available cached keys list:
queryKey: EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.Models.Product
queryKey: 72AF5DA1BA9B91E24DCCF83E88AD1C5F
count: 2

Fetching object 'EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.Models.Product__72AF5DA1BA9B91E24DCCF83E88AD1C5F' from the cache.

Available cached keys list:
queryKey: EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.Models.Product
queryKey: 72AF5DA1BA9B91E24DCCF83E88AD1C5F
count: 2

Adding new data: queryKey=11A2C33F9AD7821A0A31003BFF1DF886, dependencyKey=EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.Models.Product

Available cached keys list:
queryKey: 72AF5DA1BA9B91E24DCCF83E88AD1C5F
queryKey: 11A2C33F9AD7821A0A31003BFF1DF886
queryKey: EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.Models.Product
count: 3

Removing items with dependencyKey=EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.Models.Product
Available cached keys list:
count: 0
Available cached keys list:
count: 0

Adding new data: queryKey=02E6FE403B461E45C5508684156C1D10, dependencyKey=EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.Models.Product

Available cached keys list:
queryKey: 02E6FE403B461E45C5508684156C1D10
queryKey: EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.Models.Product
count: 2


Fetching object 'EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.Models.Product__02E6FE403B461E45C5508684156C1D10' from the cache.

var client = new SoapDisposableEmailAddressDetectorClient();
 
var context = new soapContext
{
    //todo: get your API key here: http://www.nameapi.org/en/register/
    apiKey = "test"
};
var result = client.isDisposable(context, "DaDiDoo@mailinator.com"); 
 
if (result.disposable.ToString() == "YES")
{
    Console.WriteLine("YES! It's Disposable!");
}

 Additional information: The remote server returned an unexpected response: (400) Bad Request.

 <html><head><title>Bad Request</title></head><body><h1>Bad Request</h1><p>No api-key provided!</p></body></html>

<SOAP-ENV:Envelope xmlns:SOAP-ENV="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/" xmlns:ns1="http://disposableemailaddressdetector.email.services.v4_0.soap.server.nameapi.org/">
  <SOAP-ENV:Body>
    <ns1:isDisposable>
      <context>
        <apiKey>test</apiKey>       
      </context>
      <emailAddress>sdsdg@site.com</emailAddress>
    </ns1:isDisposable>
  </SOAP-ENV:Body>
</SOAP-ENV:Envelope>

<s:Envelope xmlns:s="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/">
  <s:Body xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
     <isDisposable xmlns="http://disposableemailaddressdetector.email.services.v4_0.soap.server.nameapi.org/">
          <context xmlns=""><apiKey>test</apiKey></context>
          <emailAddress xmlns="">DaDiDoo@mailinator.com</emailAddress>
      </isDisposable>
  </s:Body>
</s:Envelope>

public class EndpointBehavior : IEndpointBehavior
{
    public void AddBindingParameters(ServiceEndpoint endpoint, BindingParameterCollection bindingParameters)
    { }
 
    public void ApplyDispatchBehavior(ServiceEndpoint endpoint, EndpointDispatcher endpointDispatcher)
    { }
 
    public void Validate(ServiceEndpoint endpoint)
    { }
 
    public void ApplyClientBehavior(ServiceEndpoint endpoint, ClientRuntime clientRuntime)
    {
        clientRuntime.MessageInspectors.Add(new ClientMessageInspector());
    }
}
 
public class ClientMessageInspector : IClientMessageInspector
{
    public void AfterReceiveReply(ref Message reply, object correlationState)
    { }
 
    public object BeforeSendRequest(ref Message request, System.ServiceModel.IClientChannel channel)
    {
        request = new MyCustomMessage(request);
        return request;
    }
}
 
/// <summary>
/// To customize WCF envelope and namespace prefix
/// </summary>
public class MyCustomMessage : Message
{
    private readonly Message _message;
 
    public MyCustomMessage(Message message)
    {
        _message = message;
    }
 
    public override MessageHeaders Headers
    {
        get { return _message.Headers; }
    }
 
    public override MessageProperties Properties
    {
        get { return _message.Properties; }
    }
 
    public override MessageVersion Version
    {
        get { return _message.Version; }
    }
 
    protected override void OnWriteStartBody(XmlDictionaryWriter writer)
    {
        writer.WriteStartElement("Body", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/");
    }
 
    protected override void OnWriteBodyContents(XmlDictionaryWriter writer)
    {
        _message.WriteBodyContents(writer);
    }
 
    protected override void OnWriteStartEnvelope(XmlDictionaryWriter writer)
    {
        writer.WriteStartElement("SOAP-ENV", "Envelope", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/");
        writer.WriteAttributeString("xmlns", "ns1", null, value: "http://disposableemailaddressdetector.email.services.v4_0.soap.server.nameapi.org/");
    }
}

 var client = new SoapDisposableEmailAddressDetectorClient();
client.Endpoint.Behaviors.Add(new EndpointBehavior());

dotnet add package MongoDB.Driver

public class BaseModel
{
    public BaseModel()
    {
        CreationDate=DateTime.Now;
    }
    public string Id { get; set; }
    public DateTime CreationDate { get; set; }
    public bool IsRemoved { get; set; }
    public DateTime? ModificationDate { get; set; }

}

public class BaseModel
    {
        [BsonId]
        [BsonRepresentation((BsonType.ObjectId))]
        public string Id { get; set; }
    }

BsonClassMap.RegisterClassMap<BaseModel>(map =>
{
    map.SetIdMember(map.GetMemberMap(x=>x.Id));
    map.GetMemberMap(x => x.Id)
        .SetSerializer(new StringSerializer(BsonType.ObjectId));
});

public class Employee : BaseModel
{
    public string FirstName { get; set; }
    public string LastName { get; set; }
}
//=================
BsonClassMap.RegisterClassMap<Employee >(map =>
{
    map.SetIdMember(map.GetMemberMap(x=>x.Id));
    map.GetMemberMap(x => x.Id)
        .SetSerializer(new StringSerializer(BsonType.ObjectId));
});

  public interface IMongoDbContext
    {
        IMongoCollection<TEntity> GetCollection<TEntity>();
    }

  public class MongoDbContext : IMongoDbContext
    {

        private readonly IMongoClient _client;
        private readonly IMongoDatabase _database;

        public MongoDbContext(string databaseName,string connectionString)
        {
            var settings = MongoClientSettings.FromUrl(new MongoUrl(connectionString));
            _client = new MongoClient(settings);
            _database = _client.GetDatabase(databaseName);
        }

        public IMongoCollection<TEntity> GetCollection<TEntity>()
        {
            return _database.GetCollection<TEntity>(typeof(TEntity).Name.ToLower() + "s");
        }
    }

public static class MongoDbContextService
{
    public static void AddMongoDbContext(this IServiceCollection services,string databaseName,string connectionString)
    {
        services.AddSingleton<IMongoDbContext>(serviceProvider => new MongoDbContext(databaseName, connectionString));
    }
}

//===============
Program.cs

builder.Services.AddMongoDbContext("bookstore", "mongodb://localhost:27017");

public interface IRepository<T> where T : BaseModel
{

    IMongoCollection<T> GetCollection();
    IMongoQueryable<T> GetFilteredCollection();
}

public class Repository<T> : IRepository<T> where T:BaseModel
{
    private IMongoDbContext _mongoDbContext;

    public Repository(IMongoDbContext mongoDbContext)
    {
        _mongoDbContext = mongoDbContext;
    }

    public IMongoCollection<T> GetCollection()
    {
        return _mongoDbContext.GetCollection<T>();
    }
    
    public IMongoQueryable<T> GetFilteredCollection()
    {
        var query= _mongoDbContext.GetCollection<T>().AsQueryable();
        
        //================= Global Query Filters ====================
        
        //Filter 1
        query=query.Where(x => x.RemovedAt.HasValue == false);
        
        //==============================================================
        
        return query;
    }
}

public interface IRepository<T> where T : BaseModel
{

    IMongoCollection<T> GetCollection();
    IMongoQueryable<T> GetFilteredCollection();
}

public class Repository<T> : IRepository<T> where T:BaseModel
{
    private IMongoDbContext _mongoDbContext;

    public Repository(IMongoDbContext mongoDbContext)
    {
        _mongoDbContext = mongoDbContext;
    }

    public IMongoCollection<T> GetCollection()
    {
        return _mongoDbContext.GetCollection<T>();
    }
    
    public IMongoQueryable<T> GetFilteredCollection()
    {
        var query= _mongoDbContext.GetCollection<T>().AsQueryable();
        
        //================= Global Query Filters ====================
        
        //Filter 1
        query=query.Where(x => x.RemovedAt.HasValue == false);
        
        //==============================================================
        
        return query;
    }
}

#1 let emptyList = []
#2 let oneItem = "one " :: []
#3 let twoItem = "one " :: "two " :: []

let shortHand = ["apples "; "pears"]

let twoLists = ["one, "; "two, "] @ ["buckle "; "my "; "shoe "]

let objList = [box 1; box 2.0; box "three"]

#1 let one = ["one "]
#2 let two = "two " :: one
#3 let three = "three " :: two
#4 let rightWayRound = List.rev three

#5 let main() =
printfn "%A" one
printfn "%A" two
printfn "%A" three
printfn "%A" rightWayRound

["one "]
["two "; "one "]
["three "; "two "; "one "]
["one "; "two "; "three "]

let rangeList = [1..99]

let dynamicList = [for x in 1..99 -> x*x]

for(int x=0;x<99 ; x++)
{
   myList.Add(x*x);
}

let listOfList = [[2; 3; 5]; [7; 11; 13]; [17; 19; 23; 29]]

let rec concatList l =
match l with
| head :: tail -> head @ (concatList tail)
| [] -> []

let primes = concatList listOfList

printfn "%A" primes

[2; 3; 5; 7; 11; 13; 17; 19; 23; 29]

 List.head [5; 4; 3]

List.tail [5; 4; 3]

List.map (fun x -> x*x) [1; 2; 3]

List.filter (fun x -> x % 3 = 0) [2; 3; 5; 7; 9]

seq { 0 .. 10 .. 100 }

seq { for i in 1 .. 10 do yield i * i }

seq { for i in 1 .. 10 -> i * i }

let isprime n =
    let rec check i =
        i > n/2 || (n % i <> 0 && check (i + 1))
    check 2

let aSequence = seq { for n in 1..100 do if isprime n then yield n }

let seqEmpty = Seq.empty

let seqOne = Seq.singleton 10

let seqFirst5MultiplesOf10 = Seq.init 5 (fun n -> n * 10)
Seq.iter (fun elem -> printf "%d " elem) seqFirst5MultiplesOf10

0 10 20 30 40

let seqFromArray2 = [| 1 .. 10 |] |> Seq.ofArray 

let seqFromArray1 = [| 1 .. 10 |] :> seq<int>

let containsNumber number seq1 = Seq.exists (fun elem -> elem = number) seq1
let seq0to3 = seq {0 .. 3}
printfn "For sequence %A, contains zero is %b" seq0to3 (containsNumber 0 seq0to3)

let isDivisibleBy number elem = elem % number = 0
let result = Seq.find (isDivisibleBy 5) [ 1 .. 100 ]
printfn "%d " result

let mySeq = seq { for i in 1 .. 10 -> i*i }
let printSeq seq1 = Seq.iter (printf "%A ") seq1; printfn "" 
let mySeqSkipWhileLessThan10 = Seq.skipWhile (fun elem -> elem < 10) mySeq
mySeqSkipWhileLessThan10 |> printSeq

16 25 36 49 64 81 100

let mySeq = seq { for i in 1 .. 10 -> i*i }
let truncatedSeq = Seq.truncate 5 mySeq
let takenSeq = Seq.take 5 mySeq

let printSeq seq1 = Seq.iter (printf "%A ") seq1; printfn "" 


#1 truncatedSeq |> printSeq
#3 takenSeq |> printSeq

1 4 9 16 25 //truncate
1 4 9 16 25 //take

// Tuple of two integers.
( 1, 2 ) 

// Triple of strings.
( "one", "two", "three" ) 

// Tuple of unknown types.
( a, b ) 

// Tuple that has mixed types.
( "one", 1, 2.0 ) 

// Tuple of integer expressions.
( a + 1, b + 1)

let print tuple1 =
   match tuple1 with
    | (a, b) -> printfn "Pair %A %A" a b

let (a, b) = (1, 2)

let c = fst (1, 2) // return 1
let d = snd (1, 2)// return 2

let third (_, _, c) = c

let divRem a b = 
   let x = a / b
   let y = a % b
   (x, y)

public struct Statement
{
    public int Id { get; }
    public string Description { get; }
    public Statement(int id, string description) => (Id, Description) = (id, description);
    public override string ToString() => Description;
}

public static async Task<IEnumerable<Statement>> GetStatements(bool error)
{
    if (error)
    {
       throw new Exception("Oops, we messed up 😬");
    }

    await Task.Delay(1000); //Simulate waiting for data to come through. 

    yield return new Statement(1, "C# is cool!");
    yield return new Statement(2, "C# orginally named COOL.");
    yield return new Statement(3, "More examples...");
}

The body of 'AsyncStreams.GetStatements(bool)' cannot be an iterator block because
'Task<IEnumerable<AsyncStreams.Statement>>' is not an iterator interface type (CS1624)

static async IAsyncEnumerable<Statement> GetStatements(bool error)

static async IAsyncEnumerable<Statement> GetStatementsAsync(bool error)
{
    await foreach (var statement in GetStatements(error))
    {
      await Task.Delay(1000);
      yield return statement;
    }
}

using System.Threading;

namespace System.Collections.Generic
{
    public interface IAsyncEnumerable<out T>
    {
        IAsyncEnumerator<T> GetAsyncEnumerator(CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
    }

    public interface IAsyncEnumerator<out T> : IAsyncDisposable
    {
        T Current { get; }

        ValueTask<bool> MoveNextAsync();
    }
}

namespace System
{
    public interface IAsyncDisposable
    {
        ValueTask DisposeAsync();
    }
}

public class AwaitUsingTest : IAsyncDisposable
{
   public async ValueTask DisposeAsync()
   {
     await Task.CompletedTask;
   }

   public void Dummy() { }
}

async Task FooBar()
{
   await using var test = new AwaitUsingTest();
   test.Dummy();
}

_identityVerifier.Initialize();
var isValidIdentity = _identityVerifier.Validate(
     application.Applicant.Name, application.Applicant.Age, application.Applicant.Address);

namespace Loans.Tests
{
    [TestClass]
    public class LoanApplicationProcessorShould
    {
        [TestMethod]
        public void Accept()
        {
            var product = new LoanProduct {Id = 99, ProductName = "Loan", InterestRate = 5.25m};
            var amount = new LoanAmount {CurrencyCode = "Rial", Principal = 2_000_000_0};
            var applicant =
                new Applicant {Id = 1, Name = "User 1", Age = 25, Address = "This place", Salary = 1_500_000_0};
            var application = new LoanApplication {Id = 42, Product = product, Amount = amount, Applicant = applicant};

            var mockIdentityVerifier = new Mock<IIdentityVerifier>();
            mockIdentityVerifier.Setup(x => x.Validate(applicant.Name, applicant.Age, applicant.Address))
                .Returns(true);

            var mockCreditScorer = new Mock<ICreditScorer>();

            var processor = new LoanApplicationProcessor(mockIdentityVerifier.Object, mockCreditScorer.Object);
            processor.Process(application);

            Assert.IsTrue(application.IsAccepted);
        }
    }
}

_creditScorer.CalculateScore(application.Applicant.Name, application.Applicant.Address);
if (_creditScorer.Score < MinimumCreditScore)
{
    return application.IsAccepted;
}

var mockIdentityVerifier = new Mock<IIdentityVerifier>();
mockIdentityVerifier.Setup(x => x.Validate(
        //applicant.Name,
        It.IsAny<string>(),
        applicant.Age, 
        applicant.Address))
    .Returns(true);

var mockIdentityVerifier = new Mock<IIdentityVerifier>();
mockIdentityVerifier.Setup(x => x.Validate(
        //applicant.Name,
        It.IsAny<string>(),
        //applicant.Age,
        It.IsAny<int>(),
        //applicant.Address
        It.IsAny<string>()
        ))
    .Returns(true);

using Loans.Models;

namespace Loans.Services.Contracts
{
    public interface IIdentityVerifier
    {
        void Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress, out bool isValid);
// ...
    }
}

//var isValidIdentity = _identityVerifier.Validate(
//    application.Applicant.Name, application.Applicant.Age, application.Applicant.Address);
_identityVerifier.Validate(
    application.Applicant.Name, application.Applicant.Age, application.Applicant.Address,
    out var isValidIdentity);

var isValidOutValue = true;
mockIdentityVerifier.Setup(x => x.Validate(applicant.Name,
    applicant.Age,
    applicant.Address,
    out isValidOutValue));

using Loans.Models;

namespace Loans.Services.Contracts
{
    public interface IIdentityVerifier
    {        
          void Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress,
                             ref IdentityVerificationStatus status);
// ...
    }
}

namespace Loans.Models
{
    public class IdentityVerificationStatus
    {
        public bool Passed { get; set; }
    }
}

IdentityVerificationStatus status = null;
  _identityVerifier.Validate(
      application.Applicant.Name, application.Applicant.Age, application.Applicant.Address,
      ref status);

if (!status.Passed)
{
    return application.IsAccepted;
}

delegate void ValidateCallback(string applicantName,
    int applicantAge,
    string applicantAddress,
    ref IdentityVerificationStatus status);

mockIdentityVerifier
    .Setup(x => x.Validate(applicant.Name,
        applicant.Age,
        applicant.Address,
        ref It.Ref<IdentityVerificationStatus>.IsAny))
    .Callback(new ValidateCallback(
        (string applicantName,
         int applicantAge,
         string applicantAddress,
         ref IdentityVerificationStatus status) =>
            status = new IdentityVerificationStatus {Passed = true}));

namespace Loans.Services.Contracts
{
    public interface INullExample
    {
        string SomeMethod();
    }
}

namespace Loans.Tests
{
    [TestClass]
    public class LoanApplicationProcessorShould
    {        
        [TestMethod]
        public void NullReturnExample()
        {
            var mock = new Mock<INullExample>();

            mock.Setup(x => x.SomeMethod());
            //.Returns<string>(null);

            string mockReturnValue = mock.Object.SomeMethod();

            Assert.IsNull(mockReturnValue);
        }
    }
}

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